Draft on 16 November 2005

                                                                                                    Last modification  on 14 March 2008

 

METHODS OF FOOT  AND  MOUTH  DISEASE ERADICATION  IN  A  COUNTRY  WITH INTENSIVE LARGE SCALE FARMING

(provisional text)

 

V.Kouba

Formerly: Chief Epizootiologist and Vice-Director, State Veterinary Service, Prague and Professor of Epizootiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno

 

In former Czechoslovakia  (127,858 km2  with about 4,4 million cattle, 6 million pigs and 646 thousand  sheep in 1960) after the Second World War  foot and mouth disease (FMD) was widely spread causing enormous losses to animal production. First relatively reliable data were from 1952 when panzootic FMD affected 5,912 villages with 316,997 diseased  and 23,112 dead animals. At that time there were many factors facilitating FMD introduction and spreading such as: insufficient country protection against FMD introduction from abroad, strong dependence on risky uncontrolled import of animals and animal products due to a lack of food self-sufficiency, late FMD discovery and  application of insufficient intrafocal and perifocal  measures, mass aphtization using local outbreak virus combined with convalescent blood or serum, FMD dead animals locally buried (due to lack of rendering facilities), insufficient intrafocal sanitation (lack of modern disinfection techniques), very weak public veterinary service  unable to cope effectively with the FMD situation, decentralized veterinary service without necessary facilities, materials and a sufficient budget, weak vertical and horizontal coordination, the lack of appropriate legislation for anti-FMD duties of animal owners, inhabitants and local authorities, lack of effective anti-FMD instructions and methodology, lack of FMD emergency planning, etc. The paper describes the strategy and measures conducing to FMD eradication.

 

Note: In Czechoslovak territory during 1910 – 1934 there were reported following incomplete data: Total numbers of FMD diseased were  2,267,468 cattle, 110,523 sheep, 115,279 goats and 176,089 pigs; i.e. 84.20% of intrafocal cattle, 32.02 % of intrafocal sheep, 45.21 % of intrafocal goats and 14.96 of intrafocal pigs. FMD mortality reached 11,151 heads of cattle (0.48 % of diseased), 452 sheep (0.41 %), 1,998 goats (1.73 %) and 23,477 pigs (13.33 %). Numbers of prematurely culled due to FMD measures reached 37,208 heads of cattle (1.65 % from diseased), 558 sheep (0.50 %), 3,119 goats (2,71 %) and 18,197 pigs (10.57 %).  In 1934 in Czech, Moravian and Slovak countries there were reported  245 state veterinarians, 354 municipal veterinarians, 147 country veterinarians, 9 corporation veterinarians and 543 private veterinarians; total  1,298 veterinarians.

 

 

Materials and Methods

 

The paper is based on the available data on FMD as published in Statistic Yearbooks of State Veterinary Service of former Czechoslovakia,  literature publications, government legislation  and instructions of State Veterinary Administration. National publications include the contributions of  K l o b o u k (1951), D r a ž a n (1952), D o m b e k  et col. (1955), K o u b a (1963, 1965), H a l a d e j  et  col. (1975), H u b í k (1986) and many others. Another data source was the research results and experience of the author who was technically responsible for FMD control and eradication as Czechoslovak and Czech Chief Epizootiologist. The selection of the methods was based mainly on general knowledge of FMD features, field investigations’ results, previous experience and international recommendations (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance - CMEA - Veterinary Commission – member  from  1958 to 1989); European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease - EUFMD - observer-country from 1976  to 1985 , full member-country from 1 January 1986; International Office of Epizootics - OIE – country-founder in 1924).

 

P r e v e n t i o n

 

a) Risky import of animals and their products was gradually reduced thanks to increasing livestock populations and production conducing to self-sufficiency in food of animal origin (reached in 1975).

b) Import conditions were very strict, including quarantine, intensive postimport investigations and long-term monitoring. The import was permitted only from FMD free countries. Some exceptions were made only after analysing diseases’ import risk, i.e. epizootiological situation and anti-FMD measures on-the-spot by Chief Epizootiologist  (author of this paper) following his recommendations including particular measures for transport, storing, processing and distribution.

 

Examples: In 1961 in Denmark there were sporadic FMD cases complicating trade agreement to import pork from this country to Czechoslovakia; it was agreed to sent the Chief Epizootiologist (8-22 June 1961) to investigate FMD epizootiological situation and anti-FMD measures on-the-spot as well as origin of the pork stored in meat industry facilities in Esbjerg; the recommendation was positive. In 1985 in Italy there were sporadic FMD cases blockading the export of  5 million sheep leathers stored close to Firenze and destined to Czechoslovakia; Italian authorities protested and required to permit this import; finally it was agreed to send the Chief Epizootiologist (1-7 July 1985); after the epizootiological investigation of the FMD situation and anti-FMD measures on-the-spot as well as the origin of the commodity, methods of its storing and manipulation  (avoiding surviving of eventual FMD virus) the permission to import was given following particular protective measures for transport, storing and processing in Czechoslovakia.

 

c) Vaccination against A,O and C virus types was carried out in all frontier zones, around the most risky places such as outbreaks, FMD vaccine factory, international quarantines for imported animals, rendering plants, some major cities and traffic crossways; in the emergency it was expanded using vaccines of corresponding FMD type.  Size, localization and frequency of anti-FMD vaccinations depended on a series of factors: risk grade, disease occurrence, its territorial distribution, dynamics and tendency, virus serotype and its virulence, availability of adequate vaccine, etc. Revaccination was always done in young animals. Adult animals were revaccinated in case of shorter post-vaccination immunity  and when a new virus strain incompatible with previously used vaccine emerged, i.e. when it was necessary to use a different serotype vaccine.

 

Note: Selected zones were not vaccinated (e.g. in a part of East-Bohemia province) to serve as the source of FMD susceptible cattle for FMD virus reproduction and vaccine testing in FMD vaccine production factory  Bioveta Terezín.

 

d) Production of monovalent, bivalent and trivalent vaccines (based on W a l d m a n n  and later  F r e n k e l  methods) covered the country’s needs including emergency reserves.

e) Vaccine batches before distribution were subjected to efficacy and safety control by the new  Institute for State Control of Veterinary Bioproducts and Drugs.

f) Systematic surveillance of animal population health (including systematic visit of all ranches) and strict veterinary control of animal movement, trade, markets and exhibitions were carrying out.

g) FMD Reference Laboratory for virus identification and typing was established in 1952 simultaneously with vaccine production in  Bioveta Terezin (founder Professor Antonín K l o b o u k).

h) The Veterinary Sanitation Institute was established with a network of rendering plants with special camions’ fleets collecting dead animals for their disposing and providing thorough disinfection of infected premises, areas, cars and other materials.

i) In order to have everything needed ready in advance and not to waste time in case of emergency, “anti-FMD emergency plans” (first instructions and detailed models were issued in 1960) were elaborated at all managerial levels (i.e. national, provincial, district, municipal and large livestock units) and were supported by staff, material and budget, regularly updated and usually verified through simulation exercises. The plans were guarded in sealed envelopes being available at any moment.

j) Permanent alert (24 hours-a-day)  was organized at the FMD Reference Laboratory and at all levels of public veterinary service from local to national, i.e. at least one responsible officer  whose address and telephone number were known to veterinary staff had to be at any moment available for an immediate anti-FMD action. Similar arrangement was made to reach in any time National Chief Veterinary Officer and the Chief Epizootiologist.

 

F M D  d e t e c t i o n

 

a) Intensive anti-epizootic surveillance facilitated the effort to shorten the period between virus introduction and the disease diagnosis  and of timely application of anti-FMD measures. Full compensation of losses due FMD and  due anti-epizootic measures  being free-of-charge  motivated animal owners to report suspect cases in time. The anamneses provided by the owners proved to be extremely useful for veterinary specialists investigating the case at the very beginning, i.e. immediately after obtaining the report on the suspicion.

 

Detailed anamneses of selected 31 primary FMD outbreaks are described in K o u b a (1961) publication (PhD thesis). These texts based on real situation represent useful tool for starting FMD simulation exercises, instead of artificial theoretical paper anamneses.

 

b) From 1957 all primary and the majority of secondary outbreaks were investigated without any delay on-the-spot also by the National Chief Epizootiologist and FMD Reference Laboratory specialists  to confirm or reject initial diagnosis, to identify infected and suspected herds (premises), to adjust provisional measures (every case was different requiring different application of anti-FMD principles), to trace ways of virus introduction and of eventual further propagation and to collect samples for laboratory investigation. National FMD specialists as well as provincial and regional specialists, such as epizootiologists, were usually using antichemical  protective suits easy to be disinfected (avoiding risk of eventual FMD virus transmission into other localities of next investigations, sometimes in very distant farms; FMD virus transmission by investigating specialist would be the worse what could happen in practical epizootiology).

 

Notes: In order to reach suspect FMD outbreak places as soon as possible, there were used besides  cars also commercial airplanes and sometimes  air taxi (e.g. on 18. July 1964 to Galanta – outbreaks in Sered and Nový Svět; on 23 January 1965 to Rimavská Sobota – outbreaks in Lenártovice, Rokytník, Otroček and Stránské). In one FMD case reported  to emergency service of the State Veterinary Service HQs in Prague on 3 July 1963 late evening from very distant district (Humené in East-Slovakia) requiring immediate investigations to confirm or reject initial diagnosis and measures, the Chief Epizootiologist must use, that time the only available rapid connection way, a mail-cargo-plan going to Košice  via Bratislava (OK 475), leaving Prague airport at the midnight (0.00 a.m), arriving to Košice at 4.00 a.m.,  and then continuing using mail-cargo-camion going from Košice airport to Humené (arriving at 6.00 a.m.) to be there early morning to attend urgent session of the District anti-FMD Commission (at 8.00 a.m.) and to investigate on-the-spot FMD outbreaks in Papín, Rohožník and Vyšná Sítnica. In 1959 an emergency telephone was installed next to sleeping room bed of the Chief Epizootiologist to can be reached also besides  normal working time.

 

Due to the fear of FMD passive spread, the author passed many not tranquil nights when after the investigation of an FMD outbreak he must go and investigate one or more cases of FMD suspect animals in  FMD free villages, often being very distant.

 

c) Extraordinary attention was paid to epizootiological investigations to demarcate as exactly as possible the limits of outbreaks, perifocal areas and threatened zones (bases for well adjusted measures) requiring systematic physically very demanding and time consuming clinical investigation of FMD susceptible species animals to determine the epizootiological diagnosis. Identification of outbreak limits was further measures usually much more important than exact number of FMD diseased animals changing almost continuously.

 

Note: Namely clinical investigations were carried out using protective clothes, usually rubber  suit. Not to forget detailed findings and instructions given for intrafocal measures, the author was often using small dictaphone under the suit for later annotation (in FMD-virus-free environment).

 

d) During this investigations there were searched the first, i.e. the eldest symptoms to assess the moment of virus introduction and the risk of possible further spreading. Simultaneously, there were searched  the most suitable specimen for laboratory test (sometimes, it was necessary to collect this material from different sick animals).

e) Very important was always the trace the origin and the ways of virus introduction and potential follow-up spread helping to discover eventual other outbreaks or suspect contact-animals and herds for following investigations.

f) Other objective of the field investigation was to assess the form of the disease from virulence  point of view (e.g. abortive, mild up to severe killing course).

g) Typing of the FMD virus was carried out in all primary cases and in the majority of secondary cases to confirm clinical and epizootiological diagnosis as well as in cases suspecting change of the FMD type or subtype (important also for anti-FMD vaccine selection to correspond with the particular situation). See Tab. 4 and Tab. 5.

 

M e a s u r e s

 

a) Extraordinary measures were applied to isolate farms and villages with FMD animals prohibiting to abandon the outbreak area, to abandon and entry affected village for animals and persons (supply of foodstuff and other necessary commodities from outside was arranged) and animals under the patrols of police and local guard’s staff (utilizing also temporarily stay-home-persons). Government and local authorities, public veterinary service as well as other relevant services and organizations in the country were mobilized to follow emergency plans prepared for such extraordinary situations.

b) In all outbreaks it was designated during the critical period at least one public service veterinarian to investigate daily the animals and report on the disease development, to control the anti-FMD measures and to advise on the solution of local problems related to the measures.

c) Daily were carried out  epizootiological controls in all protection zone herds, searching for suspect cases as well as systematic inspections of all anti-FMD measures and their timely adjustment to changing situation.

d) Aphtization was stopped and mainly in large FMD farms  replaced by intrafocal vaccination assuring that all surviving animals were immune before declaring the end of the outbreak isolation measures.

e) “Stamping out” was usually used in primary outbreaks, sporadic cases, in small farms, on pig facilities, in  fattening farms, etc., only after confirming FMD-free-status in perifocal and protective zones, providing that this method was expected to result in rapid territorial eradication (search for other oubreaks was negative); this radical approach became normal in all cases during last eradication period regardless of monetary, genetic or biological values of the animals.

 

  "Stamping-out" policy consisted in killing all animals in FMD affected farms and when appropriate also animals of other herds which had been exposed to infection by direct animal-to-animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind likely to cause the transmission of FMD virus. On infected premises all animals of susceptible species, vaccinated or non-vaccinated, were killed and the carcasses destroyed in rendering factory or by burning or burial eliminating the spread of infection through the carcasses or products of killed animals. This policy was accompanied by thorough cleansing and disinfection.

 

Last case of FMD  was discovered in April 1975 in zoological garden, Dvůr Králové. Thanks to timely discovery by Dr Marian Steinmetz and Dr Milan Stehlík, local veterinarians arranging for immediate provisional isolation measures, exemplary implemented by the zoo garden staff, combined by surrounding area anti-FMD measures dictated by Dr Jaroslav Vít, Chief District Officer, the disease was blocked on the spot. The samples confirmed FMD virus. The decision to apply “stamping out” was based on clinical and epizootiological diagnosis carried out on 20 April 1975 on the spot by the author as the Chief Epizootiologist, Doc. Dr Rudolf  Hubík, Director, Bioveta Terezín and Dr Jaromír Trunkát, ÚSVÚ Praha, confirmed by FMD Reference Laboratory and after nation-wide negative search for eventual other outbreaks. One herd of seriously diseased giraffes (imported during previous years) by the FMD was liquidated on 29 April 1975 following by thorough cleansing and disinfection on 30 April 1975. Dr Pavel Titěra, Dr Blahoslav Šeplavý and Dr Eduard Slanec were in charge of the final act. The all animals in the zoo garden as well as national animal populations were saved thanks to the discovery in time, perfect isolation and rapid eradication of this primary outbreak. From that time the Czech Republic has been free of the FMD. There were several unconfirmed hypotheses about the way of the virus introduction  in the above mentioned zoo (in primary FMD outbreaks is extremely difficult up to impossible to prove it). When considering all the aspects of the case, namely its exact localization in the most sensitive place (among the most valuable animals in the country located in the most productive livestock district and at the upper reaches of the most important river in time  of  spring floods) and its emerging precisely at the most suitable moment for the mass spread (just before starting the main season on 1 May expecting tens of thousands of zoo visitants)  as well as the difficulty to identify the serotype of this unusual highly virulent FMD strain (not compatible with local available vaccine) and East-West “cold war” with its “iron curtain” of mutual mistrust, then it couldn’t be excluded professional deliberate introduction of the FMD virus (sabotage to cause an extensive damage to national economy ?).  Timely detection and perfect isolation of the outbreak and the courage of using radical “stamping out”, in spite of very high value of the herd, avoided expected disease spread. The Animal Virus Research Institute at Pirbright, World Reference Centre for the FMD, United Kingdom, storing all  known and unknown FMD virus types and subtypes’ strains (incl. biological weapons ?) after the “cold war” reduced the number of its active scientists from a peak of some 300 in the 1970s to about 120 in the 1990s. The alarming  case of FMD virus escape from Pirbright laboratories (“the best isolated in the world”?) at the beginning of August 2007 following by the spread in the surrounding area of Surrey county (up to 48 km distance) created serious doubts (mistrust) about isolation measures and control system in this world key FMD reference laboratory. This case represents another argument supporting the most probable hypothesis  mentioned above that the virus in the zoo could have the origin in this laboratory and that our past mistrust could be justified.

 

f) In the. protective zones I and II of up to 20 km around of the outbreaks very strict measures were applied prohibiting the transfer of FMD susceptible species animals (with exception to slaughterhouses) submitted to daily systematic veterinary inspection and prohibiting gathering of people such as meetings, cultural and sport actions, somewhere even closing schools, etc.. The life was complicated also by temporary detours for transport means around outbreaks and infected areas and closing railway stations inside of infected villages, etc.. According to epizootiological situation there were applied also other restrictions inside the quarantine zones.

g) In  the affected provinces, eventually in the whole country, all animal markets and exhibitions were prohibited.

h) FMD outbreak area was declared as FMD-free after 14 days of an observation period following the last case of specifically diseased animals (recovered, slaughtered or died), supposing that surviving animals were in natural or postvaccination immunity and after very thorough terminal sanitation of the infected facilities and neighbouring areas. Terminal disinfection of outbreak premises, areas and all infected material (clothes, implements, cars, etc., incineration of presumably contaminated objects of low value which could not be efficiently disinfected, destruction of infected litter), was applied prior to release from restriction.

 

Examples: In September 1959 it was used aerial disinfection of infected areas and routes related to some outbreaks (e.g. Studenec) in Trebic District. In spring 1973 in West Slovakia there were used for mass disinfection also army chemical units.

 

i)  Measures during the postfocal period. The infected place and surrounding zones were released from restriction and an official declaration to that effect was made, stating the end of the outbreak, when there was evidence that the etiological agents of the disease were no longer persisting in the place concerned, neither in animals nor in the environment. Tests of eventual "sentinel" animals had given negative results.

                              

M a n a g e m e n t

 

a) New legislation  was issued:  Veterinary Act (1960), government decree (1961) and several ministerial regulations specified the duties of local authorities, animal owners and inhabitants to report immediately any FMD suspicion and to  participate in anti-FMD actions (all previous chaotic legal anti-epizootic documents were abolished without any exception, including concise anti-FMD instructions of 1952, and replaced by only one covering the entire spectrum  of epizootiological problems).

b) All anti-FMD measures affecting persons, farms, villages, districts and provinces were dictated by local government authorities referring to the respective legislation. The State Veterinary Service – the main initiator - was responsible principally for professional solutions and carrying out specific activities.

c) National, provincial, district, and municipal “anti-epizootic committees” were established at high decision-competent levels to coordinate the anti-FMD activities and to arrange for measures outside of veterinary service competence.

d) A particular anti-FMD reporting system (including special forms to be filled) was established: on FMD outbreak initial and daily results of investigations, final reports on the FMD course in affected farms (ranches), villages and districts. The reports were based on diary recording of FMD course in affected farms and villages and on investigation protocols elaborated by FMD specialists.

e) Veterinary services, public and private, were merged into the government body (decision in 1951) creating a strong unified and centralized organization (under the command of National Chief Veterinary Officer), able to cope effectively with main animal health/disease problems such as FMD. This service was in daily contact with animal herds providing preventive actions at population levels as well as curative treatment of individual sick animals (initially free-of-charge and later the curative practice became paid service).

f) Veterinary manpower was gradually strengthened thanks to a rapid increase in number of newly graduated veterinarians (to fill the gap caused by closed down universities during 6-year-war occupation by Germany) reaching to about 2500 veterinarians in 1975.

 

  To compensate the gap, caused by closed universities during the war 1939-1945, it was increased the number of new students of veterinary medicine in existing veterinary faculty in Brno (e.g. maximum number of students was reached in 1948/49 academic year – 1,235). In 1952 a new veterinary faculty was founded in Košice, Slovak Republic. This facilitated to cover gradually by professional veterinary staff all country territory including after war repopulated country borders territories. Without necessary number of qualified staff adequately distributed it would be impossible to start and implement so demanding programmes such FMD eradication in the whole country.  During 1954-1956 the curricula of veterinary faculties in Brno and Košice were reformed to prepare new veterinarians for new livestock husbandry conditions and animal health tasks, mainly in large-scale animal production units. There were introduced new curriculum subjects, with sufficient hours for theory and field practical exercises, such as epizootiology, animal hygiene (synonym -  ‘animal welfare’), etc.. In the syllabi of several curriculum subjects there were strengthened the components dealing with animal population health protection and disease eradication methods. The priority was given to the most actual problems such as foot-and-mouth disease, bovine tuberculosis and bovine brucellosis. A special Department of Epizootiology and Infectious Disease Clinic was established in 1954 (independent Department of Epizootiology  has continued up today).

 

g) In the anti-FMD emergency activities all public service veterinarians were involved.

h) Important role was played by a new network (established in 1959) of theoretically and practically well-trained provincial and district epizootiologists.

i) Intensive free-of-charge training, including also anti-FMD components, was organized initially at Veterinary Faculty, Brno and later in a new Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Training for all provincial and district specialists and for the majority of public service veterinarians. The training was also assuring a uniform approach when implementing anti-FMD strategy and  instructions of Chief Veterinary Officer.

j) The State Veterinary Directorate published a series of methodology documents in a new Institute for Veterinary Extension, on how to proceed in different FMD situations and  many information materials (including several instructive FMD films made in selected outbreaks) for animal owners and public.

k) Sometimes, there were used means of Civil Defence organization.

l) Important role played  discipline in implementation and respecting anti-FMD measures depending also on proper information of animal owners and public. In spite of this a strict control of FMD-measures at all levels was necessary.

 

E p i z o o t i o l o g i c a l   r e s e a r c h

 

   During 1957-1960 a particular research was carried out in  70 districts, 245 villages and 459 farms affected by FMD (K o u b a  1961). The results were expressed in terms of morbidity, mortality, sanitary slaughter, disease course, outbreak duration, promptness of disease detection and response, virus types, focality, clinical picture, virus sources and ways of transmission. Detailed localization and discovery time of the outbreaks studied and processed by the author see in Tab. 4.

 

R E S U L T S

 

1.  FMD eradication in former Czechoslovakia was reached in 1975.

     Number of FMD outbreaks (villages) was reduced from  5,912  with 316,997 diseased  and 23,112 dead animals in 1952 to  zero during 23 years. FMD-free status has been maintained up today, i.e. during following three decades.

2.  During 1952-1975 there were reported 8,898 new FMD outbreaks (villages) with 397,024 diseased and 60,812 lost animals (Tab. 1). The average per one FMD village reached  44.62  diseased and 6.83 lost animals. The mortality of diseased animals was in average 15.32 %. Annual average of ratios of lost to diseased animals was 0.1532 oscillating between minimum of 0.0729 in 1952 and  maximum of 3.8889 in 1972.

3. Ratios of primary to secondary outbreaks reflecting FMD spreading and effectiveness of anti-FMD measures was reduced from 1: 5,912 in 1952, to 1: 170 in 1957, to 1 : 50 in 1961, to  1: 15 in 1968 and 1973 and to 1 : 1 in 1975. FMD zero incidence was temporarily reached in 1967, 1970, 1971 and 1974.

4. During the period 1954-1980 there were carried out 77,302,000 vaccinations of cattle. Ratios vaccinations to cattle population (V/P ratio) with the annual average of 0.6445 oscillated  between a minimum of 0.0293 in 1955 and a maximum of 1.8168 in 1973. In the Czech Republic the number of cattle vaccinations reached 51,058,000 (V/P ratio = 0,6131) and in the Slovak Republic   26,244,000 (V/P ratio = 0.7157) (Tab. 2).

5. During the period 1961-1980 9,612,000 vaccinations of pigs were reported. Ratios of vaccinations to pig population  with the annual average of 0.0809 oscillated between of 0.0033 in 1971 and  0.1467 in 1962. The number of pig vaccinations reached 4,925,000 (V/P ratio = 0,0675) in the Czech Republic and 4,687,000 (V/P ratio = 0.1074) in the Slovak Republic (Tab. 3).

6. Detailed localization and discovery timing of more than 500 FMD outbreaks during the period 1957-1965 see in Tab. 4 and Tab. 5. The tables include only FMD villages or municipalities and not all outbreaks (affected farms) inside of their area. The case numeration was introduced by the author as the Chief Epizootiologist to order the FMD findings and other particular data related to individual outbreak studies and analyses.

Note: Maximum of affected farms in one FMD village was in October 1959 in Studenec, Trebič District, Jihlava Province – 44.

 

 

7. Results of epizootiological research of the FMD during 1957-1960

 

a)  FMD was discovered in 15 (75 %) provinces,  70 districts (25.09 %), 245 villages (1.63 %) and in 459 farms.

 b) On average, in one FMD  province 4.06 districts were affected, in these districts 3.5 villages and in these villages 1.87 farms.

c) Structure. From the total number of FMD farms 55.33 % belonged to  small farms (private sector) and 44.77 %  to large farms (31.45 %  to Unified Farmers’ Cooperatives, 7.8 % to state farms and 5.42 % to farms of other centrally planned sector).

d) FMD type was identified in 53.06 % affected villages:  type A (usually A5) in 51.53 %, type O (usually O2) in 40.76 %, mixed types A+O in 6.92 %  and type C in 0.76 %  cases.

e) On  FMD farms there were 10,043 heads of cattle, 172 sheep, 292 goats and 11,038 pigs. In comparison with the country population on 1 January 1960, it represented 0.233 % of the cattle population, 0.023 % of the sheep population and 0.19 % of the pig population.

f) Morbidity. Of the total number of animals in FMD farms 4,995 heads of cattle (morbidity = 49.73 %), 7 sheep (4.06 %), 81 goats (27.73 %) and 2,121 pigs (19.21 %)  became sick. The average FMD morbidity on large farms reached: 48.12 % in cattle, 6.19 % in sheep, 8.86 % in goats and 18.52 % in pigs; average FMD morbidity on small farms reached: 69.62 % in cattle, 10.16 % in sheep, 64.20 %  in goats and 28.07 % in pigs.

g) Average FMD natural mortality reached 1.32 % in cattle, 0 % in sheep, 16.5 %  in goats and 2.13 % in pigs. Of FMD diseased animals 8.28 % cattle, 28.57 % sheep, 64.20 % goats and 32.48 % pigs were sanitarily slaughtered which shortened individual animals’ disease and the outbreaks duration.

h) Of the total FMD diseased animals, natural death and sanitary slaughter comprised 480 heads of cattle (9.60 %), 2  sheep (28.57 %), 65 goats (80.25 %) and 1,116 pigs (34.61 %). Of the total FMD diseased animals on large farms, natural death and sanitary slaughter comprised 413 cattle (9.23 %), 5 goats (71.44 %), and 978 pigs (51.53 %). Of the total FMD diseased animals on small farms natural death and sanitary slaughter comprised 67 heads of cattle (33.72 %), 2 sheep (33.3 %), 60 goats (86.4 %), and 138 pigs (57.67 %).

i) The delay in reporting new FMD outbreaks and in the identification reached in 141 evaluated cases on average 3.09 days from the first symptoms (2.89 days on large farms and  3.34 days on small farms). On the day of FMD identification by veterinary service, clinical symptoms were already present in 22.33 % cattle, 85.71 % sheep, 79.01 % goats and 37.29 % pigs of the total number of clinically sick animals during the outbreaks.

j) Diagnosis problems

aa): Late discovery of the FMD was sometimes caused also by incorrect initial diagnosis by field veterinarians considering real FMD case as something else. In these cases increasing number of diseased animals, better expressed specific symptoms or further spread creating secondary outbreak(s) conduced finally to correct diagnosis and isolation measures:

 

     In former Czechoslovakia during 1957-1960 there were FMD cases initially falsely diagnosed by field veterinarians as:  rachitis, osteomalacia, rumen foreign body, sudden change of feed, toxicosis by seed cakes, constipation, vesicular disease of swine, pneumonia, suspicion of toxicosis, unknown infection disease, postvaccination complications, alimentary intoxicosis, stomatitis mycotica, bovine malignant catarrh, mucosal disease and panaritium.

 

bb) On the other hand, there were reported several cases of FMD suspicion with follow-up provisional anti-FMD isolation measures.  In these cases the initial FMD suspicion was not confirmed and provisional measures were called off:

 

   In former  Czechoslovakia during 1957-1960, there were reported several cases of FMD suspicion with follow-up provisional anti-FMD isolation measures: stomatitis hyperkeratosa 4 x, stomatitis mycotica 5 x, actinomycosis 2 x, stomatitis simplex 2 x, bovine malignant catarrh 4 x,  pox in calves 1 x,  stomatitis erosiva 1 x, stomatitis papulosa 1 x, IBR/IPV 1x, tongue scald 1 x, change due to caustic agent 1 x cestode cyst in tongue 1 x, dermatitis erosiva in pigs 2 x and several times postvaccination reaction. In all these cases the initial FMD suspicion was not confirmed and provisional measures were called off.

 

     Note: In August  1967 Italian authorities suspected the FMD among calves imported from Czechoslovakia in a  quarantine at Italian-Austrian frontier pass Brenner. Immediately applied anti-FMD measures were seriously complicating the transport between these two countries through the most important route crossing the Alps. Following exchange of diplomatic notes it was agreed to send Czechoslovak Chief Epizootiologist, author of this paper, (30 August – 6 September 1967) to solve the problem on-the-spot together with Italian colleagues (e.g. Dott. Gianluigi Sangalli, Dirigente L’Ufficio Veterinario di Confine, Fortezza, Brennero). After complex epizootiological, clinical and post-mortem investigations the final diagnose was made: stomatitis papulosa. Restrictive measures could be immediately cancelled.

 

cc) The experience confirmed the principle that first to consider the possibility of FMD occurrence and after rejecting it to continue finalizing the case diagnosis. It is much more responsible and acceptable to make mistake in expressing the suspicion of FMD  occurrence, applying immediate provisional isolation measures and alarming the authorities, than vice versa ! First the application of provisional isolation measures and then the consideration of other diagnoses !

 

Example: On 10 December 1963 in Buzica Dora farm of  state ranch Filakovo, District Lučenec in Central Slovakia it was reported an outbreak of an unknown disease, similar to FMD, killing cows returned recently from the pastures where  one of subversive parachutes being sent from West Germany (cold war) – suspicion of sabotage - was found. All necessary isolation intrafocal, perifocal and territorial anti-FMD measures (applicable also for other exotic diseases such as rinderpest) were immediately applied to avoid the disease spreading. In spite of the involvement of the best diagnostic institutions, it was impossible to identify this disease which destroyed  the whole milking cows’ herd. At the end the diagnosis of the etiological agent was: Stachybotryotoxicosis alternans which had never occurred in the whole country.

 

k) Duration of the FMD from the date of diagnosis until the last clinical symptoms was on 137 evaluated FMD farms on average 10.97 days, in 86 large FMD farms 13.21 days and in 51 small FMD farms 7.19 days.

l) Duration of quarantine blockade from the date of the diagnosis until the abolition of isolation measures reached v 372 evaluated FMD farms on average 23.99 days, on 181 large FMD farms 28.50 days and on 191 small FMD farms 19.28 days.

m) “Stamping out” of all FMD susceptible species animals in the affected farms was applied in 153 cases (70 in large farms and 83 in small farms).

n) Clinical picture was as follows:

aa) In 1,403 diseased cattle of 50 evaluated FMD outbreaks there were reported: anorexia in 99.86 %, fever in 75.41 %, mouth changes in 82.34 %, changes on muzzle in 45.76 %, changes on the udder in 18.03 %, changes on extremities (interdigital space) in 12.47 % and other changes such as heart malfunction, changes at horn root, on conjunctiva, abortions, etc. in 1.42 %; 

bb) In 243 diseased pigs of 21 evaluated FMD outbreaks there were reported: anorexia in 98.77 %, fever in 62.97 %, changes on the snout in 9.87 %, on the udder in 6.99 %, on the extremities (interdigital space, along the coronary bands and dew-claws) in 96.30 % and other such as sudden death, loss of the horny covering of the toe, agalactia, abortions, etc. in 11.12 %.

n) The following ways of FMD virus transmission (introduction, propagation) there were registered (proved or supposed): by persons 46 x, by meat products and in connection with slaughterhouse operations 20 x, in the city with FMD vaccine production factory 13 x, by kitchen wastes 10 x, by animal movement (transfer) 7 x, by transport means and equipments 6 x, in connection with foreign countries 5 x, by milk 1 x and during common pasture 1 x; there were 6 cases of FMD recurrence in previously affected villages.

o) The number of cattle vaccinations reached during the evaluated period of four years 6,348,000.

p)  Meat losses: if the estimated average live weight in cattle was 250 kg and 40 kg in pigs, then the total loss was about 33,580 kg of non-comestible and 178,278 kg of conditionally comestible meat. Average weight loss in 26 evaluated cases with 2,391 diseased cattle reached 30.27 kg per one affected animal.

p) Milk losses: Due to reduced milk yield in 19 evaluated cases with 1,925 diseased cows the loss reached 59.60 litres per milking cow. Due to disposal of  pathologically changed milk the loss was in 11 cases 21.48 litres per one milking cow. In 29 evaluated FMD villages average milk loss  was 985.10 litres per day.

q) Monetary losses due to anti-FMD measures in 32 evaluated FMD villages were on average 49,281 Kčs. The losses due to anti-FMD measures in 16 evaluated FMD districts were on average 333,847 Kčs. (10 Kčs = 1 USD).

r) In 35 evaluated FMD villages on average 47 outside-employed-persons had to stay home loosing  15.71 working days per one employee.

s) The use of disinfection preparations in 33 evaluated FMD villages was on average 86 q lime, 101 kg sodium hydroxide and 238 kg of chlorine disinfectants.

 

Discussion

 

a) The main criterion for any strategy or method is the result of their practical applications.

b) The FMD eradication achieved in former Czechoslovakia proved that selected system approach and  actions were adequate for changing the epizootiological situation and influencing conditions.

c) The previous FMD panzootics were gradually converted into limited epizootics and later in sporadic cases avoiding the enormous losses of the past.

d) The effectiveness of the anti-FMD measures was reflected also in relatively low number of diseased and dead animals, in spite of a high concentration of cattle and pigs.

e) In some FMD cases the animals with residual post-vaccination immunity had a mild atypical clinical manifestation, thus reducing the average values of national morbidity and mortality.

f) A decisive factor for the FMD eradication was the speed of disease discovery and a timely application of appropriate measures, avoiding secondary outbreaks or minimizing their number.

g) Immediate response to any FMD suspicion was facilitated thanks to thorough FMD emergency plans. Among their main components were:  very detailed procedures of clinical and epizootiological investigations, elaborated texts of intrafocal, perifocal and protective zones’ measures; pre-printed information texts, texts of public notices (quarantine orders), different questionnaires and forms to be filled (for specimen shipment to laboratory, for registration of and reporting on the FMD situation, for vaccine provision order, etc.); lists of addresses and telephones of: veterinary service relevant officers and FMD specialists (in the districts of all veterinarians),  members of the anti-epizootic committee, FMD Reference Laboratory, Chief Veterinary Officer, Chief Epizootiologist, facilities of local to national importance (e.g. slaughterhouses, rendering plants, sources of and storages of material needed for anti-FMD actions); list of villages and large ranches with the numbers of animals according to their species and categories;  local and territorial maps, etc.

h) The strictness of country protection against the introduction of FMD from abroad can be documented also by  closing the border with Hungary against an approaching FMD wave in May and June 1965  and in 1973*). On the other hand the meat import proved to be risky.

 

Example: In 1965 it was a problem to import meat from West Germany having sporadic FMD cases. Therefore, Dr Antonin Hrstka, food hygienist and former Czechoslovak Chief Veterinary Officer, was sent to Schleswig-Holstein German State to analyse FMD risk of importing meat from this territory reported as FMD free. After two weeks investigations, he recommended to permit the import. All prescribed documents were accompanying the export confirming FMD free status of the commodity. The meat was sent to one meat processing factory in Hodice, Jihlava District. After several days on 15 May 1965 an outbreak was reported in a local pig farm using sterilized  wastes of the meat processing factory. FMD virus of type C was isolated from imported meat and on dustbin surface used for  sterilized wastes transport.

 

*) Note: With the problem of closed frontier  dealt  Czechoslovak delegation (Ing Josef Nágr, First Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Dr Václav Kouba, Chief Epizootiologist) in Budapest, Hungary, 19-22 May 1965, defining the conditions for gradual releasing of  anti-FMD blockade which stopped or seriously complicated border crossing of persons (e.g.  tourists   intending to go to South Europe could not pass) and commercial transport. Similar frontier blockade against nearing FMD wave from Hungary was applied in May-June 1973 (called off on 9 June 1973).

 

i) It was not possible to avoid FMD introduction through wild birds and by air.

 

Examples: In the middle of the 60s in an  isolated  Pyšel (district Velká Bíteš) migration birds’ stopover during a FMD-free period appeared an outbreak twice in consecutive years at the same week of September 1956 and 1957. In Sumava mountains during  FMD-free winter period  - all territory covered by thick sheet of snow - appeared surprising FMD in two very remote isolated almost inaccessible small farms (in Neměnice, District Klatovy on 29 December 1956 and in Javorná-Onen Svět, District Horšovský Týn on 1 January 1957). During  FMD-free winter period  - all territory covered by thick sheet of snow - appeared quite isolated outbreaks in Břeclav district (outbreak in Boleradice) on 11 January 1973, next day in Ždár district (outbreak in Písečná) and next day in Český Brod district (outbreak in Hoštka farm, village Tuchoraz) –  the most direct route of more than 200 km – always in remote isolated localities among cattle located next to open dunghills. In the above mentioned cases migrating crows were suspected as the transmission factor. Suspicion of FMD virus transmission by air was registered in West Slovakia plain during 1973 epizootic affecting mainly pig farms spreading, in spite of the most strict measures, up the wind.

 

j) Unified veterinary service with flexible management was able to mobilize all its components and in a case of need, to send fully equipped (including transport means) public veterinarians to help in other part of the country.

 

Example: In  1973 three hundreds of public service veterinarians were sent (two days after the request of Dr Stefan Haladej, Slovak Chief Veterinary Officer to Dr Ladislav Polák, Czech Chief Veterinary Officer) from the Czech Republic to help the Slovak Republic to eradicate the FMD in West Slovakia. Simultaneously, Czech Chief Epizootiologist (author of this paper) was on 26 March 1973 temporarily detached to Slovakia to help in solving very difficult FMD epizootics. The author became the adviser of Slovak Anti-FMD Commission headed by Ing Ján Janovic, Minister of Agriculture and the adviser of Michal Chudík, Slovak President. He was investigating together with Dr Jáno Zubaj, Slovak Chief Epizootiologist the situation on-the-spot including anti-FMD measures at all levels and reporting to Slovak Anti-FMD Commission in Bratislava (e.g. 28/2, 8/3, 19/3, 28/3, 30/3, 13/4 and 3/5 1973). During the critical period the author was reporting and suggesting strategy solutions also to the Slovak President every Saturday at noon. In anti-FMD action there were involved also the ministers of Slovak government headed by Peter Colotka, Prime Minister (who personally controlled FMD measures, sometimes using even helicopter).

 

k) Priority of anti-FMD measures consisted in field practical actions while national strategy, coordination, instructions and analyses were the responsibility of the Chief Veterinary Officer and his staff being involved also in on-the-spot anti-FMD activities. Practical field measures were understood as decisive activities which could not be replaced by any office work.

 

l) The control and eradication of the FMD was one of the preconditions to start and successfully finish other national anti-epizootic programmes such as the eradication of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis.

 

m) Czechoslovak experience was exploited also in other countries.

 

Examples: A Czechoslovak 16-members anti-FMD expedition in 1964 (April – October) that decisively contributed  to saving the Mongolian livestock by applying a flexible double-barrier anti-FMD system approach including  the vaccination of about 790 thousands of  cattle, sheep, goats and camels with Czechoslovak type O vaccine which proved to be very effective. (See http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/fmdmongolia.htm). In 1973  there were sent to Hungary selected Slovak public service veterinarians (with FMD experience and knowledge of Hungarian language) to help controlling critical  FMD situation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

n) The FMD eradication was made possible by the specialists of Bioveta Terezin, thousands of  public service veterinarians and their supporting staff, diagnostic laboratories, veterinary faculties, organizations and government bodies involved in the programme, supportive farmers and public (see amendment).

 

o) Successful control of the FMD in Czechoslovakia as well as in other Central European countries represented an important  b u f f e r   z o n e  protecting the West Europe  against FMD waves coming from Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.

 

 

 

 

References

 

BöHM, R., ŠINDLÁŘ, J. 1987: K největší epizootii slintavky a kulhavky u nás. (The bigest FMD epizootic in our country). In Czech. Veterinářství, XXXVII: 187-188

BOHÁČ, J. 1955: Serodiagnostika slintavky a kulhavky. (FMD serodiagnostics). In Czech. Sjezd Čsl. hygieniků, epidemiologů a mikrobiologů, 1955, str. 475-485

DOMBEK, R., BOHÁČ, J., FEDÁK, R., LÁZNIČKA, F., PETR, O. 1955: Očkovací látky proti slintavce a kulhavce, jejich výroba a kontrola. (Vaccines against FMD, their production and control). In Czech. Sjezd čsl. hygieniků, epidemiologů a mikrobiologů 1955 : 437-447

DRAŽAN, J. 1952: Několik připomínek k průběhu slintavky a kulhavky. (Some comments of FMD course). In Czech. Veterinářství 1952: 261-262

FLACHSEL, P., HUBÍK, R., POLÁK, L. 1983: A study of cattle immunization against FMD, type A, O and C. Evaluation of mass immunoprophylaxis of cattle against FMD. XVIth Conference of the Foot and Mouth Disease Commission. Paris, 14-17 September 1982: 361-377

GILKA, J., ZATOČIL, O. (1965): O možnosti šíření slintavky jatečními produkty. Veterinářství, XV, 10: 472-490

HALADEJ, S., HUBÍK, R., KOUBA, V., LÁZNIČKA, F., SMETANA, M., ZUBAJ, J.  1975: Ochrana velkochovů hospodářských zvířat před slintavkou a kulhavkou. (Protection of large scale ranches against foot-and-mouth disease). In Czech. Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, Praha, 95 pp

HŘIB, J. et col. (1967): Vliv vakcinace skotu saponinovou vakcinou proti slintavce na smyslové změny mléka, smetany a másla. Veterinářství, XVII, 8: 355

HUBIK, R. 1986: Slintavka a kulhavka. (Foot and mouth disease). In Czech. In: Vrtiak, Hejlíček a kol.  „Špeciálna epizootologia 2“. Priroda, Bratislava: 33-53

KLOBOUK, A : Ergebnisse experimenteller Maul –und Klauenseucheforschung . Wiener tierarztl. Msch. 14, Heft 6

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KLOBOUK, A. 1924: Výsledky pokusného bádání o slintavce a kulhavce. I. Sdělení. (Results of FMD research I). In Czech. Zvěrolékařský obzor, roč. 17: 145-150

KLOBOUK, A. 1924: Výsledky pokusného bádání o slintavce a kulhavce. II. Sdělení. (Results of FMD research II). In Czech. Zvěrolékařský obzor, roč. 17: 178-178

KLOBOUK, A. 1925: Výsledky pokusného bádání o slintavce a kulhavce. I. Sdělení. (Results of FMD research III – Transmissibility on souslik). In Czech. Zvěrolékařský obzor, roč. 18: 9-10

KLOBOUK, A 1925: Výsledky pokusného bádání o slintavce a kulhavce. IV. Sdělení. Vliv teploty na biologické vlastnosti viru SLAK. (Temperature influence on biological features of FMD virus). In Czech.  Zvěrolékařský obzor, 18: 17-19

KLOBOUK, A. 1927: Spontánní slintavková reinfekce skotu a její následky. (FMD reinfection of cattle). In Czech. Zvěrolékařské rozpravy, roč. I: 1, 9, 17, 36

KLOBOUK, A. 1927: K epidemiologii slintavky a kulhavky. (FMD epidemiology). In Czech. Věstník I. sjezdu čs. Zvěrolékařů v Brně  26. a 27. 11. 1927: 229

KLOBOUK, A. 1928: Příspěvek k poznání, jak se šíří slintavka a kulhavka nemocným zvířetem (FMD spreading by diseased animal). In Czech. Zvěrolékařské rozpravy, roč. II: 49-53

KLOBOUK, A. 1951: Slintavka a kulhavka, její příznaky, diagnosa a biologická opatření proti jejímu šíření. (Foot and mouth disease, its symptoms, diagnosis and biological measures against its spreading). In Czech. Veterinářství, I: 49-54

KOUBA, V. 1961: Vyhodnocení průběhu slintavky v Československu v letech 1957 až 1960. (Analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in Czechoslovakia during 1957-1960). In Czech. PhD Thesis, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno,  514 pp

KOUBA, V. 1963: Ekonomický význam slintavky a preventivních opatření proti ní v Československu. (Economic importance of foot and mouth disease and of anti-FMD measures in Czechoslovakia). In Czech.Veterinářství, XIII, 3: 97-103

KOUBA, V. 1963: Příspěvek ke klinickému obrazu slintavky u skotu. (Contribution to clinical picture of foot and mouth disease in cattle). In Czech. Veterinářství, XIII, 9: 408-415

KOUBA, V. 1965: Metody likvidace primárních ohnisesk slintavky ve velkochovech. (Methods of  FMD  eradication of primary outbreaks in large scale ranches). In Czech. Veterinářství, XV, 4: 145-150

KOUBA, V. 1965: Slintavka a kulhavka – diferenciální diagnostika I. (Foot-and-mouth disease – differential diagnosis I.). In Czech. Veterinářství,  XV, 6: 241-244

KOUBA, V.  1965: Slintavka a kulhavka – diferenciální diagnostika II. (Foot-and-mouth disease – differential diagnosis II). In Czech. Veterinářství, XV, 10: 442-448

KOUBA,V., POSPÍCHAL, M., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Zkušenosti s tlumením slintavky v Mongolsku. (Experience of FMD eradication in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinářství XV: 165-167

KOUBA, V. 1967: Economická problematika slintavky (FMD economic problems). In Czech. In: “Veřejné a soudní veterinářství. Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha: 42-45

KOUBA, V.  1969: Slintavka a kulhavka – diferenciální diagnostika III. (Foot-and-mouth disease – differential diagnosis III). In Czech. Veterinářství, XIX, 6: 255-258

KOUBA, V., DRAŽAN, J., VRTIAK, O.J. 1972: Všeobecná epizootologie. (General Epizootiology). In Czech. Státní zemědělské nakladatelství Praha, 587 pp

KOUBA, V. 1994: Protislintavková expedice do Mongolska. (Anti-FMD expedition in Mongolia). Veterinářství, XLIV,11: 542

KOUBA, V. 1995: Slintavka – rizika zavlečení, připravenost a počáteční opatření v primárním ohnisku. (Foot and mouth disease – introduction risk, preparedness and initial measures in primary oubreak). In Czech. Forum veterinarium, 1. International Veterinary Expo VETEX, Brno, 27/4/1995

KOUBA, V. 2006: Foot and mouth disease eradication in former Czechoslovakia. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 75: 305-313 (http://www.vfu.cz/acta-vet/vol75/75-305.pdf)

KOUBA, V. 2006: Double-barrier strategy against foot-and-mouth disease panzootic wave successfully applied under Mongolian conditions. Agriculture Tropica et Subtropica, LÁZNIČKA,  F. et col. 1958: Rekonvalescentní a hyperimunní séra u slintavky a kulhavky. (FMD sera). In Czech. Vet. Medicina 1958, 3, 179-196

LÁZNIČKA, F.,  HUBÍK, R.,  HRIB, J  1971 – Use of guinea pigs in the effectiveness control of vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Vet. Med.(Praha), 16 (4):269-80

MENŠÍK, J 1956: Hodnocení adsorbátové vakciny proti slintavce a kulhavce a některé poznatky poslední slintavkové epizootie v letech 1951 až 1952. (FMD vaccines and measures). In Czech. Veterinární medicina, 1

LEŠNÍK, F. (1975): Antigén – protilátková interakcia vírusu slintačky. Veterinářství, XXV, 2: 71

PETR, O., BOHÁČ, J. 1954: Rekonvalescentní a hyperimunní hovězí séra u slintavky a kulhavky. (FMD sera). In Czech. Veterinářský časopis 1954, 3: 2-3 and 133-155

POTOCKÝ, J. 1953: Tlumení slintavky v terénu. Veterinářství, III, 6: 156

PETR, O. 1955: Biochemická studie viru slintavky a kulhavky. (FMD virus biochemistry). In Czech. Živočišná výroba a veterinární medicina, 28/8: 597-602

REJTAR, E. 1959: Slintavka. (FMD). In Czech. Veterinářství, IX, 12: 452-455

ROSIVAL,F., BIRO, I., HAVRILA, J. 1960: Pozorovanie atypického priebehu slintačky a krivačky v Kapušanských Klačanech v okrese Trebišov. (Atypical FMD). In Slovak. Veterinářství, X, 12: 456-458

ŠUBA, M. 1965: Praktické poznatky z tlmenia slintačky v okrese Levice. Veterinářství, XV, 10: 448

VOLEJNÍČEK, V., HAMPEJS, V. (1964): Zkušenosti s odporážením SLAK nemocných zvířat mimo ohnisko nákazy. Veterinářství, XIV, 10: 448

ŽIVOTSKÝ, J. 1953: Tlumení slintavky v ČSR. (FMD control). In Czech. Veterinářství, III,.3: 50

State Veterinary Administration  1970 – Veterinární péče v číslech 1961-1967, Statistická ročenka. (Statistical yearbook). 385 pp

State Veterinary Administration  1971 – Veterinární péče v číslech 1967-1970, Statistická ročenka. (Statistical yearbook). 269 pp

State Veterinary Administration  1976 – Veterinární péče v číslech 1971-1975, Statistická ročenka. (Statistical yearbook). 534 pp

State Veterinary Administration  1960-1998 - Annual instructions for preventive actions planning.

Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Service 1921-25, 1926-1928, 1929-1931, 1932-1934 – Zprávy o veterinární službě v republice Československé (Czechoslovak Veterinary Service reports). In Czech. 137 pp, 164 pp, 125 pp, 145 pp

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy  1961: Instruktivní materiály o slintavce a opatření proti ní. (Anti-FMD instructions). In Czech. 32 pp. *)

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy  1962 : Slintavka. (FMD).  In Czech.  In: Sborník veterinárních předpisů, I. Díl (Compendium of veterinary instructions, I.volume): 83-90.

State Veterinary Administration  1971: Slintavka (FMD). In Czech. Medicina veterinaria. Institute for veterinary extension, Pardubice. 15 pp.

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*) (HUBÍK, R.: Používání biopreparátů proti slintavce, str. 1-4; FEDÁK, R.: Odebírání vzorků k vyšetření, str. 5-7; KOUBA, V.:  Poznámky k protislintavkovým opatřením a Poznámky ke klinice slintavky, str. 8-29;  DRAŽAN J. : Biologické vlastnosti viru slintavky, str. 30-37.

 

 

 

 

 

Amendments:

 

1) Short list of Czechoslovak veterinarians involved in foot-and-mouth disease control and eradication at national level during last 50 years (1952-2002):

 

Academician Prof.MVDr Antonín K l o b o u k , DrSc., University of Veterinary Science, Brno: educated thousands of veterinarians for successful FMD control; founder of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute (Bioveta) in Terezin in 1952 as the only FMD reference diagnostic and research laboratory and FMD vaccine production factory in Czechoslovakia

 

Directors of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute (Bioveta) in Terezin:

 

Dr Rudolf  D o m b e k , Dr Vojtěch  M á d r , CSc. , Doc.Dr Rudolf  H u b í k ,CSc. and Dr Petr  F l a c h s e l, CSc.

 

Laboratory diagnosticians of the Foot-and-mouth Disease Institute in Terezin:

 

Dr Jiří  B o h á č, Dr Roman  F e d á k and Dr František  L á z n i č k a.

In 1995 it was established  Czech  FMD Reference Diagnostic Laboratory at State Veterinary Institute, Prague (Director Dr Bedřich  H o r y n a), replacing the former one in Terezin; Dr Kamil  S e d l á k ,  Chief of the Laboratory.

 

Officers responsible for FMD eradication in Czechoslovakia:

 

Dr Karel  N e b e s k ý , State Veterinary Service, Praha, responsible for anti-FMD actions up to 1955

Prof.Dr Václav  K o u b a, DrSc. , Chief Epizootiologist and Vice-Director, State Veterinary Service, Prague: from 1956 responsible  for national anti-FMD strategy, activities and  eradication of all FMD outbreaks in Czechoslovakia (last case in 1975); Chief of  successful Czechoslovak  anti-FMD expedition  in Mongolia in 1964

 

Veterinary specialists involved ad hoc in FMD national eradication actions :

 

Dr Jano  Z u b a j , Chief Epizootiolog, Slovak State Veterinary Service, Bratislava

Prof.Dr Jaroslav  D r a ž a n, CSc, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno

Doc.Dr Miroslav  M e n š í k, CSc., Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Brno

Academician Prof.Dr  Ivan B r a u n e r, DrSc., Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava

Doc. Dr Jaroslav K r á l, CSc., Director, Central Veterinary Institute, Praha

Dr Jaromír  T r u n k á t, CSc., Central State Veterinary Institute, Praha

Dr František P o u s t k a, State Veterinary Service, Praha

 

Example of provincial specialists involved in FMD  eradication actions:

 

Dr Karel  P a v l í k,  Provincial Chief Veterinary Officer, Central Bohemia

Dr Antonín N e z v a l, Provincial Epizootiologist, South Bohemia

Dr Bedřich K á r n í k, Provincial Epizootiologist, West Bohemia

Dr Josef J e l í n e k,  Provincial Epizootiologist, North Bohemia

Dr Evžen  J u r á k, Provincial Chief Veterinary Officer, East Bohemia

Dr  Rudolf  K l i m š a,  Provincial Epizootiologist, South Moravia

Dr Karel  K o š t á l, Provincial Epizootiologist, North Moravia

Dr Karol L a k t i š, Provincial Epizootiologist, West Slovakia

Dr  Pavol  K a n k a, Provincial Chief Veterinary Officer, Central Slovakia

Dr  Bela A u g u s t i n s k ý, Provincial Epizootiologist, East Slovakia

 

Directors of State Veterinary Services creating  necessary organizational, manpower, material and financial conditions for successful anti-FMD actions:

 

Dr Antonín  H r s t k a, Director, Czechoslovak Veterinary Service, Praha (up to 1958)

Prof.Dr Ladislav  P o l á k , CSc. , Director, Czechoslovak and Czech State Veterinary Service, Praha  (1959-1985)

Prof.Dr Štefan  H a l a d ě j , CSc., Director, Slovak State Veterinary Service, Bratislava (1969-1989)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tab. 1

 

Foot and mouth disease in Czechoslovakia, 1952-1980

Number of  reported outbreaks (villages), diseased and lost animals

===============================================================

Year       Outbreaks   D i s e a s e d    animals        L o s t   animals               Ratio

               (FMD           number          average          number      average       lost/diseased

                villages)                         per outbreak                   per outbreak       animals

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1952           5,912         316,997           53.62              23,112           3.91                0.0729

1953           2,264           41,037           18.13                5,272           2.33             0.1285

1954              162             2,571           15.88                   274           1.69             0.1066

1955                92             2,653           28.84                     94           1.02             0.0354

1956                10                374           37.40                       0               -                      -

1957              170             2,752           16.19                1,152           6.78             0.4186

1958                14                259           18.50                     11           0.79             0.0425

1959                29             2,511           86.59                   534         18.41             0.2127

1960                32             1,791           55.97                   704         22.00             0.3931

1961                50             2,072           41.44                   698         13.96             0.3369

1962                24             1,047           43.63                   757         31.54             0.7230

1963                23             1,878           81.65                2,931       127.43             1.5607

1964                27             3,664         135.70                5,733       150.87             1.5647

1965                38             7,048         185.47                9,535       250.92             1.3529

1966                  4                931         232.75                     95         23.75             0.1020

1967                  0                    0                 -                         0              -                      -

1968                15             2,149         143.27                2,149       143.27             0.7299

1969                  7             2,944         420.57                2,098       299.71             0.7126

1970                  0                    0                 -                         0              -                      -

1971                  0                    0                 -                         0              -                      -

1972                  9                267          29.67                 1,041       115.67             3.8989

1973                15             4,023        268.20                 4,469       297.93             1.1109

1974                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                     -

1975                  1                  56          56.00                    153       153.00             2.7321

1976                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                       -

1977                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                       -

1978                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                       -

1979                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                       -

1980                  0                    0                 -                        0               -                       -

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total           8,898        397,024         44.62               60,812           6.83             0.1532

============================================================

 

 

Tab. 2

 

Foot and mouth disease in Czechoslovakia, 1954-1980

Prophylactic vaccinations of cattle and ratios  vaccinations/population (V/P)

================================================================

Year      Total                Ratio           Czech Republic  Ratio         Slovak  Republic   Ratio

              Vaccinations    V/P             Vaccinations      V/P           Vaccinations          V/P

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1954         480,843         0.1189             266,729           0.0958            214,114           0.1702

1955         120,225         0.0293             120,225           0.0421                       0                     -

1956         237,159         0.0574             237,159           0.0820                       0                     -

1957      2,080,000         0.5346          2,186,895           0.7692                       0                     -

1958         619,782         0.1482             619,782           0.2129                       0                     -

1959      1,339,000         0.3112             836,000           0.2799            503,000           0.3822

1960      2,306,000         0.5256          1,967,000           0.6492           339,000            0.2498

1961      1,251,816         0.2771          1,058,863           0.3381            192,953           0.1392

1962      1,838,158         0.4078          1,414,535           0.4535           423,623            0.3052

1963      1,893,381         0.4226          1,333,889           0.4294            559,492           0.4072

1964      2,301,869         0.5189          1,435,664           0.4684           866,205            0.6318

1965      3,251,224         0.7408          1,546,146           0.5135         1,705,078           1.2374

1966      2,886,607         0.6469          1,737,531           0.5727         1,149,076           0.8047

1967      2,727,607         0.6147          1,638,670           0.5397         1,088,937           0.7773

1968      2,058,251         0.4884          1,150,427           0.3905            907,824           0.6967

1969      1,924,044         0.4556          1,094,015           0.3721            830,029           0.6469

1970      2,046,721         0.4773          1,332,260           0.4504            714,461           0.5372

1971      2,106,284         0.4843          1,499,179           0.4989            607,105           0.4517

1972      3,499,009         0.7835          1,902,024           0.6149         1,596,985           1.6331

1973      8,277,221         1.8168          4,678,072           1.4776         3,599,149           2.5893

1974      5,026,817         1.1009          3,318,301           1.0409         1,708,516           1.2399

1975      4,755,515         1.0440          3,054,610           0.9531         1,700,905           1.2599

1976      4,768,717         1.0246          2,938,859           0.8993          1,829,858          1.3202

1977      4,998,209         1.0504          3,246,469           0.9732          1,751,740          1.2319

1978      3,446,016         0.7051          3,213,578           0.9353             232,438          0.1602

1979      5,436,426         1.1061          3,553,367           1.0363          1,883,059          1.2672

1980      5,518,161         1.1032          3,677,817           1.0511          1,840,344          1.2244

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total    77,301,957        0.6445       51,058,066            0.6131        26,243,891          0.7157

================================================================

 

 

 

Tab. 3

 

Foot and mouth disease in Czechoslovakia, 1961-1980

Prophylactic vaccinations of pigs and ratios vaccinations/population (V/P)

=========================================================

Year      Total                Ratio     Czech Rep.       Ratio        Slovak  Rep.   Ratio

              Vaccinations    V/P       Vaccinations     V/P          Vaccinations  V/P

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1961         92,179          0.0156         57,203          0.0157          34,976       0.0156 

1962         86,517          0.1467         52,031          0.0142          34,486       0.0154

1963       168,358          0.0288       131,710          0.0359          36,648       0.0168

1964       113,380          0.0185         25,545          0.0066          87,835       0.0385

1965       120,217          0.0217         50,997          0.0146          69,220       0.0338

1966         28,239          0.0053         14,114          0.0042          14,125       0.0072

1967         26,766          0.0048         13,055          0.0037          13,711       0.0067

1968         38,022          0.0074         10,664          0.0033          27,358       0.0144

1969         80,142          0.0159         33,953          0.0107          46,189       0.0247

1970         28,366          0.0053         22,109          0.0065            6,257       0.0029

1971         19,636          0.0033           9,079          0.0024          10,557       0.0048

1972       217,343          0.0357         21,802          0.0055        195,541       0.0908

1973                            no information

1974     2,302,159         0.3426       533,160          0.1238     1,768,999       0.7334

1975     1,183,845         0.1771       541,939          0.1267        641,906       0.2666

1976     1,080,714         0.1585       582,621          0.1357        498,093       0.1972

1977     1,252,857         0.1668       655,118          0.1373        597,739       0.2179

1978        948,846         0.1248       716,408          0.1475         232,438      0.0847

1979        900,180         0.1186       713,274          0.1487         186,906      0.0669

1980        923,999         0.1171       740,127          0.1449         183,872      0.0659

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total      9,611,765      0.0809    4,924,909           0.0675      4,686,856      0.1074

=========================================================

 

 

Tab. 4

 

Localization and timing of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Czechoslovakia, 1957-1960

(from KOUBA  V. 1961: “Analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in Czechoslovakia during 1957-1960”).

===========================================================================

Case No        Province                 District                     Municipality/Village            Discovery       Virus

                                                                                                                                              date              type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Plzen

Horšovský Týn

Neměnice

29.12.1956

      A

2

Plzen

Klatovy

Javorná-Onen Svět

1.1.1957

      O

3

Plzen

Sušice

Rozsedly

3.1.1957

      A

4

Plzen

Klatovy

Chudenice

7.1.1957

      O

5

Plzen

Domažlice

Starý Klíčov

7.1.1957

      O

6

Plzen

Klatovy

Kozí

10.1.1957

      O

7

Plzen

Klatovy

Milence

12.1.1957

      A

8

Č. Budějovice

Kaplice

Chodeč-Bor

17.1.1957

      A

9

Jihlava

Pacov

Salačova Lhota

17.1.1957

      A

10

Plzen

Klatovy

Nýrsko-Stará Lhota

17.1.1957

 

11

Plzen

Klatovy

Zelená Lhota

17.1.1957

 

12

Jihlava

Pacov

Pacov-vet. clinic

17.1.1957

 

13

Jihlava

Pacov

Cetoraz

21.1.1957

      A

14

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Úštěk

21.1.1957

 

16

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Tukleky

24.1.1957

      A

17

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Branišov

28.1.1957

      O

18

Č. Budějovice  

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice-dokrmna VP

29.1.1957

 

19

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Boršov

30.1.1957

      A

20

Jihlava

Pacov

Zadní Střítež

2.2.1957

      A

21

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Červený Újezdec

2.2.1957

 

22

Jihlava

Pacov

Šimpach

2.2.1957

 

23

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Pohůrka

4.2.1957

 

24

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Vojníkov

4.2.1957

 

25

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Voříškův Dvůr

5.2.1957

 

26

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Čtyři Dvory

5.2.1957

 

27

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Úsilné-Světlík

5.2.1957

 

28

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Hrdějovice

5.2.1957

 

29

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Hluboká-Stará Obora

6.2.1957

 

30

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Písek-abattoir

5.2.1957

      A

31

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Třebín

5.2.1957

 

32

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Čermákův Dvůr

7.2.1957

 

35

Jihlava

Pacov

Vysoká Lhota

12.2.1957

      A

36

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Stará Dobev

12.2.1957

 

37

Č. Budějovice

Kaplice

Besednice

13.2.1957

 

39

Plzen

Sušice

Rozsedly

14.2.1957

 

40

Č. Budějovice

Milevsko

Opařany

19.2.1957

      A

41

Č. Budějovice

Vodnany

Bavorov

20.2.1957

 

42

Č. Budějovice

Trhové Sviny

Ledenice

20.2.1957

      A

43

Č. Budějovice

Týn nad Vltavou

Horní Bukovsko

21.2.1957

 

44

Jihlava

Ledeč

Dolní Město

21.2.1957

    Ao

45

Praha

Kolín

Polepy

23.2.1957

    Ao

46

Hradec Králové

Jičín

Mlýnec

25.2.1957

 

47

Jihlava

Ledeč

Lipnička-Radostice

26.2.1957

      A

48

Praha

Votice

Mitrovice

1.3.1957

    Ao

49

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Borečnice-Sulanův Dvůr

2.3.1957

 

51

Č. Budějovice

Písek

Kašina Hora

5.3.1957

 

52

Jihlava

Pacov

Buřenice

4.3.1957

      O

53

Praha

Votice

Vrchotovy Janovice

9.3.1957

      A

56

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Straškov

10.3.1957

    Ao

57

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Vodochody

10.3.1957

    Ao

58

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Mnětěš

10.3.1957

    Ao

59

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

České Kopisty

15.3.1957

    Ao

61

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Ústí

16.3.1957

 

62

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Vrbičany

18.3.1957

 

63

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Třebotovice

17.3.1957

      A

64

Praha

Kolín

Vrbčany

21.3.1957

      A

65

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Vitín

21.3.1957

      A

68

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Oparno

24.3.1957

 

69

Jihlava

Pelhřimov

Horní Cerekev

26.3.1957

      A

70

Č. Budějovice

Třebon

Mirochov

27.3.1957

      A

71

Jihlava

Havlíčkův Brod

Záborná

27.3.1957

      A

72

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Doubravice

29.3.1957

      A

73

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Chotěšov

27.3.1957

      A

75

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Bžany

29.3.1957

      A

76

Jihlava

Třešt

Nová Ves

28.3.1957

 

77

Č.Budějovice

Soběslav

Dynín

1.4.1957

      A

79

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Černiv

31.3.1957

 

83

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Habrovice

10.4.1957

 

84

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Hradiště

11.4.1957

 

85

Praha

Votice

Jankovská Lhota

18.4.1957

      A

88

Ústí nad Labem

Chomutov

Hošnice

25.4.1957

 

89

Ústí nad Labem

Litvínov

Janov-Křižatky

25.4.1957

 

90

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Rožnov

3.5.1957

 

92

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Dolní Habartice

11.5.1957

      A

93

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Litoměřice-abattoir

10.5.1957

      A

94

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Nové Kopisty

11.5.1957

 

95

Č. Budějovice

Třebon

Přeseka

13.5.1957

 

97

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Srbice

17.5.1957

 

98

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Strážky

16.5.1957

 

99

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Terezín

10.5.1957

 

101

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Litoměřice-military barracks

29.5.1957

 

102

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Čížkovice

30.5.1957

 

103

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Povrly

1.6.1957

 

104

Praha

Praha-Východ

Chodov

5.6.1957

      A

107

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Novosedlín

8.6.1957

      A

112

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Vražkov

13.6.1957

      A

113

Karlovy Vary

Kadan

Rašovice-Leskov

16.6.1957

      O

114

Praha

Benešov

Vysoký Újezd

23.6.1957

 

115

Praha

Praha-Východ

Libuš

24.6.1957

      A

116

Liberec

Nový Bor

Lindava

27.6.1957

      A

117

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Bohyně

28.6.1957

 

118

Plzen

Plzen

Chotíkov

26.6.1957

      O

120

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Lukavec

1.7.1957

      A

121

Praha

Benešov

Neveklov

1.7.1957

      O

123

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Bystřany

3.7.1957

 

124

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Nové Dvory

3.7.1957

      O

125

Praha

Benešov

Chocerady

6.7.1957

 

126

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Svádov

8.7.1957

 

127

Č. Budějovice

Tábor

Malšice

11.7.1957

 

128

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Vřesín

13.7.1957

 

129

Karlovy Vary

Podbořany

Maštok

15.7.1957

      A

130

Karlovy Vary

Kadan

Prunéřov

15.7.1957

 

131

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Lovosice

14.7.1957

 

132

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Úštěk-Lhota

15.7.1957

      A

133

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Ctiněves

21.7.1957

 

134

Ústí nad Labem

Bílina

Radovesice

21.7.1957

      O

135

Karlovy Vary

Podbořany

Liběšovice

19.7.1957

 

136

Jihlava

Velké Mezeříčí

Mostiště

24.7.1957

      O

137

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Čížkovice

26.7.1957

 

138

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Levousy

26.7.1957

 

139

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Vchýnice

30.7.1957

 

141

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Tuchomyšl

1.8.1957

 

142

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Třebenice

3.8.1957

 

143

Ústí nad Labem

Žatec

Počerady

9.8.1957

      O

144

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Nebočany

13.8.1957

 

145

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Pokratice

15.8.1957

      O

146

Karlovy Vary

Podbořany

Soběchleby

8.8.1957

 

147

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Hlinná

17.8.1957

 

148

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Liběšice

20.8.1957

      A

149

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Roudnice

20.8.1957

      O

150

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Horní Beřkovice

26.8.1957

      O

151

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Třebivlice

28.8.1957

 

152

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Bechlín

1.9.1957

      O

153

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Věštany

1.9.1957

 

154

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Býčkovice

2.9.1957

 

155

Praha

Mladá Boleslav

Benátky

3.9.1957

      O

156

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Zimoř

8.9.1957

      A

158

Č. Budějovice

Týn nad Vltavou

Bzí

7.9.1957

 

159

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Vrchoslav-Krupka

10.9.1957

      A

160

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Malé Březno

12.9.1957

 

162

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Pyšel

12.9.1957

      O

163

Praha

Mladá Boleslav

Staré Benátky

13.9.1957

 

164

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Nestěnice

16.9.1957

      O

165

Praha

Brandýs nad Labem

Hlavenec

16.9.1957

 

167

Praha

Mělník

Čečelice

20.9.1957

      A

168

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Vojničky

23.9.1957

 

169

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Radostice

24.9.1957

 

170

Praha

Mělník

Dolní Beřkovice

27.9.1957

      A

172

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Úštěk

2.10.1957

 

173

Praha

Mělník

Vliněves

2.10.1957

 

174

Praha

Brandýs nad Labem

Zápy-Ostrov

7.10.1957

 

175

Praha

Mělník

Vysoká

8.10.1957

 

176

Ústí nad Labem

Teplice

Teplice-abattoir

14.10.1957

 

178

Praha

Mělník

Lužec nad Vltavou

27.10.1957

      A

180

Praha

Mělník

Obříství

29.10.1957

 

181

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

1.11.1957

     Ao

182

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Polepy

4.11.1957

 

183

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Litoměřice-abattoir

5.11.1957

 

184

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Jeziněves

7.11.1957

 

185

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Prosmyky

8.11.1957

      A

186

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Zahořany

10.11.1957

 

187

Ústí nad Labem

Roudnice

Brníkov

13.11.1957

 

188

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Bohušovice

15.11.1957

 

190

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Děčín-abattoir

19.11.1957

 

191

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Lukavec

19.11.1957

      A

194

Praha

Mělník

Bosýně

23.11.1957

      A

195

Ústí nad Labem

Most

Most-abattoir

25.11.1957

 

196

Praha

Nové Strašecí

Čelechovice

26.11.1957

      A

197

Praha

Nové Strašecí

Smilovice

26.11.1957

      A

198

Plzen

Horaždovice

Svéradice

27.11.1957

      A

200

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Smolnice

30.11.1957

 

202

Ústí nad Labem

Most

Stránce

30.11.1957

 

203

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Louny

2.12.1957

 

205

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Citolíky

3.12.1957

 

206

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Libochovice

3.12.1957

      A

208

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Libouchec

5.12.1957

 

210

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Hřibčice

7.12.1957

 

211

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Lovosice

9.12.1957

 

212

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Smolnice

9.12.1957

 

213

Ústí nad Labem

Žatec

Radičeves

9.12.1957

 

214

Ústí nad Labem

Most

Polerady

9.12.1957

 

215

Ústí nad Labem

Most

Vršany

10.12.1957

 

216

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Vlčí

12.12.1957

 

217

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Střekov

14.12.1957

 

218

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Nestěmice

16.12.1957

 

219

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Terezín

16.12.1957

 

220

Ústí nad Labem

Most

Most-abattoir

17.12.1957

 

221

Praha

Praha-Západ

Rudná

18.12.1957

      O

223

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Radonice nad Ohří

20.12.1957

 

225

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Bžany

27.12.1957

 

226

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Stankovice

1.1.1958

 

227

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Trávčice

1.1.1958

 

228

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Ždanov

31.12.1957

 

230

Ústí nad Labem

Louny

Ročov

4.1.1958

 

232

Jihlava

Pacov

Vintířov

17.1.1958

 

233

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Střibrníky

24.1.1958

 

234

Plzen

Horšovský Týn

Přes

12.2.1958

      O

235

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Libouchec

27.2.1958

      A

236

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí

Lipová-Slavošov

27.2.1958

 

238

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Mrsklesy

8.4.1958

      A

240

Olomouc

Olomouc

Olomouc-Bělidla

5.7.1958

      A

242

Košice

Moldava n. Bodvou

Rešica

1.5.1959

      A

243

Ústí nad Labem

Litoměřice

Liběšice

18.7.1959

      A

244

Praha

Jílové

Dolní Břežany

22.8.1959

      A

245

Ústí nad Labem

Ústí nad Labem

Stadice

4.9.1959

 

246

Jihlava

Třebíč

Studenec

1.10.1959

      O

247

Jihlava

Třebíč

Nárameč

2.10.1959

      O

248

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Hartvikovice

7.10.1959

      O

249

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Třesov

4.10.1959

      O

250

Brno

Mikulov

Hrádek

7.10.1959

      O

251

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Znátky

7.10.1959

      O

252

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Okarec

7.10.1959

      O

253

Jihlava

Třebíč

Smrk

8.10.1959

      O

254

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Kramolín

8.10.1959

      O

255

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Otradice

10.10.1959

      O

256

Brno

Znojmo

Oleksovice

10.10.1959

      O

257

Jihlava

Třebíč

Horní Újezd

12.10.1959

      O

258

Jihlava

Třebíč

Koněšín

14.10.1959

      O

259

Košice

Kežmarok

Kežmarok

13.10.1959

      O

260

Jihlava

Třebíč

Kozlany

16.10.1959

 

270

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Březník

27.10.1959

      O

272

Brno

Znojmo

Vitonice

4.11.1959

 

276

Bratislava

Senica

Horné Suroviny

6.11.1959

      O

278

Brno

Velká Bíteš

Sedlec

10.11.1959

      O

279

Č. Budějovice

Tábor

Kozmice

16.11.1959

 

284

Praha

Jílové

Šeberov

8.12.1959

      C

286

Praha

Říčany

Nedvězí

15.12.1959

      A

287

Praha

Praha-Západ

Sobín

23.12.1959

      A

288

Praha

Praha

Holešovice-abattoir

24.12.1959

      A

289

Praha

Český Brod

Kounice

3.1.1960

      A

290

Praha

Praha-Sever

Panenské Břežany

3.1.1960

      A

291

Ústí nad Labem

Lovosice

Lukavec

14.1.1960

      O

292

Praha

Brandýs nad Labem

Nehvizdy

16.1.1960

      A

294

Č. Budějovice

Strakonice

Droužetice

26.1.1960

      O

295

Plzen

Rokycany

Strašice

4.2.1960

      O

297

Č. Budějovice

Vodnany

Skočice

15.2.1960

      A

298

Praha

Mladá Boleslav

Bezno

17.2.1960

      A

299

Č. Budějovice

Vodnany

Chvalovice

28.2.1960

      A

300

Č. Budějovice

Č. Budějovice

Jaronice

18.3.1960

 

303

Karlovy Vary

Cheb

Pouska

15.4.1960

      A

304

Žilina

Čadca

Skalité

4.5.1960

      O

305

Ústí nad Labem

Duchcov

Ledvice

10.5.1960

 

306

Brno

Blansko

Ždár

23.5.1960

      O

308

Brno

Židlochovice

Přísnotice

14.6.1960

 

309

Brno

Hustopeče

Brumovice

16.6.1960

      O

310

Brno

Blansko

Lažany

18.6.1960

      O

311

Č. Budějovice

Tábor

Kamenná Lhota

30.6.1960

      O

313

Praha

Benešov

Kvasejovice

11.7.1960

    AO

314

Ústí nad Labem

Děčín

Hliněná

20.7.1960

 

315

Praha

Benešov

Smilkov

20.7.1960

      O

316

Brno

Ždár

Víden

2.8.1960

    AO

317

Č. Budějovice

Jindřichův Hradec

Horní Lhota

4.8.1960

      A

318

Č. Budějovice

Jindřichův Hradec

Nová Olešná

15.8.1960

      A

319

East Slovakia

Trebišov

Kapušanské Klačany

23.8.1960

    OA

320

West Bohemia

Klatovy

Němčice

10.9.1960

      O

321

West Bohemia

Plzen-Jih

Dolce

27.9.1960

      A

322

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Lovosice

14.10.1960

      A

============================================================================

 

Tab. 5

 

Localization and timing of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Czechoslovakia, 1960-1965

(according to KOUBA  V., Chief Epizootiologist - personal notebook)

===========================================================================

Case No        Province                 District                     Municipality/Village           Discovery         Virus

                                                                                                                                           date                  type

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

323

North Moravia

Přerov

Předměstí

14.12.1960

         O

324

North Moravia

Přerov

Prussy

15.12.1960

         O

325

North Moravia

Přerov

Přerov

16.12.1960

         O

326

North Moravia

Olomouc

Tršice

16.12.1960

         O

327

North Moravia

Olomouc

Liboš

16.12.1960

         O

328

Central Slovakia

Liptovský Mikuláš

Stankovany

17.12.1960

         O

329

South Moravia

Kroměříž

Lechotice

19.12.1960

         O

330

East Bohemia

Pardubice

Moravany

18.12.1960

 

331

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Hoštka

19.12.1960

         O

333

North Moravia

Olomouc

Hlušovice

20.12.1960

 

334

East Bohemia

Ústí nad Orlicí

Vysoké Mýto

20.12.1960

 

335

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Bánová

21.12.1960

         O

336

North Moravia

Olomouc

Černovír

22.12.1960

         O

337

North Moravia

Olomouc

Daskabát

22.12.1960

         O

338

Central Bohemia

Nymburk

Straky

22.12.1960

 

339

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Žilina

23.12.1960

         O

340

South Moravia

Brno-Venkov

Vojkovice

24.12.1960

 

341

East Bohemia

Pardubice

Pohřebačka

25.12.1960

 

342

East Bohemia

Ústí nad Orlicí

Vysoké Mýto-Lipos

25.12.1960

 

343

Central Bohemia

Nymburk

Srpce

24.12.1960

 

344

North Bohemia

Ústí

Předlice

24.12.1960

         O

345

South Moravia

Prostějov

Tvorovice

25.12.1960

 

346

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Žilina

26.12.1960

         O

347

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Babkov

27.12.1960

         O

348

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Rajec

27.12.1960

         O

349

South Moravia

Kroměříž

Hulín

27.12.1960

 

350

South Moravia

Kroměříž

Velké Těšany

27.12.1960

 

353

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Závodie

27.12.1960

         O

354

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Brezany

28.12.1960

         O

355

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Žilina-feedlot

28.12.1960

         O

356

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Slatina

28.12.1960

         O

357

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Malá Čierna

29.12.1960

         O

358

South Bohemia

Č. Budějovice

Zliv

2.1.1961

         O

359

East Slovakia

Prešov

Prešov

2.1.1961

 

360

North Bohemia

Louny

Mradice

3.1.1961

         O

361

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Malešov

2.1.1961

         A

362

West Bohemia

Sokolov

Kraslice

3.1.1961

 

363

South Moravia

Uherskí Hradiště

Jakubí

4.1.1961

 

364

South Bohemia

Č. Budějovice

Lhotka

5.1.1961

         O

365

East Bohemia

Chrudim

Heřmanův Městec

7.1.1961

         A

366

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Žilina-abattoir

30.12.1960

         O

367

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Šuja

4.1.1961

         O

368

North Moravia

Přerov

Oplocany

8.1.1961

         O

369

Central Bohemia

Nymburk

Srpce

9.1.1961

 

370

Central Bohemia

Praha-Východ

Radonice

10.1.1961

 

371

North Bohemia

Chomutov

Udlice

11.1.1961

         O

372

North Bohemia

Chomutov

Droužkovice

11.1.1961

         O

373

East Slovakia

Prešov

Prešov

13.1.1961

 

374

East Slovakia

Košice

Kavečany

17.1.1961

         O

375

East Slovakia

Prešov

Mirkovce

17.1.1961

         O

376

East Slovakia

Prešov

Jakubovany

18.1.1961

 

377

East Slovakia

Prešov

Drienov

19.1.1961

 

378

East Slovakia

Prešov

Drienovská Nová Ves

20.1.1961

 

379

North Bohemia

Louny

Hřivice

21.1.1961

         O

381

South Bohemia

Č. Budějovice

Hrdějovice

23.1.1961

         A

382

South Bohemia

Č. Budějovice

Vyšné Radovice

23.1.1961

 

383

East Slovakia

Prešov

Lubotín

24.1.1961

 

384

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Jasinová

25.1.1961

         O

387

East Slovakia

Bardějov

Hutka

26.1.1961

 

388

East Slovakia

Prešov

Vyslanka

27.1.1961

 

389

East Slovakia

Košice

Vajkovce

31.1.1961

 

390

East Slovakia

Košice

Vychlava

31.1.1961

 

391

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Rájec

5.2.1961

 

392

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Malá Čierna

13.2.1961

         O

393

East Slovakia

Košice

Vyšná Hutka

14.2.1961

 

394

East Slovakia

Prešov

Vítaz

5.3.1961

 

396

Central Slovaka

Žilina

Zbynov

15.3.1961

         O

397

North Moravia

Vsetín

Choryně

4.4.1961

 

398

East Slovakia

Prešov

Haniska

25.5.1961

         O

399

East Slovakia

Prešov

Kendice

1.6.1961

         O

401

Central Slovakia

Žilina

Jasenová- JRD Zornička

22.7.1961

         O

402

North Bohemia

Chomutov

Droužkovice

30.9.1961

      OA

403

North Bohemia

Česká Lípa

Radeč

?

 

404

North Bohemia

Česká Lípa

Velký Valtínov

?

 

405

East Bohemia

Hradec Králové

Mlékosrby

27.12.1961

         A

406

East Bohemia

Hradec Králové

Klamoš

29.12.1961

         A

407

East Bohemia

Hradec Králové

Skřivany

7.1.1962

         A

408

East Bohemia

Jičín

Ostroměř

 

 

409

East Bohemia

Jičín

Holovousy

 

 

410

North Moravia

Karviná

Chotěbuz

27.2.1962

         O

411

East Slovakia

Rožnava

Rožnava

 

         O

412

West Slovakia

Trenčín

Malé Záblatie

14.5.1962

         O

413

West Slovakia

Trenčín

Záblatie

29.5.1962

         O

414

West Slovakia

Trenčín

Hamry

5.6.1962

         A

415

Central Bohemia

Rakovník

Lužná

19.6.1962

         A

416

Central Bohemia

Rakovník

Olešná

19.6.1962

         A

419

Central Bohemia

Rakovník

Kněževes

 

 

420

Central Bohemia

Rakovník

Líšany

23.6.1962

 

421

West Slovakia

Dunajská Streda

Maslovce

22.6.1962

         A

422

South Bohemia

Tábor

Planá nad Lužnicí

 

         A

423

South Bohemia

Tábor

Nová ves u Chýnova

1.7.1962

 

424

South Bohemia

Tábor

Beranova Lhota

14.7.1962

         A

425

South Bohemia

Tábor

Podolí

 

 

426

East Bohemia

Jičín

Vojice

15.9.1962

         A

427

East Bohemia

Jičín

Češov

28.9.1962

         A

428

East Bohemia

Jičín

Vršce

10.10.1962

 

429

East Bohemia

Jičín

Liběšice

20.10.1962

         A

430

Central Bohemia

Kolín

Kolín

27.10.1962

 

431

Central Bohemia

Kolín

Nebovidy

 

 

432

Central Bohemia

Kutná Hora

Čáslav

 

         A

434

North Bohemia

Teplice

Radovesice

17.12.1962

 

435

Praha

Praha

Praha-abattoir

28.12.1962

         O

436

South Moravia

Břeclav

Lanžhot

28.1.1963

         C

437

East Bohemia

Jičín

Volanice

28.1.1963

         C

438

South Bohemia

Pelhřimov

Kaliště

28.1.1963

         C

443

East Bohemia

Jičín

Žlunice

7.2.1963

         C

444

East Bohemia

Hradec Králové

Hlušice

7.2.1963

         C

446

North Bohemia

Lovosice

Lovosice-abattoir

8.2.1963

         C

447

West Slovakia

Bratislava-město

Bratislava-abattoir

26.2.1963

         O

448

East Slovakia

Bardějov

Svidnička

18.2.1963

         C

450

West Slovakia

Bratislava-město

Podunajské Biskupice

21.3.1963

         O

452

East Slovakia

Poprad

Hozelec

13.5.1963

      AC

453

East Slovakia

Humenné

Driečná

24.5.1963

         A

454

East Slovakia

Humenné

Kalinov

26.5.1963

         A

455

East Slovakia

Humenné

Volica

7.6.1963

         A

456

West Bohemia

Rokycany

Volduchy

7.6.1963

         A

457

East Slovakia

Humenné

Rohožník

20.6.1963

         A

458

East Slovakia

Humenné

Vyšná Sítnica

27.6.1963

         A

459

East Slovakia

Humenné

Papín

29.6.1963

         A

460

Nortn Bohemia

Most

Dolní Litvínov

1.7.1963

         A

461

North Bohemia

Ústí

Chabařovice

 

 

462

East Slovakia

Humenné

Havaj

8.7.1963

         A

463

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

České Kopisty

 

         A

463a

North Bohemia

Chomutov

Chomutov-město

13.9.1963

         O

464

Central Bohemia

Mělník

Čečelice

21.11.1963

         O

465

South Moravia

Gottwaldov

Jesenná

3.1.1964

         A

466

South Moravia

Gottwaldov

Podkopaní Lhota

26.1.1964

         A

467

Central Bohemia

Beroun

Běleč

9.3.1964

         A

468

Central Bohemia

Beroun

Leč- Lítě

13.3.1964

         A

469

North Bohemia

Chomutov

Loučná

1.5.1964

         A

470

West Slovakia

Galanta

Réca

29.5.1964

         O

471

West Slovakia

Topolčany

Závada

31.5.1964

         O

472

West Slovakia

Bratislava-vidiek

Senec

7.6.1964

         O

473

West Slovakia

Galanta

Kostelná

4.6.1964

         O

474

West Slovakia

Galanta

Hrubý Šúr

4.6.1964

         O

475

West Slovakia

Galanta

Jelka

5.6.1964

         O

476

West Slovakia

Galanta

Králová pri Senci

8.6.1964

         O

477

West Slovakia

Galanta

Nové Osady - Sedín

7.6.1964

 

478

West Slovakia

Galanta

Hurbanova Ves

10.6.1964

 

480

West Slovakia

Galanta

Velké Ulany

14.7.1964

 

481

West Slovakia

Galanta

Abraham

16.7.1964

 

482

West Slovakia

Trnava

Voderady

14.6.1964

 

483

West Slovakia

Galanta

Sered-abattoir

 

 

485

West Slovakia

Dunajská Streda

Mliečná – osada Hrušov

3.8.1964

         O

486

West Slovakia

Dunajská Streda

Eliášovce

4.8.1964

         O

487

South Moravia

Znojmo

Šatov

 

         O

489

Central Bohemia

Nymburk

Nestřebice

30.11.1964

         O

490

South Bohemia

Český Krumlov

Horní Dvořiště

15.12.1964

         O

491

West Slovakia

Levice

Farná

15.12.1964

         O

492

Central Bohemia

Nymburk

Šumbov

16.12.1964

         O

493

East Bohemia

Jičín

Slatiny

15.12.1964

         O

494

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Ploskovice

17.12.1964

         O

495

North Bohemia

Litoměřice

Podsedice

21.12.1964

         O

496

West Slovakia

Levice

Vyškovce

28.12.1964

         O

497

East Bohemia

Jičín

Vysoké Veselí

28.12.1964

         O

498

Central Slovakia

Rimavská Sobota

Lenártovce

8.1.1965

 

499

West Slovakia

Levice

Hokovce

12.1.1965

         O

500

Central Slovakia

Rimavská Sobota

Rokytník

18.1.1965

         O

501

West Slovakia

Levice

Kuralany

28.1.1965

         O

502

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Milanovce-Palárikovo

30.1.1965

         O

503

West Slovakia

Levice

Želiezovce

1.2.1965

         O

504

West Slovakia

Bratislava-Mesto

Bratislava-abattoir

1.2.1965

         O

505

West Slovakia

Levice

Kvetná

1.2.1965

         O

506

West Slovakia

Levice

Čata

2.2.1965

         O

507

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Rastislavice

3.2.1965

         O

508

West Slovakia

Galanta

Lučný Dvor

5.2.1965

         O

509

West Slovakia

Levice

Šalov

6.2.1965

         O

510

West Slovakia

Komárno

Nesvadby

13.2.1965

 

511

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Ulany nad Žitavou

12.2.1965

         O

512

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Kostolný Sek

12.2.1965

         O

513

Central Slovakia

Lučenev

Kalinovo

15.2.1965

 

514

West Slovakia

Komárno

Bajč

15.2.1965

         O

515

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Michal nad Žitavou

15.2.1965

         O

516

West Slovakia

Galanta

Pusté Ulany

 

 

517

West Slovakia

Bratislava-Mesto

Bratislava-abattoir

16.2.1965

         O

518

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Rastislavice-Hankov Dvor

 

 

519

West Slovakia

Galanta

Dolný Lúh

3.2.1965

 

521

West Slovakia

Nitra

Žitavce

 

 

522

West Slovakia

Nové Zámky

Lubá

19.2.1965

 

===========================================================================

 

Unintended but forced note:

Successful eradication of the FMD last case in 1975 (registered in global animal health information system) not admitting further spread, thanks to using “stamping out” according to international recommendations (= in any primary  FMD outbreak, regardless of the serotype, must be used immediately only radical method), was the subject of suspicious very detailed “investigative” activities during  several years by one British “journalist-investigator ?!” (J.M..Ledgard.) being assisted by a Czech “journalist-collaborator” (Kateřina Zachovalová).  Both were in close contact with the Pirbright FMD  Laboratory staff being obviously involved in this  “investigation”. The “journalist-investigator” published  in the UK in 2006 a particular book on this outbreak where he described (according to web editor book review) this case as “inhuman betrayals in Czechoslovakian guise” and that  it was “analogous to Christ’s crucifixion” !  In the Résumé there are sentences such as “In 1975, on the eve of May Day, secrete policy dressed in chemical warfare suit sealed of a zoo in a small Czechoslovakian town and ordered the destruction of the largest captive herd of giraffes in the world. This apparently senseless massacre ..” “..an unforgettable story about … Czechoslovakia.. and its population of sleepwalkers.” “….ordinary people become complicit in the crimes committed..” The FMD perfect eradication respecting international recommendations is called a crime, outbreak  investigating veterinarians are called  “secrete police” and our people is called as sleepwalkers complicit in so called “crime”!? History will not forget this throwing mud at our people and its veterinary service. This nasty attack cannot be left without comments. These incredible statements were published in a country that  only  in 2001  (after 3 weeks’ delay of discovery and of international reporting) “humanely (!?)” massacred (killed and destroyed), based on UK government political decision, about 4 million animals  (=  historical world record, official report *)) due to FMD and  exported FMD animals (with “official” veterinary attests falsely certifying “FMD-free status” !) in France and thereof in the Netherlands (further 276,992 animals lost).  According to the above perverse logic, the UK 2001 “carnage” of about 10 millions of animals, including gravid, newborn and about 3 million of healthy ones (what an incredible and real barbarism !?) *), was obviously not any crime and UK population of “sleepwalkers” were not complicit”!? According to the above perverse logic,  the British veterinarians participating in the 2001 massacre (“of 200,000 Christ’s crucifixions ?”), should be called the “criminals”? Obviously, the well paid lies and slanders became for the authors a new journalist ethical code of so called “free press within the EU” having nothing to do with the truth and applying double meter according to their bosses’ interests and dictates. It reminds criminal colonial era of previous centuries when the British “supermen” could do what they wished, exempt from punishment.

 

The book, full of incredible dirty lies and  ideology, was translated in Czech and published in September 2007.  That time Czech TV presented a programme (repeated in January 2008), attended also by the author  of the above mentioned book, blaming the management of the  last FMD outbreak in  former Czechoslovakia for threatening the Europe, in spite of immediate  eradication not permitting any spread. It must be blamed those who introduced the FMD virus into Czechoslovakia and not those who saved the livestock of Central Europe ! Obviously, 21st century FMD affected millions of animals in Western European countries was not threatening the Europe ?!  Usual double meter ! The mentioned case of Pirbright FMD laboratory virus escape demonstrates that the main FMD threat for the Europe (namely for the EU without internal country border control) is represented by this laboratory itself (= “permanent focus”?) and by the inability of the UK authorities to isolate effectively the FMD laboratories and  other sources of the FMD virus as well as by the inability to eradicate outside-laboratory infection  immediately. The book in Czech was issued by the Germans, dominating (ownership) more than one decade not only all Czech  written countrywide, provincial and regional journals, equally as during the criminal German 1939-1945 occupation, throwing systematically  the mud at the Czech people – unscrupulously falsifying Czech history and Second World War causes and consequences, continuously calling in question Potsdam Agreement about post-war arrangements in Europe (entirely forgetting the German “Übermenschen” crimes, the biggest in the modern history) and always following the anti-Czech policy of Sudeten-German revanchists. There is not any chance for the corrections and/or dementi of the lies and slanders (“ = freedom of press and  of words” ?!).  No wonder, that the British author of the mentioned book and the German publisher of its translation are cast in the same anti-Czech mould. Obviously, both are applying  Goebels’ Nazi principle that hundred times repeated untruth becomes the truth. The question is what kind of “theatre” would be caused if, theoretically, on the contrary one Czech journalist would “investigate”, assisted by a British “journalist-investigador”, the world biggest historical “carnages” in the UK in 2001 of almost 10 million animals killed and then publish  a book on these events declaring the UK authorities and veterinarians as the ”criminals” and  that UK population as “sleepwalkers” complicit in these “crimes”?!

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*) R.P. Kitching, M.V. Thrustfield and N.M. Taylor wrote in Rev.sci.tech.Off.int.Epiz., 2006, 25(1), 293-311 even about much higher losses: “the epidemic and its control resulted in the death of approximately ten million animals”.! “..approximately three million healthy animals were slaughtered” !? The authors branded it as a “carnage” ! This publication indicates that it could not be trusted the UK reporting on the FMD.