Lecture at the XXXIV
International Congress on the History of Veterinary Medicine,
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y
Zootecnía, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, September
24-27, 2003; Proceedings: pages 83-85
HISTORY OF
GLOBAL VETERINARY EDUCATION POLICY OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Kouba, V.
Former: Animal Health Officer (Veterinary Education) and Chief, Animal
Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The paper is describing the history of the
United Nations activities in the field of veterinary education during second
half of the 20th century. Soon after the foundation of the United Nations in
June 1945 in San Francisco, USA, the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), founded in
October 1945 in Quebec, Canada, was
charged with the responsibility also for global animal health policy, including
veterinary education. FAO in close cooperation with the World Health
Organization (WHO) was assisting member countries in development of veterinary
manpower through veterinary education, training, fellowships, establishing and
strengthening veterinary schools, etc. .These activities represented integral
components of FAO social, economic and agriculture development policy and of
the WHO policy protecting human health, in this case against diseases
transmissible from animals.
The paper is based on official
FAO documents such as FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbooks (1), a variety of FAO
technical publications, reports from formal meetings, projects documents,
missions reports, periodicals and other FAO HQs documents (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9),
literature sources (10,11) as well as on personal experience of the author as
former FAO HQs staff member.
FAO had three major roles in the area of
food and agriculture: to act as a center for the collection and analysis of
information, to act as an international forum and source of policy advice and
to provide its Member Nations with technical assistance. It was furnishing, on
request from the governments, specific technical assistance, organizing
missions for preparing and executing national and international projects. The
highest priority was given to developing countries, particularly those in
Africa. The assistance was provided through FAO Regular Programme and
FAO-operated field projects.
The assistance of the FAO Regular
Programme concerned a great variety of activities including education and
training mainly through the FAO Agriculture Education Division with exception
of animal health education and training. These were incorporated into the FAO
Animal Production and Health Division. There was established a special
full-time post of Animal Health Officer (Veterinary Education) who was
professionally responsible for all United Nations programmes in this field (E.
Knudsen, M. Braend, V. Kouba and J. Wegener). He was supervised initially by
the Chief, Livestock Education and Research Service and later by the Chief,
Animal Health Service who was responsible for all United Nations animal health
programmes. In the middle of the eighties this post was abolished due to
economic reasons and the responsibility was transferred into the terms of
reference of the Senior Officer (Animal Health) of the same service.
United Nations veterinary education
policy, based upon general principles of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), was guided by the
recommendations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultations on Veterinary
Education held in 1960 in London, in 1962 in Rome, in 1963 in Rome, in 1965 in
Copenhagen, in 1971 in Rome, in 1978 in Uppsala and in 1993 in Rome. The
objectives of these consultations were to produce recommendations to serve as
international guidelines for the development of veterinary education and
training programmes, facilities and staff.
As example can be mentioned some recommendations of the Uppsala consultation related to
introduction of new subjects in the school curricula: “Students should receive
adequate training in the various aspects of veterinary preventive medicine
including animal production, human and animal health protection, animal
reproduction, animal hygiene, food hygiene, epizootiology or veterinary
epidemiology, environment protection, disease surveillance and monitoring, data processing, formulating and
conducting effective disease control programmes, veterinary economics,
etc.” The consultation held in Rome in
1971 was dedicated to the animal health assistants and their education.
The participants of these consultations
were top level experts selected from developed and developing countries of all continents representing
teachers and employers of school graduates (e.g., Chief Veterinary Officers).
FAO organized also follow-up regional expert consultations (e.g. in Nairobi,
Kenya in 1984) to deal with more specific problems of the given continent.
Besides above-mentioned general education policy consultations, FAO and WHO
were organizing expert consultations on
different specific problems of veterinary education (e.g. WHO Consultation on
undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in veterinary public health was
held in Brno, Czechoslovakia; WHO
Consultations on development and training in veterinary epidemiology organized in Teramo, Italy and in Hannover, Germany, etc.).
Particular attention was given to monitor
veterinary manpower development at national, regional and global levels. In
1956 FAO started the collection of specific information on the number of
veterinarians as the basis for veterinary manpower planning. These data were
published in the FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook (founded by H.O.
Konigshofer). From 1982 the indicator of total number of veterinarians in
individual countries was completed by the numbers of government veterinary officials,
veterinarians in laboratories, universities and training institutions and
private practitioners. Simultaneously, it was started the collection of data on
animal health assistants, field assistants, vaccinators and persons involved in
food hygiene. These data facilitated to forecast manpower development as the
basis for planning of the education facilities and their capacity development.
After the abolishment of the above mentioned yearbook in 1996, these data were
published by International Office of Epizootics (OIE) in its yearbook “World
Animal Health”.
Special FAO programme was dedicated to
analyze the availability of veterinary education and training facilities and to
identify the needs for veterinary manpower development in particular regions.
(e.g. in 1979 in seven Southern Africa countries - Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Zambia - were working only 140 veterinarians
including 30 nationals). These analyses served for FAO planning to establish
new schools (e.g. new veterinary faculty built in Lusaka, Zambia with financial
support of Japanese government; new school for animal health assistants of Persian Golf states
built in Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia operated by FAO and financed by Saudi government, etc.) and to strengthen
existing ones (e.g. FAO projects assisting veterinary faculties in Afghanistan,
Morocco, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Uganda, Uruguay, etc.). In all these projects
FAO provided also assistance in teaching, education programmes and syllabi
development considering always local needs and conditions stressing the
importance of population and preventive medicine as well as strong practical
training.
Professional literature, teaching
material, equipment and facilities for practical exercises were provided in the
majority of education and training projects.
FAO provided member countries with top level international experts to teach at
veterinary schools (mainly university teachers) and at international and
national postgraduate training courses. Other assistance consisted in sending consultants to help member
countries to elaborate and develop national education programmes. FAO was providing on request external examiners for
final examinations at some schools of developing countries.
Very important for new diagnostic
technology transfer were the courses organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency) Animal production and Health Division in
Vienna, Austria and in different regions and countries. FAO organized also
specialized postgraduate training courses of high level. Of particular
importance were the courses for future university professors ("teach
teachers to teach"). The most important were FAO/DANIDA (Danish International Development Agency)
International Postgraduate Courses in preventive medicine and in
food hygiene and veterinary public health at Copenhagen Agriculture
University (at the "Faculty for
FAO Fellows"), Denmark and
FAO/SIDA (Swedish International Development Authority) International
Postgraduate Courses in veterinary pathology and in animal reproduction at
Uppsala University, Sweden. Follow-up seminars were organized by FAO/SIDA in
individual continents for the ex-participants to update their knowledge (e.g.
Latin America follow-up seminars in veterinary pathology at National Autonomous
University of Mexico, Mexico, in animal reproduction in Lima, Peru, etc.;
African follow-up seminars in veterinary pathology and animal reproduction at
Nairobi University, Kenya, etc.; Asian follow-up seminars in veterinary
pathology at Kasetsrat University, Thailand, in animal reproduction in Lahore,
Pakistan and Tirupati, India, etc.).
For the preparedness of veterinary
services to be able to cope with emergency situation in case of the introduction
of very dangerous diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and diseases
which could be abused for international
bioterrorism, FAO organized so called “simulation exercises”. As examples can
be mentioned simulation exercises for Latin America in Colombia and Uruguay in
1982, for Mediterranean countries in Italy in 1990, for Southeastern European countries in
Bulgaria in 1995, for Central and Eastern European countries in Poland in 1998
and in Czech Republic in 2001. Several training courses in vaccine production and
control were organized mainly in African Region (e.g. in Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia
and in Nairobi, Kenya).
In all major United Nations animal health
field projects were included training components to prepare national
counterpart staff to be able to continue coping with the particular problems
after ending international assistance. Similar purpose had FAO study tours
of national counterpart persons to be
acquainted within the experience in
other countries. There were also relatively small animal health projects
consisted exclusively in training of
selected persons for specific national tasks.
FAO provided thousands of fellowships for
the students from developing countries (e.g. in 1979 was offered 99 veterinary fellowships) in selected
institutions and schools of developed world (e.g., Reading University and Edinburgh University, UK, California
University, USA, Veterinary faculty and
Institut d´élevage et de medicine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux (IEMVT)
Maisons-Alfort, France, etc.). The fellowships were of different durations (up
to many years) and levels (up to PhD study).
Training courses were organized also at FAO and/or WHO Collaborating
Centres and Reference Laboratories located in all continents. As examples can
be mentioned WHO/PAHO (Pan-American
Health Organization) training courses and fellowships at PANAFTOSA, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil preparing specialists for the diagnosis and control of
vesicular diseases; similar importance had the training at Pirbright , United
Kingdom as FAO/OIE world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease and
other very dangerous diseases. As other
regional training center can be mentioned Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Centre
in Athens, Greece. Newly trained specialists brought to their home
countries significant professional knowledge and transferring it through local
training on the others multiplied fellowship effect.
WHO in cooperation with FAO published in
1973 World Directory of Veterinary Schools and in 1974 World Directory of
Schools for Animal Health Assistants. The FAO Animal Health Service was
represented also in the Education Committee of the World Veterinary
Organization (WVA) to coordinate their activities in this field.
FAO and WHO produced many textbooks and
manuals for education and training of veterinary staff. As example can be
mentioned manuals: for training in tse-tse and trypanosomiasis control, in
screwworm control, in ticks and tick-borne diseases control, in rinderpest
control, in rabies control, in brucellosis control, salmonelloses control, in tropical
helminthiases control, in food hygiene
(e.g., Foodborne disease: a focus for health education, WHO, 2000), in viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonoses
diagnosis and control, in veterinary
public health, in primary health care, etc.; for training of animal health
assistants, etc. Special publication for the teachers of veterinary
epidemiology was produced by WHO, FAO
and Italian experts in 1997 (published in Teramo as “Manual for teaching of
basic veterinary epidemiology” and financed by Italian government). Very useful was lending service of FAO
central library and film archive.
FAO had three finance sources for its
field projects: its own Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) which was funded
from the Organization's Regular Programme budget, the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and Trust funds (TF), mainly FAO/Government
Cooperative Programme (GCP). GCP assistance was provided by industrialized
countries or institutions such as development banks. Donors frequently chose to
take advantage of FAO´s technical expertise, trained personnel and language
skills needed to operate effectively with the countries of their choice. FAO as
an objective and neutral source of advice was offering: the preparation of
cost/effective project proposals; the ability to run project efficiently; a
large international roster of experts on which to draw for field staff;
accurate and timely reporting on project finance and progress and appropriate
operational and technical “backstopping” by Headquarters services. FAO was
serving always as executing technical agency.
References:
1. FAO (1956-1996) - FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook, Rome.
2. FAO (1977-2000) Animal Production and Health Papers, FAO Technical
Papers, Rome.
3. FAO (1978-1990) - AGA Information Notes, Rome.
4. FAO (1980-1995) - World Animal Review, Rome.
5. FAO (1991) - Guidelines for strengthening animal health services in
developing countries. Rome, 141 pp.
6. FAO (1998-2000) - EMPRESS Transboundary Animal Disease Bulletin,
Rome.
7. FAO/IAEA (1998-2001) - Animal
Production and Health Newsletter, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques
in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Vienna.
8. FAO-WHO Expert Consultations on Veterinary Education, 1960-1993
9. Kouba V. & col. (1990) - FAO Animal Health Service
Autoevaluation, FAO, Rome, 9 pp.
10. Kouba V. (1997) - Contribution of Veterinary Services to Economic
Development and Protection of Human Health -
Historical Aspects. World Vet. Assoc.
Bul., Vol. 14: 78-83.
11. Lamm C.G. (1994) - The History of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of
Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and its Allied Laboratory (1964- 1994), International
Atomic Energy Agency, Viena, 186 pp.
-------------------------------------
Note: Text is available also on World Veterinary Association website: www.worldvet.org/docs/wvauneduvet.doc
- archive 424
TAB. 1
FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATIONS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION
======================================================================================================
First International Meeting on Veterinary Education, held in London from
25 to 30 April 1960
First Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held
in Rome from 14 to 23 March 1962
Second Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held
in Rome from 23 April to 2 May 1963
Second FAO/WHO International Meeting on Veterinary Education, held in
Copenhagen from 12 to 21 August 1965
Third Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held
in Rome from 12 to 16 July 1971
Fourth Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Veterinary
Education held in Uppsala from 28 August to 2 September 1978
Fifth Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Veterinary Education
held in Rome from 7 to 10 September 1993
======================================================================================================
TAB. 2
HISTORY OF THE FAO-OIE-WHO ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK DATA ON
VETERINARY MANPOWER IN THE WORLD - INDICATORS
======================================================================================
From 1956:
Total
number of veterinarians
From 1982:
Professional and
Technical Veterinary Manpower
Number
of veterinarians :
-
total
- government officers (central, local)
- in laboratories, universities and training institutions
- private practitioners
-
others
Animal health
auxiliary personnel
Number of :
–
animal health assistants
-
field assistants and vaccinators
- personnel involved
in food hygiene
From 1996
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health
Yearbook disappeared.
Manpower data were merged into OIE World Animal Health
yearbook and also transferred on Internet pages.
======================================================================================
TAB. 3
HISTORY OF FAO TOP LEVEL ANIMAL HEALTH COURSES FOR SPECIALISTS OF
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
========================================================================================================
Responsibility: FAO HQs Animal Health Officers (Veterinary Education)
Prof.Dr M. Braend and Prof.Dr V. Kouba.
Ten-months courses for selected
specialists from developing countries - future university teachers
applying the principle: "Teach teachers to teach"
the others = multiplying effect.
I. FAO/SIDA International Postgraduate Courses at the Veterinary
Faculty, Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Uppsala, Sweden:
1. FAO/SIDA international postgraduate courses in Veterinary
Pathology
Course Directors: Prof.Dr G.
Winquist and Prof.Dr H.J. Hansen,
assisted by Dr C. Rehbinder
Period: 1954 - 1985
2. FAO/SIDA international postgraduate courses in Animal Reproduction
Course Directors: Prof.Dr Lagerlof and Prof.Dr I.
Settergren, assisted by Dr B. Dannel
Period: 1954 - 1985
3. Regional FAO/SIDA Follow-up seminars providing updated
scientific information and methods to former course participants: in Latin
America region, in Asia region and in Africa region for the trainees from the
given regions.
II. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses at the Royal Veterinary and Agriculture
University, Copenhagen, Denmark:
Period: 1969 - 1981
Coordinators and Secretaries to
the Faculty for FAO Fellows: Dr N. Heje, prof.Dr K. Bruhn
1. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses in Preventive
Medicine
Course Directors: Prof. Dr H.C.
Adler, Dr E. Knudsen and Prof.Dr Ole Aalund
2. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses in Food hygiene and
veterinary public health
Course Director: Prof.Dr E. Larsen
=======================================================================================================
SIDA = Swedish International
Development Authority
DANIDA = Danish International Development Agency
TAB. 4
HISTORY OF FAO PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS RELATED TO ANIMAL HEALTH EDUCATION AND TRAINING DURING 1982-1995 - EXAMPLES
========================================================================================================
1982:
Training Manual for Tsetse Control Personnel
1983:
Manual for Animal Health Auxiliary Personnel
1984:
Manual for Ticks and Tick-borne
Disease Control
1985:
Manual for Rinderpest Campaign
Field Personnel
Manual for Diagnosis, Treatment
and Prevention of African Animal Trypanosomiasis
1989:
Manual for the Control of the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax
1990:
Guidelines for Strengthening Animal Health Services in Developing Countries
1992:
Manual on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
1994:
A Manual for the Primary Health Care Workers
Training Manual for Tsetse Control Personnel
Manual on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of
Ruminants
1995:
Veterinary Education
=====================================================================================================
Source: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990 - 1995.
TAB. 5
JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA
======================================================================================================
The Animal Production and Health Section operated a programme
- to support veterinary services and research institutes in developing
countries in establishing
radio- and enzyme-immunoassay
techniques (RIA and ELISA) and DNA probes for diagnosis and surveillance of
animal diseases.
The support consisted also
in training fellowships.
To backstop these activities the Section had a Laboratory Unit in
Seibersdorf near Vienna (collaborating with internationally recognized
institutes) for
- developing, producing and
distributing standardized
diagnostic/seromonitoring kits
- training scientists from
developing countries.
Diagnostic kits for:
- Rinderpest
- Brucellosis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Babesiosis
- IBR
- Aujeszky's disease
- Bovine leucosis
- Newcastle disease
- Foot-and-mouth disease
- Bluetongue
- Rift Valley Fever
- Tick-borne diseases
- CBPP
- Peste des petits ruminants, etc.
(Note: In 1995 the kits were used in 70 countries).
Examples of programmes:
- Sero-surveillance of Rinderpest and other diseases in Africa using
immunoassay techniques
- Improving the diagnosis and control of trypanosomiasis and other vector-borne diseases of African
livestock using immunoassay methods
- Regional Network for Latin America on animal disease diagnosis using immunoassay and labelled
DNA probe techniques
- Strengthening animal disease diagnosis in Asia through the application of immunoassay techniques
=======================================================================================================
TAB. 6
FINANCIAL SOURCES FOR FAO ANIMAL HEALTH EDUCATION ACTIVITIES
================================================================
Type of Animal Health Service (AGAH) Source
activities
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AGAH Regular Programme FAO
regular programme budget
AGAH Technical assistance -
f i e l d projects :
under FAO Technical
Cooperation Programme (TCP)
FAO
regular programme budget
under extra-budgetary sources:
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
FAO/Government Cooperative
Programme (GCP)
Unilateral Trust funds (UTF)
Associate Professional Officers' Programme (APO)
FAO's Special Relief Operations
(OSRO)
Other United Nations bodies
Non-government organizations
(NGO)
Independent
foundations
Technical Cooperation among
Developing Countries (TCDC)
etc.
================================================================
TAB. 7
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FOURTH
MEETING ON THE FAO/WHO
EXPERT CONSULTATION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION , 1978 - I
======================================================================================================
“The Consultation recommended the Governments of the Member States
of FAO and WHO as follows:
General recommendations:
1. Veterinary education should
cater for the needs of society and its development programmes and must be
adjusted to meet national and international conditions.
2. Veterinary manpower
development should be dealt with as an important integral component of
national socio-economic programmes, respecting that the primary role of
veterinarians is to assist the production of safe food of animal origin and the
protection of human health.
3. Veterinary education plans and
programmes should be periodically reviewed and adjusted to take account of
constantly changing technology and scientific progress.
4. Veterinary schools should give
due consideration to the recommendations of previous FAO/WHO Meetings on
Veterinary Education together with the recommendations from the present
Consultation.”
======================================================================================================
TAB. 8
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FOURTH
MEETING ON THE FAO/WHO
EXPERT CONSULTATION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION , 1978 - II
======================================================================================================
“Training and Education in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Adequate coverage of disease prevention should be included in all
sections of the curriculum of the veterinary schools. Emphasizing
the preventive aspects of veterinary
medicine should form the basis of its teaching.
2. Students should receive extensive
practical training in preventive veterinary medicine in the field.
3. Training in preventive veterinary medicine should also take into
account the importance of environmental protection.
4. Preventive veterinary medicine should cater for different stages
of development and intensity of animal production and also risk to human
and animal health. These aspects may require differing veterinary measures
based on careful analysis of any given situation.
5. Students should be trained to appreciate the social background of
their community so that they may properly inform that community of preventive
veterinary measures and also carry out extension work.
6. Students should be taught to assess the socio-economic effects
of animal diseases and corresponding veterinary measures on animal productivity
and human welfare.
7. Students should receive adequate training in the various aspects
of veterinary preventive medicine including animal production; human
and anima health protection; animal reproduction; animal hygiene; food hygiene;
veterinary epidemiology or epizootiology; environment protection; disease
surveillance and monitoring; data
processing; formulating and conducting effective disease control programmes;
veterinary economics, etc. “
8. Training and practice of preventive veterinary medicine should take
place in close collaboration with other
professions in the field of animal production and public health.
9. Preventive veterinary medicine research should be encouraged and
supported by the provision of adequate facilities.
=======================================================================================================
TAB. 9
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FOURTH
MEETING ON THE FAO/WHO
EXPERT CONSULTATION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION , 1978 - III
=======================================================================================================
“Post-graduate veterinary education
-------------------------------------------------------
1. Post-graduate training (including continuing training and
fellowships) should be promoted and given greater emphasis as it represents and
important and integral part of veterinary education systems.
2. Continuous training should be undertaken systematically during the
whole of a veterinarian’s professional career.
3. Planning and organizing post-graduate courses should be geared to
the needs and conditions at national and international level.
4. At international level, courses, reflecting, as far as
possible, the needs of all participating countries should be
ensured. Teachers should have sufficient background and knowledge of the
veterinary problems existing in the countries concerned.
5. Before starting a new international post-graduate programme,
appropriate funds should be available to provide sufficient qualified
teaching staff, equipment, library services and other necessary facilities.
6. In selecting students for international post-graduate
education, due attention should be paid to the particular needs of their
countries and should be ensured that candidates have appropriate
qualifications and sufficiently high potential to complete and benefit from
the courses they will attend.”
========================================================================================================
TAB. 10
FOURTH MEETING OF THE
FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON VETERINARY EDUCATION, HELD IN UPPSALA,
SWEDEN, 28/8-2/9 1978
======================================================================================================
39 participants
Chairman: Prof. Dr I. Mansson, Sweden
Vice-Chairmen:
Dr B. K. Soni, India
Prof.Dr Aline S. de Aluja, Mexico
Prof.Dr G.Sakaguchi, Japan
Prof.Dr G.M. Mugera, Kenya
Rapporteur:
Prof.Dr M. Braend, Norway
Secretary:
Prof.Dr V. Kouba (Czechoslovakia)
Other Participants:
Dr C.D. Hawkins (Australia)
Prof.Dr M. Vandeplasshe (Belgium)
Prof.Dr D.G. Howell (Canada)
Prof.Dr P.R. Greenough (Canada)
Prof.Dr M.J. Torrres-Anjel (Colombia)
Dr Juan Dora Pons (Cuba)
Prof.Dr K. Fouad (Egypt)
Dr A. Provost (France)
Dr C. Gall (Germany)
Prof.Dr Gy Lami (Hungary)
Prof.Dr H. Ansari (Iran)
Dr S. Thuraisingham (Malyasia)
Dr A. A. Ilemobade (Nigeria)
Prof.Dr W. Barej (Poland)
Prof.Dr I. Eldisougi Mustafa
(Saudi-Arabia)
Dr S. Touré (Senegal)
Prof.Dr A. Bane (Sweden)
Prof. Dr Sir Alexander Robertson
(United Kingdom)
Prof.Dr E.H. Coles (USA)
Dr A. Arkhipov (USSR)
FAO
Dr R.B. Griffiths, Chief, Animal
Health Service
Mrs. C. Ferrigno (Admin. Secretary)
WHO
Prof.Dr Z. Matyáš, Chief,
Veterinary Public Health
Dr L. Reinius
Observers
Miss L. Clemedtson, President
International Veterinary Students´ Association
Prof. Dr I. Settergren, Prof.Dr
G. Winquist and Dr B. Danell, College of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden
Dr N.I. Heje, Veterinary Faculty
for FAO Fellows, Royal Vet. And Agricult. University, Copenhagen, Denmark
Prof. Dr B.S. Raya, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
Prof.Dr R. Zemjanis, Minnesota,
USA
===================================================================================================
TAB. 11
HISTORY OF GLOBAL VETERINARY EDUCATION “PRODUCT” –
NUMBER OF VETERINARIANS IN THE WORLD AS REPORTED BY THE COUNTRIES
================================================================================================
Year
Country Total Government Private Major country
reports missing
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959
107 140391
C (China)
1960
106 151255
C
1961
112 143650
C
1962
103 150297
C
1963 107
161702
C
1964
116 161921
C
1965
123 173736
C
1966
126 201434
C
1967
131 203645 C
1968
137 210614
C
1969
141 227016 C
1970
141 232437
C
1971
151 240912
C
1972
152 236874
C
1973
153 253881
C
1974
156 260734
C
1975
156 264081
C
1976
157 259727
C
1977
161 272464
C
1978 162 284314
C
1979
164 291582
C
1980
163 303992 C
1981
166 319203
C
1982
160 337128 C
1983
116 240404 65930 79026 C,R
(Russia)
1984
136 260711 96372 81581 C,R
1985
151 289969 100057 104679 C,R
1986
154 310441 110577 107957 C,R
1987
160 333424 118909 124426 C,R
1988
165 359501 125087 138481 C,R
1989
166 383933 130782 145317 C,R
1990
165 403924 120642 166545 C,R
1991
169 436701 132342 185615 C,R
1992
156 417463 128662 181908 C,R
1993
135 552331 144888 228697 R
1994
110 520263 141317 215676 R
1995
132 565500 154126 229956 R
1996
140 524342 151529 206761 C,R
1997 152 527074 125173 219692 C,R
1998 145 530626 153995 226699 C,R
1999 128 490668 156344 212286 C,R,USA
2000
136 548660 149561 260923 C,R
===================================================================================================
Sources” FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1959-1995;
OIE World Animal Health 1996-2000
TAB. 12
GLOBAL NUMBER OF VETERINARIANS IN THE WORLD AS
REPORTED BY
INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES FOR THE YEAR 2000 *)
================================================================
Category
Number %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Government officials
(central,
local)
192020 27.77
Laboratories, universities,
training
institutions 106303 15.38
Private practitioners 320346 46.34
Others 72710 10.52
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 691379 100.00
=================================================================
Source: OIE World Animal Health
*) Complemented
by latest data of countries which didn't
send the report for this year.