SYLLABUS FOR UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION AND POSTGRADUATE
TRAINING IN GENERAL EPIZOOTIOLOGY
Prof.Dr. V. Kouba, DrSc.
Objectives
The learners
a) will know
characteristics of epizootiological importance of: etiological agents, animal
populations and environment, infection and epizootic processes, influencing
factors, diseases common to man and animals and consequences of animal
population health and diseases;
b) will know how and be able
to: monitor, survey, investigate and analyze epizootiological situation,
detect and isolate outbreaks, define and apply effective control measures,
solve animal population health/disease problems, elaborate strategy and
programmes for population health protection and restoration at local and
territorial levels as well as evaluate the results.
Definition: Epizootiology is a
science which studies origin, frequency, distribution, development,
determinants and extinction of animal health and disease at population level
and based on their analyses defines and applies methods for creation, promotion,
protection and restoration of population health by reducing, eliminating and
eradicating diseases.
Lectures
1. Epizootiology:
definition, objectives, objects, methods, types, use, division, relations to
other sciences.
2. Animal population and
its features of epizootiological importance: numbers, species, categories,
structure, dynamics, development, replacement, breeding, movement, behaviour,
space and time aspects; population measurement indicators.
3. Animal population disease resistance:
general resistance, inherent and acquired specific resistance; population
resistance structure; resistance measurement indicators.
4. Animal population health
and disease: definitions, features, criteria, epizootiological health and
disease.
5. Animal population collective
health: process, types, stages, forms, occurrence, space and time aspects;
health measurement indicators: prevalence, incidence and extinction of healthy
animals; viability indicators.
6. Animal population morbidity
and mortality: general and specific morbidity, prevalence, incidence and
extinction of diseased, morbidity indicators; general, specific, natural,
artificial and neonatal mortality, fatality, mortality indicators.
7. Animal population epizootiological
structure: etiological, clinical and epizootiological aspects; parts of
epiz. healthy, indeterminate and epiz. non-healthy animals; structure analysis.
8. Etiological agents and
their features of epizootiological importance: biological (specificity,
pathogenicity, infectivity, virulence, tropism, selectivity, adaptability,
reproducibility, heritability, immunogenicity, tenacity, transmissibility, life
cycle, variability, conditionally pathogenic microbes, etc.); genetic and
physical factors; chemical agents; etiological complexes.
9. Sources of etiological
agents and their features of epizootiological importance: quality, quantity,
space and time aspects; types - animals, man, vectors, animal products,
substances, environment, etc.
10. Transmission of
etiological agents: characteristics, consequences, primary and secondary ways,
range, intensity, space and time aspects, natural and artificial, horizontal
and vertical, active and passive, direct and indirect ways; by animals, humans,
vectors, animal products, substances, etc.
11. Natural environment:
influences upon epizootiological situation, animal populations, etiological
agents and their vectors; atmospheric,
geospheric, hydrospheric, biospheric (biosphere, ecosystem, biocoenosis);
nutritional factors.
12. Interaction animal -
etiological agents - environment: etiological triad, route of entry of
etiological agents; infection process (course, stages, forms, dynamics,
outcomes); emerging diseases; classification; non-infection diseases.
13. Epizootic process:
characteristics, epizootiological triad, epiz. chain, course, stages, forms,
range, intensity, grades (sporadic occurrence, enzootics, epizootics,
panzootics), space and time aspects, dynamics, trend, outcomes; classification;
epizootic process of non-infectious diseases.
14. Disease nidality:
characteristics, foci etiology, forms, space and time aspects; natural nidality
- circulation of etiological agents, biotic and territorial structure, biotype
changes, diseases with natural nidality; nidality indicators.
15. Zoonoses: characteristics,
human population features and exposition; sources and transmission of common
etiological agents; particularity of zoonoses process; list of zoonoses.
16. Economic and social
factors influencing epizootic process: economic level, urbanization,
transport, trade, tourism, rural development, economic activities, animal
breeding and production, technology, hygiene, etc.; social factors.
17. Consequences of
animal population health and disease: characteristics, benefit of health,
losses due to diseases; biological, public health, economic and social
consequences.
18. Investigation of epizootiological
situation: principles, types, field survey and mass screening; tests, their
specificity and sensitivity; epizootiological investigation methods and diagnosis;
sampling methods in epizootiology.
19. Epizootiological information
system: objectives, data; data sources, reporting, collection and
processing; local, national and international systems; use of computer
information technology.
20. Analysis of epizootiological
situation: principles, types, evaluation of epizootiological phenomena
(measurement of frequency distribution, space and time aspects, etc.) -
epizootiological. diagnosis; analysis indicators; presentation and use.
21. Epizootiological monitoring
and surveillance: principles, objects, methods, management, results
interpretation and use.
22. Epizootiological theory,
experiments and studies: epizootiological theory, hypothesis, prognosis,
modeling; epizootiological experiment principles, types, field trials design
and evaluation; epizootiological study principles, types and design; bias.
23. Epizootiological strategy
and measures: principles, priorities, objectives and types; influencing
factors - biological, economic, public health and social; disease management;
decision analysis and decision making.
24. Active creation of animal
population health: principles; creation of new healthy generation; creation
of new healthy herds/flocks in new and depopulated places; creation and
management of specific diseases free herds and zones.
25. General preventive
measures: principles; regulation of animal breeding, production, selection,
nutrition, management; hygiene, health control, prophylactic measures,
sanitation; measures against disease introduction; measures against
bioterrorism.
26. Specific preventive
measures: reinforcement of specific resistance using genetic methods and
vaccinations (programmes, control, evaluation); measurement indicators.
27. Epizootiological protection
of country territory: principles, measures at frontier posts, along the
borders; measures related to import - risk assessment, import conditions,
certificate control, measures at import quarantine and destination places.
28. Animal population general
health restoration: principles, breeding and technology correction,
resistance reinforcement, sanitation, elimination and treatment of diseased
animals.
29. Animal population specific
health restoration: principles, objectives, outbreaks discovery and first
measures, intrafocal and perifocal measures, methods of disease detaining,
reduction, elimination and eradication; posteradication measures.
30. Measures against zoonoses:
principles, objectives, methods of protection of animals and man against
zoonoses, common animal and human health services measures.
31. Epizootiological sanitation:
principles, objectives, objects; preventive and intrafocal sanitation; space
and time aspects; disinfection; measures against vectors and reservoirs of
etiological agents; disposal of dead animals.
32. Planning of epizootiological
measures: principles; project design - objectives, outputs, activities, inputs,
budget, clearance.
33. Organization of epizootiological
measures: structure, manpower, facilities, material, funds, legislation,
extension, etc.
34. Result and efficiency
of epizootiological programmes: principles,
biological, economic, public health and social results; programme
efficiency - benefit/cost analysis.
35. Computer technology
applicable in epizootiology: INTERNET; software for epizootiological
information (HANDISTAT, etc.), for analyses and problem solutions (EPIZOO,
etc.).
Practical exercises
("learning by doing")
Field exercises: at selected ranches/farms, villages or districts
under real or simulated conditions.
Indoor exercises dealing with populations/territory real or
simulated problems (using also appropriate software).
1. Field: analysis of local
populations characteristics of epizootiological importance: size,
structure, production, reproduction, conditions, etc. using relevant
indicators, topographical schemes and graphs.
2. Analysis of territorial
population characteristics of epizootiological importance: size, structure,
production, reproduction, conditions, etc. using relevant indicators, maps and
graphs.
3. Field: analysis of local
general epizootiological situation - investigate animals, collect multiple
specimens, identify health problems/priority, elaborate schemes and tables; use
of animal health/disease indicators; elaborate certificates as required for
trade and export.
4. Analysis of general epizootiological
situation in a given territory: process available results of field and
laboratory investigations; identify priority health/disease problems and
specific diseases free zones; use relevant animal population health/disease
indicators; elaborate maps, graphs and report.
5. Field: analysis of local
specific epizootiological situation in an outbreak - investigate animals,
collect specimens; identify diseased, suspect and under risk animals, sources,
ways of transmission of etiological agents; identify critical places and
moments; elaborate morbidity and mortality rates; elaborate intrafocal and
perifocal areas schemes and situation report.
6. Analysis of a specific
disease(s) situation in a given territory, evaluate field and laboratory
investigations results, identify affected and under risk zones, risk of disease
spreading; use relevant indicators (morbidity, mortality, etc.); elaborate
maps, graphs and situation report.
7. Field: economic analysis
of local direct and indirect benefit of collective health and losses due to
general and specific morbidity using relevant indicators; elaborate report.
8. Territorial economic
analysis of direct and indirect benefit of collective health and losses due
to general and specific morbidity using relevant indicators; elaborate report.
9. Field: assess diseases
introduction risk, elaborate local programme of epizootiological measures
for protection and improvement of population health (reduction of losses).
10. Elaborate territorial
strategy and programme for protection and improvement of population health
(losses reduction and protection of man against zoonoses); assess diseases
introduction risk through national trade and import.
11. Field: simulation
exercise - suspicion or case of a very dangerous disease - investigate
local epizootiological situation, identify affected, suspect and threatened
animals, apply initial isolation measures, decide on provisional diagnosis
(considering dif. diag.), identify sources and ways of transmission, collect
specimens, delimitate intrafocal and perifocal areas, identify critical places
and moments, elaborate intrafocal and perifocal measures; use schemes, maps;
elaborate case report.
12. Simulation exercise: case
of a very dangerous disease: delimitate perifocal and protection zones (use
schemes, maps), elaborate strategy/measures against disease spreading, of
eradication and surveillance; identify necessary inputs and management.
13. Elaborate long-term
programme for a chronic specific disease (preferably zoonosis)
reduction/eradication and surveillance including necessary inputs and
management.
14. Evaluate results and
efficiency of epizootiological programme and measures including
benefit/cost calculation using available local and territorial data.
Note: Special Epizootiology applies principles and methods
of General Epizootiology on individual specific health and diseases, on
individual animal species and on particular environmental conditions.
REFERENCES:
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.
WEB SITES:
1. CENTAUR:
http://www.vri.cz/centaur.htm
2. EMPRESS:
http://www.fao.org/empress
3. EPIZOO: http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/zoo/epizoo.html
(up to 2005)
http://www.cbox.cz/vaclavkouba/software/software.zip
4. EPIZOOTIOLOGY: http://www.cbox.cz/vaclavkouba/
5. FAOSTAT: http://www.fao.org/
6. HANDISTAT:
http://www.oie.int/
7. OIE operational data:
http://www.oie.int/
8. ZOONOSES:
http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/zoo