Paper for the XXXIII International Congress of the World Association for the History of Veterinary Medicine, Wittenberg, Germany, 21-24 August 2002; Proceedings, Verlag der Deutschen Veterinarmedizinische Gesellschaft: pages 183-193.

 

(Updated on 17 January 2011)

 

 

HISTORY OF ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 

V. Kouba

Former Chief, Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

 

 

Introduction

 

1. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) established a special unit - Animal Health Service (AGAH) soon after its foundation in 1945. This paper is dedicated to concise story of the AGAH during second half of the 20th century. AGAH was responsible for global animal health policy within the United Nations Organization. AGAH was supporting this FAO policy of social, economic and agriculture development to raise standards of living and to better conditions of rural populations.

 

2. AGAH assisted to member countries in economically effective prevention and control of  animal diseases through elaborating and implementing national and international strategies and programmes. Wide spectrum of AGAH activities included strengthening and developing: protection of animal health, control of animal diseases, veterinary services organization, management and manpower; education and training; diagnostic laboratories, vaccine production and control; information systems, etc. The assistance was provided through FAO Regular Programme and FAO-operated field projects funded by various donor agencies and governments.

 

Material

 

3. The paper is based on official FAO documents such as FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbooks (1), a variety of FAO technical publications (3,6,7,8,12,14), reports from formal meetings (2,9,13), projects documents, missions reports and other Animal Health Service documents, periodicals (4,5,10,11), literature sources (15,16,17) as well as on personal experience of the author as former FAO HQs staff member *).

----------------------------------------------------------

 *) Animal Health Officer (Research and Education), Animal Health Officer (Veterinary Intelligence), Chief-Editor of FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook, Senior Officer (Animal Health) responsible for Veterinary Services Group and Chief of FAO Animal Health Service.

 

 AGAH responsibility

 

4. AGAH activities represented one of integral components of FAO social, economic and agriculture development policy. FAO had three major roles in the area of food and agriculture: to act as a centre for the collection and analysis of information; to act as an international forum and source of policy advice; and to provide its Member Nations with technical assistance. The first two of these roles were fulfilled largely through FAO's Regular Programme, financed by the Organization' Member Nations. FAO's third role, providing technical assistance, was accomplished mainly through its Field Programme and was financed largely from extra-budgetary resources.

 

5. AGAH main responsibility was to help member countries in animal disease prevention and control with the objective of improving livestock production and protection of human health against zoonoses.   AGAH was furnishing on request from the governments specific technical assistance, organizing missions for preparing and executing national and international animal health projects. The highest priority was given to developing countries, particularly those in Africa.

 

6.  Up to the middle of the eighties the responsibility for animal health research and education had Livestock Research and Education Service (later changed into Animal Production Service dealing mainly with animal nutrition and genetics) and for food hygiene had Meat and Dairy Service of the same division.  Research and education activities were during the 1980s' incorporated into AGAH to cover all spectrum of animal health problems. Food hygiene was left with the WHO.

---------------------------------------------

Chiefs of Animal Health Service, FAO HQs: E. Eichorn (USA), Reg Barn Griffiths (United Kingdom) 1972-1978, Yoshihiro  Ozawa (Japan) 1979-1987, Paul McCocker (Australia) Acting Chief 1987, Václav Kouba (Czechoslovakia) 1988-1991, Yves Cheneau (France) 1991-2000, Joseph Maurice Domenech (France) 2001-2009, Juan Lubroth (USA) 2009- . 

 

 

AGAH position, structure and staff

 

7. AGAH was working within Animal Production and Health Division (AGA) of Agriculture Department. AGAH structure was gradually developed in three groups: veterinary services group, infectious and parasitic diseases group, tsetse & trypanosomiasis group. Within AGAH was also the secretariat of the European Commission for Foot-and-mouth disease Control. AGAH was methodically supervising animal health officers and activities of FAO Regional Offices in Africa, Near East, Asia and Latin America and from the nineties of the 20th century also in Central and Eastern Europe.

 

8. At FAO HQs during the 1980s’ there were working in average 15 veterinarians as AGAH professional staff members at P-4 and P-5 UN levels. For example in 1990 for the activities described in this paper (including global FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook information system) the FAO Animal Health Service had 21 persons (15 animal health officers plus 6 supporting persons for Regular programme) backstopping 218 field projects. In 2010 the AGAH had already 55 persons (only Infectious Disease Group had 29 persons including 6 veterinary epidemiologists).

 

   In FAO field projects during second half of the 20th century were working thousands of international animal health specialists. On FAO active international roster of experts as candidates for AGAH field posts were many hundreds of veterinarian professionals from almost all the countries.

 

   Examples: Number of FAO Animal Health Field Experts was in September 1989 86 fielded and 50 under recruitment ones; additionally 35 vacant posts were to be filled. At the end of 2010 there were 156 veterinary experts workig for FAO: 14 in North Africa and the Middle East, 56 in Europe, 9 in Central Asia, 30 in East Asia and Pacific, 11 in Latin America and 36 in sub-Saharan Africa.

 

 

AGAH Regular Programme activities

 

9. The assistance of the AGAH Regular Programme concerned a great variety of activities consisting in technical advice, international experts consultations, top level specialists consultancies, research contracts, technical publications (e.g., disease control methods), education and training, international coordination, etc.

 

Note: Programme of Work and Budget for 1980-1981, Sub-Programme 2.1.3.2 Animal Health: Regular Programme : 21.7 Man Years (incl. 12 professionals) – 2 120 000 USD, Extra-budgetary 4 354 000 USD = Total 6 474 000 USD.

 

10. AGAH was assisting member countries and regions in: development of veterinary manpower through veterinary education, training, thousands of fellowships, establishing and strengthening veterinary schools; strengthening animal health services, development of veterinary legislation, organization of veterinary services infrastructure; establishing and strengthening diagnostic laboratories, vaccine production and control of major viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases giving priority to farm animals; introduction of biotechnological methods; provision of equipment and vaccines; information on animal diseases; economics of animal diseases control; etc..

 

Examples: FAO/DANIDA International Postgraduate Courses in Preventive Medicine, Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health (1969-1981) and FAO/SIDA International Postgraduate Courses in Veterinary Pathology and Animal Reproduction (1954-1985); establishment a new veterinary faculty in Lusaka in 1980 (supported by Japanese government) to serve the Sub-region of Southern Africa; in 1979, FAO offered 99 fellowships for the individual training of selected veterinary specialists from developing countries to be trained in the best training centres of the developed countries.

     

11. The backbone of FAO international animal health information system was FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook created in 1956 (founded by Dr H.O. Konigshofer). It contained information on about one hundred transmissible animal diseases in all the countries. The Yearbook was based on national reporting of animal disease which were of interest, in terms of socio-economic and public health consequences, to both international and domestic trade. It was providing current data and information on yearly basis on the world health/disease status from more than 170 countries of more than 15 animal species and groups. This was supplemented by information on livestock population and on the number of veterinarians and auxiliary personnel. The Yearbook also was providing an update list of reference laboratories, reference centres and collaborating centres that were recognized by FAO and WHO. The three languages yearbook, disseminating information on major animal diseases occurring in the world, was addressed to veterinarians, veterinary policy-makers, managers, educators, researches, scientists, etc. Up to 6500 copies were distributed every year. In 1996 the statistic data took over the OIE in Paris publishing them in OIE World Animal Health yearbook. From that time annual reports on the animal health activities of all relevant bodies were partially available on Internet web pages.

 

  Chief-Editors and officers responsible for global animal health information system: H. Konigshofer, V. Kouba, M. Bellver-Gallent, L. Velloso, P. Finelle, V.R. Welte.

 

  During the 1990's AGAH in cooperation with IFAD developed Regional Animal Disease Surveillance and Control Network (RADISCON) starting with specialized information system in North Africa and Near East countries.

 

12. Of particular importance were global networks of FAO reference laboratories and FAO collaborating centers, for major diseases and other animal health problems of international importance, performing specific studies, research and training, providing information, advise, diagnostic tests, etc.. In 1989 were established regional networks to promote application of biotechnology, mainly for animal disease diagnosis and vaccine production.

 

Diseases control

 

13. AGAH programme covered almost all major fields of veterinary medicine. Particular attention was given to emergency assistance in the cases of outbreaks of the most dangerous diseases when immediate actions were taken to provide experts, supply vaccines, assist in final diagnosis confirmation, etc.

 

14. The effective control of communicable diseases required international effort. AGAH's Infectious Diseases Group and Parasitic Diseases Group took a lead in the international coordination of the prevention, diagnosis and control of important diseases.

 

15. Priority was given to those diseases which spread rapidly, crossing country borders, killing animals, threatening human lives and complicated international trade in animals and animal products.

 

16. Special attention was given to control of major animal diseases such as rinderpest (worldwide eradication programme), foot-and-mouth disease, CBPP, trypanosomiasis, tick-borne diseases, African swine fever, Rift Valley fever, helminthiases, screwworm, bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis, etc. During the nineties AGAH was involved also in solving serious problems related with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) as new emerging disease. In the middle of the nineties AGAH started emergency prevention system for transboundary animal diseases (EMPRES).

 

17. In 1990 AGAH launched a new programme dealing with tropical and subtropical helminth parasitoses and non-infectious (production) disease, such as nutritional, reproduction, genetic disease, toxicoses, environmental and hygienic deficiencies, etc. which cause enormous losses in quantity and quality of food of animal origin.

 

18. Rinderpest.  “Joint Campaign against Rinderpest in Africa (JP 15)” started in 1961 (cost about 16 million US$) didn't achieved the aim of eradication. After the end of this campaign the disease was spreading again from virus residual territories throughout African continent. OAU/IBAR as coordinating agency with financial assistance of the European Community and  technically supported by FAO launched in 1986 Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC). The spread was blocked and the disease was significantly reduced  to several relatively small "infected areas". The same year the FAO started West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination(WARECC) and South Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (SAREC). Merging these regional programmes it was created and started in 1986 global rinderpest eradication programme  under the key responsibility of the AGAH, with the goal to achieve the eradication by the year 2010. This objective has been achieved in time including monitoring/surveillance period of several years. See Tab. 21 listing countries with last reporting cases.

 

The successful completion of the global rinderpest eradication programme under the leadership of the AGAH FAO = the most important event in the history of veterinary medicine. This historic achievement of the global eradication of rinderpest ranked as the second in history after the global eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980.

 

19. AGAH Insect Vector Disease specialists were spearheading the control of tsetse-borne Trypanosomiasis by introducing new, ecologically sound techniques for containing the tsetse challenge, working closely with national land use planners. The joint programme was implemented by FAO, WHO, IAEA and OAU/IBAR together with national governments supported by many donor countries and organizations. Costly programme against trypanosomiasis in Africa contributed significantly to the reduction of human cases.

 

20. AGAH was particularly successful in the eradication of  the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax in Northern Africa during 1989-1991, contributing effectively to economic development and protection of human health.. This prevented screwworm spread throughout Africa and Mediterranean basin. The eradication was achieved by releasing massive numbers of sterile male flies. Eastern Hemisphere was again free of this horrible myiasis. The programme was implemented under FAO leadership through its Screwworm Emergency Centre for North Africa (SECNA) supported by several donor countries, international organizations and Libyan authorities. The eradication cost about 80 million US dollars.

 

Field projects "backstopping"

 

21.  AGAH was responsible for technical back-stopping of all FAO veterinary field projects and projects having animal health components at the national, subregional, regional and global levels. During the second half of the 20th century number of these projects of different duration reached several thousands. These projects involved almost all countries, first of all developing ones, being supported by budgets reaching in summary many billions of US$.

 

   Examples: At the end of 1979, the AGAH was operating 80 projects in 58 developing countries, two regional projects and five global projects. In 1990 AGAH was involved in 218 FAO field projects (in about one hundred countries), of which 148 in operation and 19 in pipeline were under AGAH as leading service. Full list see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/projects.ppt. Total budget of these projects reached about 200 millions of US$. Due to UN economical crisis also AGAH programme was gradually reduced: e.g. in 1995 the number of projects backstopped by AGAH was dropped to a half (110 projects) and support by UNDP to a fifth (20 projects only).

 

22.  In the above-mentioned projects during the evaluated period thousands of international experts were working together with their national counterparts.

 

  Examples:  In 1979 were employed 161 international long-term experts  in the field projects and 7 post were being filled; in addition to those, there were 19 consultants and 41 associate professional officers. In 1989 in AGAH field projects 54 international long-term experts (plus 10 under recruitment), 12 associate professional officers and 20 short-term consultants (plus 37 under recruitment) were employed.

 

Field programme financing

 

23.  In the nineties about one half of FAO field projects in operation were trust fund projects. These funds were set up and administered by FAO on behalf of the countries and institutions that donated them and on behalf of the recipient countries that benefited from them.

 

24. FAO had three sources for its Field Programme. First, its own Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) which was funded from the Organization's Regular Programme, and was used to respond rapidly to urgent and unforeseen requests for technical and emergency assistance. TCP supported also formulation of projects for technical assistance and investment expected to be funded from other sources. Other source was represented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - the UN's central source for technical assistance funding. For many years, UNDP financed the bulk of FAO's Field Programme. Gradually UNDP participation was reduced. Trust funds (TF) provided the remaining funding amounting to be the major source of international aid.

 

25. Donors frequently chose to take advantage of FAO's technical expertise, trained personnel and language skills needed to operate effectively with the countries of their choice on subjects of their choice.  FAO as an objective and neutral source of advice was offering: the preparation of cost/effective project proposals; the ability to run projects efficiently; a large international roster of experts on which to draw for field staff; accurate and timely reporting on project finance and progress and appropriate operational and technical "backstopping" by Headquarters services.

 

26. Among the Trust Funds belonged the most important the FAO/Government Cooperative Programme (GCP), Unilateral Trust Funds (UTF), Associate Professional Officers' Programme (APO), FAO's Special Relief Operations (OSRO) and programmes financed by other United Nations bodies, non-government organizations (NGOs) and independent foundations. The GCP was the largest of the trust fund programme. Assistance was usually provided by an industrialized country or an institution such as development bank.

 

Other involvement of FAO animal health experts

 

27. FAO animal health experts were involved also in FAO units dealing with livestock production, food hygiene, Codex Alimentarius, application of nuclear techniques in agriculture, agriculture manpower development, etc.

 

28. In 1964 a Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture was established at  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)  in Vienna. Its Animal Production and Health Section was helping member countries in developing animal health programmes through the application of atomic energy techniques. The Section was assisting member countries in introducing modern diagnostic methods (ELISA, etc.) for detection of many important diseases such as rinderpest, trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, CBPP, Newcastle disease, etc. The Section was providing diagnostic kits, training courses, coordinating research projects in collaborating laboratories, technical publications, experts meetings, etc. Important supporting role played its Agriculture Laboratory at Seibersdorf.

 

  Heads of Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division: L.E. Ericson, P. Knutsson, G. Ward, H. Holler, J.E.Vercoe, L. Hopkins, J.E. Young, J.D. Dargie and M.H.Jeggo.

 

29. European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-mouth Disease (EUFMD) was established in 1954 under the aegis of FAO, while foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was enzootic in Europe. Its initial goals were: to combat and eradicate FMD in Europe (eradication achieved in 1991) and to coordinate national control programmes. Afterwards the task was to prevent reintroduction of the FMD virus to Europe and to limit the risk from countries surrounding Europe. Normative activities consisted in circulation of information on all aspects of FMD to member countries, provision of advice on preventing and controlling FMD and organization of technical workshops. Important task was to establish guidelines for security measures in FMD laboratories, contingency plans for FMD control, disposal of carcasses in the case of stamping out, standardization of laboratory tests, etc. Operational activities consisted in coordination of measures to combat the disease if it occurred, organization of vaccination campaign in the regions of risk, combat the FMD and create buffer zones, participation in FMD surveillance activities, etc.

 

   Chairpersons: 1954-1957 J.C. Nagle (Ireland), 1958-1959 J.M. Van den Born (Netherlands), 1960-1964 Sir John Ritchie (UK), 1965-1966 R. Gaier (Austria), 1967-1970 C. Werdelin (Denmark), 1971-1972 A.G.Beynon (UK), 1973-1975 A. Nabholz (Switzerland), 1977-1980 A. Brown (UK), 1981-1982 H. Van den Berg (Netherlands), 1983-1987 A. Rojahn (Fed.Rep.Germany), 1987-1988 W.H.G. Rees (UK),1989-1990 P.Gafner (Switzerland), 1991-1992 E. Stougaard (Denmark), 1993-1996 K.C. Meldrum (UK), 1997-2000 R. Marabelli (Italy), 2001 I. Sánchez (Spain), 2002-2003 L. Èeleda (Czech Republic), 2003 – Karin Schwabenbauer (Germany).

   Secretaries: 1954-1956 Tomas Dalling (UK), 1957-1962 Erik Fogedby (Denmark), 1963 – 1978 G.M. Boldrini (Italy), 1978-1993 Panos Stouraitis (Greece), 1994- 2001 Yves Leforban (France) and 2001- present Keith Sumption (UK).

   Administrative Assistants of the EUFMD Secretariat: 1962-1976 Ms Dorino Guarino (Italy), 1976-2001 Ms. Joan Raftery (Ireland) and 2001 – present Egiziana Fragiotta (Italy).

    

30. FAO animal health experts were involved also in FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission created in 1962 as an international body with the specific aim of protecting the health of the consumers, ensuring fair practice in the food trade and promotion of harmonization of food standards. The Codex Alimentarius included provisions in respect of the hygienic and nutritional quality of food, including microbiological norms, provisions for food additives, pesticides residues, contaminants, labelling and presentations, and methods of analysis and sampling. Animal health experts elaborated recommended international code for ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of slaughter animals and for meat judgement.

 

Collaboration

 

31. AGAH collaborated with different international organizations, in particular with WHO and OIE. As examples can be mentioned joint WHO/FAO field programmes against: rabies in developing countries, trypanosomiasis and Rift Valley Fever in Africa, brucellosis in Mediterranean Region, foot-and-mouth disease in South America, parasitic zoonoses in developing countries, etc.. Collaboration with the OIE consisted mainly in common global animal health information system.

 

 

Conclusion

 

32. AGAH during second half of the 20th century contributed significantly to the development of veterinary medicine, animal health services and to prevention and control of major animal diseases in the world, firstly in developing countries. Historical information can serve as an important source of experience to be considered when preparing future international and national animal health programmes.

 

References:

 

1. FAO (1956-1996) - FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook, Rome.

2. FAO (1974) - Report of the Expert Consultation in the programme for the control of African trypanosomiasis, Rome.

3. FAO (1977-2000) Animal Production and Health Papers, FAO Technical Papers, Rome.

4. FAO (1978-1990) - AGA Information Notes, Rome.

5. FAO (1980-1995) - World Animal Review, Rome.

6. FAO (1991) - Guidelines for strengthening animal health services in developing countries. Rome, 141 pp.

7  FAO (1992) - The New World Screwworm Eradication Programme: North Africa 1988-1992. 192 pp.

8. FAO (1995) - FAO Trust Funds Mobilizing Resources for Food and Agriculture, FAO, Rome, 31 pp.

9. FAO (1998) - Report  of Rinderpest: The Challenge Ahead. FAO Technical Consultation on the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme. 201 pp.

10. FAO (1998-2000) - EMPRESS Transboundary Animal Disease Bulletin, Rome.

11. FAO/IAEA (1998-2001) -  Animal Production and Health Newsletter, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, IAEA, Vienna.

12. FAO/WHO (1999) - Understanding The Codex Alimentarius, FAO, Rome, 34 pp.

13. FAO (1999) - Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) - Report of Expert Consultation, Rome, 160 pp.

14. Kouba V. & col. (1990) - FAO Animal Health Service Autoevaluation, FAO, Rome, 9 pp.

15. Kouba V. (1997) - Contribution of Veterinary Services to Economic Development and Protection of Human Health - Historical Aspects. World Vet. Assoc. Bul., Vol. 14: 78-83.

16. Kouba V. (1999) - Veterinary and human medical programmes against zoonoses - Interaction at a global level - Historical aspects. World Veterinary Assoc. Bul., Vol. 16, No 1.: 22-26.

17. Kouba V. (2011) – Contribution to global eradication of rinderpest. http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rp_actions3.htm

18. Lamm C.G. (1994) - The History of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and its Allied Laboratory (1964-1994), International Atomic Energy Agency, Viena, 186 pp.

 

 

 

ANNEXES - TABLES

 

1. FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATIONS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION

2. EXAMPLES  OF FAO COLLABORATING CENTERS AND REFERENCE LABORATORIES IN 1995

3. HISTORY OF THE FAO-OIE-WHO ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK CONTENTS

4. HISTORY OF FAO TOP LEVEL ANIMAL HEALTH COURSES FOR SPECIALISTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

5. CHIEFS OF ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

6. HEADS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH SECTION, JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR                                                                      TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

7. FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOKS EDITORS & RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAO INTERNATIONAL ANIMAL                                                                      HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM

8. FAO FIELD PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE (AGAH) IN 1990

9. HISTORY OF FAO MEETINGS DEALING WITH ANIMAL HEALTH DURING 1980-1995

10. HISTORY OF FAO PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS ON ANIMAL HEALTH SUBJECTS ISSUED DURING THE                                                                                   PERIOD 1982-1995

11. LIST OF FAO FIELD REGIONAL PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE IN AFRICA                                                                                       DURING 1990

12. LIST OF FAO FIELD REGIONAL PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE IN NEAR EAST,                                                                 ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA IN 1990

13. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (EUFMD)

14. JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA

15. HISTORY OF FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK DATA

16. FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK SYMBOLS ON DISEASE OCCURRENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES

17. FINANCIAL SOURCES FOR FAO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE ACTIVITIES

18. EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS COLLABORATING WITH FAO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE

19. PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAO-WHO-OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK IN 1987

20. EXAMPLE OF STAFF STRUCTURE OF FAO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE – IN 1990

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 1

FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATIONS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION

=============================================================================================

 

First International Meeting on Veterinary Education, held in London from 25 to 30 April 1960

 

First Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held in Rome from 14 to 23                                                                                    March 1962

 

Second Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held in Rome from 23 April                                                                                  to 2 May 1963

 

Second FAO/WHO International Meeting on Veterinary Education, held in Copenhagen from 12 to 21                                                                                    August 1965

 

Third Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Veterinary Education, held in Rome from 12 to 16                                                                                      July 1971

 

Fourth Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Veterinary Education held in Uppsala from                                                                  28 August to 2 September 1978

 

Fifth Meeting of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Veterinary Education held in Rome from 7                                                                            to 10 September 1993

 

==============================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 2

EXAMPLES  OF FAO COLLABORATING CENTERS AND REFERENCE

LABORATORIES IN 1995

=============================================================================================

  For:

 

  Brucellosis:

                   Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, United Kingdom

  Leptospirosis:

                   Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Department of Health, Brisbane,                                                                                    Australia 

  Mycoplasmosis:

                   Public Health Laboratory Service, London

  Toxoplasmosis:

                   Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark

  Food Hygiene and Zoonoses:

                   Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany

  Veterinary Public Health:

                   Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India                

  Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health

                   Laboratorio di parassitologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy

  Research and Training in Vet. Epidemiology and Management:

                   Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Teramo, Italy

=============================================================================================

  Source: FAO-OIE-WHO Animal Health Yearbook 1995

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 3

HISTORY OF THE FAO-OIE-WHO ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK CONTENTS

============================================================================================

From 1956: (Founder : Dr H.O. Konigshofer)

  Animal diseases tables according to individual countries

  Number of livestock and human population

  Number of veterinarians

  Main Changes in the Epizootiological Situation

  Types of the Virus of FMD identified at Pirbright World Reference Laboratory

  Report of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

  Reports of Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Centre

From 1982:

APHCA Reports on FMD in Asia and Western Pacific

Professional and Technical Veterinary Manpower (Number of veterinarians - total, government,                               lab/univ.,private; number of animal health auxiliary personnel)

From 1983:

Number of Animal Deaths caused by disease (Experimental table)

Total Food Losses caused by Animal Diseases (Exper. table)

Number of Born and Death due to Natural Causes

Editor's Note: Definition of incidence and prevalence

From 1984:

News from WHO - Veterinary Public Health

List of FAO Reference Laboratories for Emergency Diseases

List of FAO Reference Laboratories

List of FAO/WHO Collaborating Centers

(in 1986 - Experimental tables disappeared)

From 1987:

List of FAO Publications and Documents on Animal Health

List of FAO Meeting Reports on Animal Health

From 1988:

Table: Animal Natality and Natural Mortality

FAO/WHO Experimental Table (Zoonoses in Human Population)

Report of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture

OAU/FAO Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC)

List of FAO Field Veterinary and Other Projects backstopped by the Animal Health Service

List of software packages related to animal population, veterinary economics, management and                                                                                epizootiology

From 1989:

Report on the FAO Animal Health Service activities

Report of FAO Regional Offices: for Africa (RAFR), Latin America and the Caribbean (RLAC),                                                 Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) and Near East (RNE)

West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC)

Lists of FAO/WHO and WHO/FAO Collaborating Centres

List of WHO Zoonoses Centres and WHO Collaborating Centres

From 1990:

Report of Screwworm Emergency Centre for North Africa (SECNA)

Report of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE)

List of Institutions of the FAO Technical Cooperation Network on Animal Production and Health                                                                                 Biotechnology

From 1996 : tables were merged into OIE World Animal Health yearbook and texts were modified                                                                    and transferred on Internet.

==============================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 4

HISTORY OF FAO TOP LEVEL ANIMAL HEALTH COURSES FOR SPECIALISTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

======================================================================================

Responsibility: FAO HQs Animal Health Officers (Research and Education) Prof.Dr M. Braend, Prof.Dr V. Kouba.

 

  Ten-months courses for selected specialists from developing countries - future university teachers applying the principle: "Teach teachers to teach" the others = multiplying effect.

 

I. FAO/SIDA International Postgraduate Courses at the Veterinary Faculty, Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Uppsala, Sweden:

 

1. FAO/SIDA international postgraduate courses in Veterinary Pathology

   Director: Prof.Dr G. Winquist, Prof.Dr H.J. Hansen,                                                                                                     assisted by Dr C. Rehbinder

   Period: 1954 - 1985

 

2. FAO/SIDA international postgraduate courses in Animal Reproduction

   Directors:  Prof.Dr Lagerlof, Prof.Dr I. Settergren,                                                                                                    assisted by Dr B. Dannel

   Period: 1954 - 1985

 

3. Regional FAO/SIDA Follow-up seminars providing update scientific information and methods to former course participants: in Latin America region, in Asia region and in Africa region for the trainees from the given regions.

 

II. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses at  the Royal Veterinary and Agriculture University, Copenhagen, Denmark:

 

  Period: 1969 - 1981

  Coordinator and Secretary to the Faculty for FAO Fellows:

                                                              Dr N. Heje, prof.Dr Bruhn

 

1. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses in Preventive Medicine

   Directors: Prof. Dr H.C. Adler, Dr Knudsen

 

2. FAO/DANIDA International postgraduate courses in Food hygiene and veterinary public health

   Director: Prof.Dr E. Larsen

 

 

=============================================================================================

SIDA   = Swedish International Development Authority

DANIDA = Danish International Development Agency

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB.5

 

CHIEFS OF ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

========================================================================================

     - 1972     Ervin  E i c h o r n  (USA)

1972 - 1979     Reg Barn  G r i f f i t h s (UK)

1979 - 1987     Yoshihira  O z a w a  (Japan)

1987            Paul McCocker (Australia) Acting Chief

1988 - 1991     Vaclav  K o u b a (Czechoslovakia)

1991 - 2003     Yves  C h e n e a u  (France)

2003 - 2009     Joseph  Maurice D o m e n e c h (France)  

2009 -          Juan L u b r o t h (USA)

========================================================================================

 

 

 

 

TAB. 6

HEADS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH SECTION, JOINT FAO/IAEA

DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

=============================================================

1962 - 1964  Lars Eric  E r i c s o n  (Sweden) - in charge

1965 - 1968  Per-Goran  K n u t s s o n (Sweden)

1968 - 1970  Gerald  W a r d  (USA)

1970 - 1972  Hugo  H o l l e r (Germany)

1972 - 1974  John E. V e r c o e (Australia)

1975 - 1978  Leon  H o p k i n s (USA)

1978 - 1980  John E. V e r c o e (Australia)

1980 - 1982  Bruce  Y o u n g (Canada)

1982 - 1995  James D. D a r g i e (UK)

1995 -       Martyn H. J e g g o  (UK)

=============================================================

 

 

 

TAB. 7

FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOKS EDITORS & RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAO INTERNATIONAL

ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM

=======================================================================================

1956 - 1977  H.O. K o n i g s h o f e r  (Switzerland)

1978 - 1983  V. K o u b a (Czechoslovakia),

1984         V. K o u b a (Czechoslovakia) and

             M. B e l l v e r - G a l l e n t (Spain)

1985 - 1986  M. B e l l v e r - g a l l e n t  (Spain)

1987         V. K o u b a (Czechoslovakia) and

             L. V e l l o s o  (Brazil)

1988         L. V e l l o s o  (Brazil)

1989         P. F i n e l l e (France),

1990         M. B e l l v e r - G a l l e n t (Spain)

1991 - 1995  V.R. W e l t e  (Brazil)

=======================================================================================

Note: From 1996 the FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook was merged into OIE World Animal Health.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 8

FAO FIELD PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE

(AGAH) IN 1990

============================================================

Project                 Number according to  funding 

types                   ----------------------------   Total

                         UNDP    TCP    TF    Other

------------------------------------------------------------

 

AGAH full backstopping projects

ongoing:

  all                      54     45     19     4        122

  national                 50     39     11     3        103

  regional                  4      6      8     1         19

in pipeline:

  all                      15             4               19

  national                 10             2               12

  regional                  5             2                7 

-------------------------------------------------------------

Total                      69     45     23     4        141

-------------------------------------------------------------

 

AGAH partial backstopping projects

ongoing:

  all                      37     26      9      2        74

  national                 33     19      7      2        61

  regional                  4      7      2               13

in pipeline:

  all - national            3                              3

--------------------------------------------------------------                               

Total                      40     26      9      2        77 

--------------------------------------------------------------

Grand total               109     71     32      6       218

==============================================================

Source: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990             

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme

TCP  - FAO Technical Cooperation Programme

TF   - Trust Funds

 

List of all the above mentioned projects see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/projects.ppt

 

 

 

 

TAB. 9

HISTORY OF FAO MEETINGS DEALING WITH ANIMAL HEALTH DURING 1980-1995

===================================================================

1980

First Session of the Commission on African Trypanosomiasis

Expert Consultation on Environmental Impact of Tsetse Control

Expert consultation on Control of Emergency Diseases

Panel of Experts on Development Aspects of the Programme for Control of African                                                                    Trypanosomiasis and Related Development

1981

Workshop on Vaccine Production

Inter-governmental Consultation on Development of Facilities for Veterinary Education in                                                                                   Southern Africa

Panel of Experts on the Ecological and Technical Aspects of the Programme for the Control of                                        African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related Development

FAO/CEC Expert Consultation on African Swine Fever Research

Training Course on Exotic Disease Control

Joint FAO/OAU/OIE Meeting on Rinderpest Eradication in Africa

1982

Commission on African Animal Trypanosomiasis

FAO Training Course on FMD Diagnosis and Control

Seminar on the Control of FMD in the Near East

FAO/OAU Expert Consultation on Improvement of Diagnostic Services in Africa

Workshop on Emergency Disease Control

1983

Seminaire sur l'Epizootiologie et les aspects economiques de la sante animal

Second Informal Meeting on the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign

FAO Expert Consultation on the Economics of Tick Control

First Joint Meeting of the Panel of Experts on Development Aspects and Ecological/Technical                                Aspects of the FAO Programme for African Animal Trypanosomiasis

Stage sur la production des vaccines

Third FAO Expert Consultation on Research on Tick-borne Diseases and their Vectors

1984

Third Session of Commission on African Animal Trypanosomiasis

Ad hoc Consultation on Improved Animal Health Coordination in the European Region

Expert Consultation on Rinderpest Diagnosis and Vaccine Production/Control

FAO/EEC Expert Consultation on African Swine Fever/Classical Swine Fever

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods

Workshop on Emergency Disease Control

Seminario sobre Epizootiología y Economía Veterinaria

Seminar on African Centres for Tick and Tick-borne Disease Control

Consultation of International Organizations on Animal Health in the Americas

Expert Consultation on Veterinary Education in Africa

1985

Seminar on FMD Virus Diagnosis and Identification

Workshop on Vaccine Production in Africa

1986

Expert Consultation on Improvement of Animal Health Services in CILSS Countries

Expert Consultation on Biotechnology for Livestock Production and Health

Fourth Session of Commission on African Animal Trypanosomiasis

Seminar on Simulation Exercise for FMD Control and Eradication

1987

Expert Consultation on Global Strategy for Control and Eradication of Rinderpest

Sixth FAO/OAU/WHO/IAEA Seminar on Trypanosomiasis

Expert Consultation on Eradication of Ticks with Special Reference to the Americas

1988

Proceedings of the Expert Consultation on the Application of Biotechnology in Livestock                                                     Production and Health in Developing Countries

Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Biotechnology in Animal Production and Health in Asia

Integrated Tsetse Control and Rural Development

Report of the Fifth Session of the Commission on African Animal Trypanosomiasis

1989

Expert Consultation on the Revision of Strategy for the Control of Ticks and Tick-borne                                                                          Diseases and their Vectors

1990

Expert Consultation on Cost/Benefit Analysis for Animal Health programmes in Developing                                                                                           Countries

Expert Consultation on Strengthening Animal Health Services in Developing Countries

FAO Seminar on Emergency Action against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Mediterranean)

1991

Report of the Sixth Session of the Commission on African Animal Trypanosomiasis

Tryps Control as an Element of Sustainable Agriculture Production

Expert Consultation on Food Losses due to Non-infectious and Production Disease in Developing                                                                                     Countries

Expert Consultation on Genetic Aspects of Trypanotolerance

Expert Consultation on Helminth Infections of Livestock in Developing Countries

Expert Consultation on Veterinary Vaccine Quality Control in Developing Countries

1992

Expert Consultation on Strategy in Diagnosis and Control of Brucellosis in Asia

Expert Consultation on Strategy for Global Rinderpest Eradication

1993

FAO Panel of Experts on Ecological/Technical and Development Aspects of the Programme for the                             Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related Development

Expert Consultation on the Use of Applicable Biotechnological Methods in Diagnosis                                                                                           Haemoparasites

1994

Commission de la Trypanosomiase Animale Africaine

Application of Effective Herd Health and Production Programmes to increase Livestock                                                                     Production in Developing Countries

First Expert Consultation on Ticks and Tick-e Diseases of Sheep and Goats

1995

The Programme to Clarify and Solve the Problem of African Animal and Human Trypanosomiasis

Workshop on Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning for Foot-and-mouth Disease,                                                 Rinderpest and other Epidemic Diseases of Livestock

Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning for Rinderpest and other Epidemic Disease                                                                             Emergencies in Africa

FAO/WHO/OIE Round Table on the Use of Rev.1 Vaccine in Small Ruminants and Cattle

Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of the European Commission                                                                         for the Control of FMD

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) prevention and Control Strategies in Eastern and                                                                                   Southern Africa

Panel of Experts on Ecological, Technical and Development Aspects of the Programme for the                                                        Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis

=============================================================================================

Source: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990 and 1995

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 10

HISTORY OF FAO PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS ON ANIMAL HEALTH

SUBJECTS ISSUED DURING THE PERIOD 1982-1995

============================================================

1982:

Training Manual for Tsetse Control Personnel

1983:

Manual for Animal Health Auxiliary Personnel

1984:

Poultry Diseases in the Near East

Emergency Diseases of Livestock

Ticks and Tick-borne Disease Control (A Practical Field Manual)

1985:

Methods of Maintenance of Laboratory Equipment

A Practical Guide for Rinderpest Campaign Field Personnel

A Field Guide for Diagnosis. Treatment and Prevention of African Animal Trypanosomiasis

1986:

Manual on the Diagnosis of Rinderpest

1989:

Manual for the Control of the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax

1990:

Viral Haemorrhagic Disease in Rabbits

Guidelines for Strengthening Animal Health Services in Developing Countries

Vet.Diag. Bacteriology. A Manual of Laboratory Procedures for selected diseases of Livestock

Lumpy Skin Disease. A Capripox Virus Infection of Cattle in Africa

Manual for the Production of Anthrax and Blackleg Vaccines

1991:

Manual for the Production of Marek's Disease, Gumboro Disease and Inactivated Newcastle                                                                                     Disease Vaccines

1992:

Distribution and Impact of Helminth Diseases of Livestock in Developing Countries

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

1994:

A Manual for the Primary Health Care Workers

The Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Programme

Training Manual for Tsetse Control Personnel

Manual on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants

Diseases of Domestic Animals Caused by Flukes

Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines in Developing Countries

Quality Control Testing of Rinderpest Cell Culture Vaccine

1995:

Veterinary Education

============================================================================================

Source: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990 and 1995.

Note: FAO Animal Health Service was participating in issuing FAO journal “World Animal Review”       dealing with animal production and health problems.

 

 

 

TAB. 11 

LIST OF FAO FIELD REGIONAL PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL

HEALTH SERVICE IN AFRICA DURING 1990

============================================================

- Technical support to Pan-African Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (PARC)

- Training of Field Personnel in Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Methods

- East Coast Fever Vaccine Production and Quality Control

- Production of Anaplasma, Babesia and Heartwater Vaccines for East and Central Africa

- Control of Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in East and Central Africa

- PARC: Communication and Training (OAU Countries)

- PARC: Training on National Communication Officers (OAU Countries)

- SADCC Reg. Training Center for Middle-level Personnel for the Control of Animal                                                                                          Trypanosomiasis

- Assistance in the Production of Vet. Drugs in SADCC Countries

- East Cost Fever Vaccine Production, Quality Control and Immunization, SADCC Countries

- Trypanosomiasis in the Kagera Basin

- Establishment of an International Disease Diagnosis Centre for Africa

- Lutte contre la trypanosoniase animal dans le bassin du Niger

- Multisectorial assistance to Economic Community of Central African States

- Veterinary Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Africa

- Trypanotolerant Livestock for Dev. of Tsetse Infested Areas

- Screwworm Emergency Centre for North Africa (SECNA)

- Surveillance et prevention de la Lucilie Bouchere

- Training and Information on Selection and Multiplication of Trypanotolerant Livestock

- Technical Support for National Mass Communication Activities PARC

- Improvement of Vaccine Production in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa

- Communication Coordination (PARC)

- Strengthening the Communication Activities of National Veterinary and Livestock Services

- Progr. regional de serosurveillance de la peste bovine

- Selection and multiplication of trypanotolerant livestock in West Africa

- Regional Survey of Wildlife Utilization (SADCC Countries)

- FAO/DANIDA Programme for Tick and Tick-borne Disease Control in East and Central Africa

- Pilot Test for the Eradication of Screwworm from North Africa Emergency Assistance

- Screwworm Surveillance and Prevention

===========================================================================================

FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 12 

LIST OF FAO FIELD REGIONAL PROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL

HEALTH SERVICE IN NEAR EAST, ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA IN 1990

===========================================================================================

Near East Regional Animal Production and Health Project (MINEADEP)

Livestock Training in the Near East

Near East Regional Poultry Training and Development Centre

 

Western Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC)

 

South Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (SAREC)

 

Asia Network for Biotechnology in Animal Production and Health

Prevencion de las principales enfermedades exoticas de los animales en America Latina y el                                                                                          Caribe

Asesoria Tecnica a la segreteria pro tempore del tratado de cooperacion Amazonica

 

Surveillance and Prevention of Amblyomma variegatum Tick (Caricom)

===========================================================================================

FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1990

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 13

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH

DISEASE (EUFMD)

==========================================================================================

Established in 1954 under the aegis of FAO while FMD was enzootic in Europe.

 

EUFMD Secretariat was included into FAO Animal Health Service as particular unit with independent budget (EUFMD member countries contributions).

 

Secretaries: Sir Thomas Dalling (UK)- 1954-1958, Dr E. Fogedby (Denmark)- 1958-1962, Dr G.M. Boldrini (Italy)- 1962-1978, Dr P. Stouraitis (Greece)- 1978-1993, Dr Y. Leforban (France)- 1994-2001 and K. Sumption (UK)- 2001 - .

 

Administrative Assistants: Ms. Dorino Guarino (Italy)- 1962-1976, Ms. Joan Raftery (Ireland) – 1976-2001 and Ms. Egiziana Fragiotta (Italy)- 2001 - .

 

Initial goals were:

 

- to combat and eradicate FMD in Europe

- to coordinate national control programme

 

After FMD eradication in 1990 the main goals were:

 

- to prevent reintroduction of the FMD virus to Europe

- to limit the risk from countries surrounding Europe

 

Normative activities:

 

- circulate information on all aspects of FMD to member countries

- provide advice on preventing and controlling the disease

- organize technical workshops

- establish guidelines for:

     security measures in FMD laboratories,

     contingency plans for FMD control,

     disposal of carcasses if the case of stamping out, standardization of laboratory FMD                                                                         tests and reagents, etc.

Operational activities:

 

- coordinate measures to combat the disease if it occurs

- organized vaccination campaign in the regions at risk

- combat the disease and create buffer zones

- participate in FMD surveillance activities, etc.

============================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 14

JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND

AGRICULTURE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA

===========================================================================================

The Animal Production and Health Section operated a programme

- to support veterinary services and research institutes in developing countries in establishing

  radio- and enzyme-immunoassay techniques (RIA and ELISA) and DNA probes for diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases.

 

The support consisted in

  -  providing equipment

  -  expert services

  -  coordination of research programmes

  -  training fellowships.

 

To backstop these activities the Section had a Laboratory Unit in Seibersdorf near Vienna (collaborating with internationally recognized institutes) for

  - developing, producing and distributing standardized diagnostic/seromonitoring kits

  - training scientists from developing countries.

 

Diagnostic kits for:

- Rinderpest

- Brucellosis

- Trypanosomiasis

- Babesiosis

- IBR

- Aujeszky's disease

- Bovine leucosis

- Newcastle disease

- Foot-and-mouth disease

- Bluetongue

- Rift Valley Fever

- Tick-borne diseases

- CBPP

- Peste des petits ruminants, etc.

(Note: In 1995 the kits were used in 70 countries).

 

Examples of programmes:

- Sero-surveillance of Rinderpest and other diseases in Africa using immunoassay techniques

- Improving the diagnosis and control of trypanosomiasis and other vector-born diseases of                                                       African livestock using immunoassay methods

- Regional Network for Latin America on animal disease diagnosis using immunoassay and                                                                         labelled DNA probe techniques

- Strengthening animal disease diagnosis in Asia through the application of immunoassay                                                                                           techniques

==============================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 15

HISTORY OF FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK DATA

=============================================================================================

Year      Number of Country   Number of Animal Diseases

          Reports             --------------------------                                      Total    A      B      C

--------------------------------------------------------

1960          106              99

1965          123              99

1970          141              99                      

1975          156              99

1980          163              99

1985          151             127     16     79     32

1990          165             142     16     95     31

1995          132             127     15     80     32

=======================================================

OIE List A diseases = transmissible diseases which have the potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of national borders, which are of serious socio-economic or public health consequences and which are of major importance in the international trade in animals and animal products.

       

OIE List B diseases = transmissible diseases which are considered to be of socio-economic and/or public health importance within countries and which are significant for international trade of animals and animal products.

 

FAO List C diseases = transmissible diseases which are considered to be of lesser socio-economic and/or public health importance than the OIE Lists A and B diseases.

 

   Data on many diseases were subdivided according to subtypes and susceptible animal species or species groups (up to 15). Disease occurrence was classified by 15 grades and disease control information included up to 16 types of methods.

 

   There were many Explanatory Notes (e.g. 981 in 1979).

 

   Country reports tables were grouped according to the continents, i.e. Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania.

 

   All texts were in English, French and Spanish. Introduction text and symbols definitions were also in Arabic, Russian, Chinese and German.

 

   The yearbook was prepared for print by the end of May of the following year to be in distribution in July.

 

   Up to 6500 copies were produced. Majority was distributed free of charge to:

 

- all FAO, WHO and OIE member country governments

- all Chief Veterinary Officers

- all veterinary faculties

- all FAO and WHO animal health reference laboratories and                                           collaborating centres

- all institutions of major international importance, etc.

 

   The rest was left for FAO Distribution and Sales Section.

==============================================================================================

 

 

 

TAB. 16

FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK SYMBOLS ON DISEASE

OCCURRENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES

=====================================================

DISEASE OCCURRENCE

 

0000  Never reported

-     Not reported

year  Year of last occurrence

?     Suspected but not confirmed

(+)   Exceptional occurrence

+     Low sporadic occurrence

++    Enzootic

+++   High occurrence

+?    Serological evidence and/or isolation of causative                                                                     agent, no clinical disease

+..   Disease exists; distribution and occurrence unknown

()    Confined to certain regions

)(    Ubiquitous

!     Recognized in country for the first time

<=    Only in imported animals (quarantine)

...   No information available

 

DISEASE CONTROL

 

Cn    Control of non-vertebrate vectors

Cr    Control of wildlife reservoirs

P     Prohibition of import from infected countries

Pa    Control programme for only some areas of the country or certain types of breeding

Pn    Control programme for the whole country

Q     Quarantine, movement control and other precautions at frontier and inside the country

Qf    Quarantine and other precautions at frontier

Qi    Quarantine measures and movement control inside the country

S     Stamping-out policy

Sp    Modified stamping-out policy

T     Treatment

te    Testing

tv    Voluntary testing

V     Vaccination

Vp    Vaccination prohibited

*     Notifiable disease

============================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 17

FINANCIAL SOURCES FOR FAO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE ACTIVITIES

============================================================================================

Type of AGAH activities               Source

------------------------------------------------------------

AGAH Regular Programme          FAO regular programme budget

 

AGAH Technical assistance -

            field projects :   

 

 under FAO Technical Cooperation

       Programme (TCP)          FAO regular programme budget

 

 under extra-budgetary sources:

                                United Nations Development                                                    Programme (UNDP)

                                FAO/Government Cooperative                                                    Programme (GCP)

                                Unilateral Trust funds (UTF)

                                Associate Professional                                                                        Officers' Programme (APO)                                                                     FAO's Special Relief Operations (OSRO)

                                Other United Nations bodies

                                Non-government organizations (NGO)                                                            Independent foundations

                                Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC)

                                etc.

============================================================================================= 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 18

EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS COLLABORATING WITH FAO ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE

====================================================================================

Global organizations:

 

World Health Organization (WHO)

International Office of Epizootics (OIE)

World Veterinary Association (WVA)

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD)

 

Regional organizations:

 

Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and Pacific (APHCA)

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

European Economic Community (EEC)

European Union (EU)

Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources (IBAR)

Inter-American Cooperation Group on Animal Health (GICSA)

Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)

International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)

International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD)

Mediterranean Zoonoses Centre (MZCC)                   

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Centre (PANAFTOSA)

Pan American Health Organization (PAH0)

Pan American Zoonoses Centre (CEPANZO)

Regional Organization for Animal and Plant Health (OIRSA)

etc.

=====================================================================================

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 19

PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAO-WHO-OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK IN 1987

=============================================================================

PRODUCTION:

                   6 300 copies

DISTRIBUTION:

  Free of charge:

    by Director General

       to all Member Countries of FAO

       to all organizations of interest to FAO (according to FAO rules and channels of                                                      communications as per Correspondence Directory)

       to World Health Organization (200 copies) for the distribution to all Ministries of                                                                             Health in the world

       to Office International of Epizootics (30 copies)

 

    1000 copies available for AGA Divisional Programme use

      by Director, Animal Production and Health Division,

      by Chief, Animal Health Service and

      by  Editor-in-Chief

 

      to

 

      all the Chiefs of Veterinary Services in the world

      all the Veterinary Faculties in the world

      all the international Reference Veterinary Laboratories

      all selected institutions and specialists of FAO interest

 

   The rest of copies remained in the Distribution and Sales Section as priced publication                                                                                 (US$ 15.00/copy)

=============================================================================================  

 

 

 

 

TAB. 20

EXAMPLE OF STAFFING STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE (AGAH), FAO HQs – YEAR 1990

==================================================================================

Office of the Chief

 

Chief – D1                                  Dr Václav Kouba (Czechoslovakia)

 

Service Chief Secretary                     Mrs.Christine Pender-Ferrigno (United Kingdom)

 

 

EUFMD Secretariat

(European Commission for the Control

Of Foot-and-Mouth Disease  

                     Secretary – P5         Dr Panos Stouraitis (Greece)

  Administrative Assistant                  Ms Joan Raftery (Irland)

 

Veterinary Services Group

Senior Officer (Animal Health) – P5         Dr Robert Reichard (USA)

Senior Officer (Diseases

                 Intelligence) – P5         Dr Pierre Finelle (France)

                         later – P4         Dr Valdir Roberto Welte (Brazil)

Senior Officer (Non-infectious

                     Diseases) – P5         Dr David E. Ward (USA)

 

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Group

Senior Officer (Tick and

          tick-borne Diseases)        - P5  Dr Paul J. McCocker (Australia)

Animal Health Officer (Bacterial

          Diseases)                   - P4  vacant

Animal Health Officer (Virology)      - P5  Dr Kris J. Wojciechowski (Poland)

Animal Health Officer (Helminthology) - P4  Dr Jörgen W. Hansen (Denmark)

Animal Health Officer (Infectious Diseases

          And Vaccine Quality Control)– P4  vacant

 

Trypanosomiasis/Tsetse Control Group

Senior Officer (Tryps Control)        - P5  vacant

Animal Health Officer (Tsetse-Controlled   

          Area Development)           - P4  Dr Philip Marchot (France)

Animal Health Officer (Tsetse Control)- P4  Dr Brian S. Hursey (United Kingdom)

Animal Health Officer (Insect Control)- P4  Dr Moisés Vargas-Terán (Mexico)

 

General Service Staff Supporting Professional Officers

Ms. Laura Contaldi (Peru)

Ms. Tiziana Farina (Italy)

Ms. Egiziana Fragiotta-Seripa (Italy)

Ms. Letizia Pino (Italy)

Ms. Antonella Falcone (Italy)

Ms. Jennifer Street (USA)

=============================================================================================

Note: D – Director grades, P – Professional officer grades

 

 

Tab. 21

 

GLOBAL ERADICATION OF RINDERPEST  

                    – YEARS OF LAST REPORTED OCCURRENCE

 

1962

 

Angola

 

1963

 

 

 

1964

 

 

 

1965

 

Gambia

 

1966

 

Laos

 

1967

 

Guinea, Guinea Bissau

 

1968

 

 

 

1969

 

Bhutan

 

1970

 

 

 

1971

 

 

 

1972

 

Jordan

 

1973

 

 

 

1974

 

 

 

1975

 

 

 

1976

 

 

 

1977

 

Vietnam

 

1978

 

 

 

1979

 

 

 

1980

 

 

 

1981

 

 

 

1982

 

Lebanon, Syria

 

1983

 

Somalia, Central African Republic, Izrael, Palestinian Terr.

 

1984

 

Chad

 

1985

 

Bahrain, Kuwait, Djibuti

 

1986

 

Cambodia, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger

 

1987

 

Benin. Egypt, Nigeria, Qatar

 

1988

 

Burkina Faso, Ghana

 

1989

 

Georgia

 

1990

 

Nepal

 

1991

 

 

 

1992

 

Mongolia

 

1993

 

 

 

1994

 

Iran, Uganda, Sri Lanka

 

1995

 

Afghanistan, Ethiopia, India, Oman, Yemen

 

1996

 

Iraq, Turkey, United Arab Emirates

 

1997

 

Tanzania

 

1998

 

Russia, Sudan

 

1999

 

Saudi Arabia

 

2000

 

Pakistan

 

2001

 

 

 

2002

 

 

 

2003

 

Mauritania, Kenya

 

 

OIE WAHID International Animal Health Database, 2010