STATISTICS ON ANIMAL DISEASE GLOBALIZATION
THROUGH INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Prof.Dr Václav K o u b a, DrSc.
Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal
Health Yearbook 1980-1996 and OIE World Animal Health yearbooks from 1991
Note: In 1996 special regular
reporting on diseases “import” was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.
The analysis is based on country official
data as reported to international organizations during 1980-2000. Data on
international trade are from FAO Trade Yearbook. Data on diseases introduction
through trade are from the OIE World Animal Health and FAO-WHO-OIE Animal
Health Yearbook (international collection of data on “disease import" was
introduced by the author when he was its Editor). International information
system is based only on etiological agent species structure regardless of
enormous number of their different strains, serotypes, etc. which often for
importing country can represent exotic danger. The system does not include
conditionally pathogenic agents, strains resistant to treatment means, etc.
Many countries did not send the regular
annual reports or only incomplete ones and therefore their data were not
available for the inclusion in this analysis. The number of reporting countries
varied from 110 (1983) to 169 (1991), i.e. in average about 75 % countries
only. There are a lot of cases of animal disease import, some of them are
discovered and reported to international organizations (information system
covers only about 1/10 of known species of transmissible diseases, including
1/5 of known zoonoses), some are discovered and not reported (e.g., most
diseases are not obligatory notifiable and not controlled) and much more cases
are not discovered at all (e.g., subclinical carriers). Therefore, the analysis
could not be complete, i.e. it covered only a small part of the reality which
is much worse than officially reported.
Important factor was the grade of
detectability of available diagnostic methods and grade of reporting on disease
import cases.
Some cases were reported with delay due to late discovery of imported diseases
which creates difficulties in controlling them. The delay was related to long
incubation periods which can be up to several months (e.g. paratuberculosis) or
several years (e.g. BSE) as well as to the ability of veterinary service to
detect imported disease in time.
All reported data represent only "the
tip of the iceberg". Disease import is usually followed by territorial
spreading extremely difficult to control, often no manageable and with
catastrophic consequences. Very limited number of successful communicable
disease control and eradication programmes together with all treatments of
individual sick animals cannot compensate at all rapidly increasing animal
population morbidity in the world. No one animal disease has been globally
eradicated yet. Diseases import devaluates the results of control and
eradication programmes. Diseases are spreading as never in the past when the
trade used to be of much minor size and intensity at much shorter distances to
much lesser number of destination places. The situation is getting worse every
day towards man-made global ecological irreparable disaster. Continuing
worldwide mass spreading of communicable diseases, not being blocked by
effective measures, represents serious
global crisis of veterinary medicine which historical mission is to
promote, protect and recover animal health.
TAB. 1
NUMBER OF COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES THROUGH
ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
=============================================================
OIE CODE ANIMAL SPECIES NUMBER OF REPORTS %
-------------------------------------------------------------
List A multiple 117 19.28
-------------------------------------------------------------
List B
multiple 74 12.19
cattle 142 23.39
sheep and goats 42 6.92
horses 29 4.78
pigs 12 1.98
poultry 49 8.07
others 17 2.80
------------
Subtotal 365
-------------------------------------------------------------
List C 108 17.79
-------------------------------------------------------------
Others 17 2.80
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 607 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases “import” was abolished, i.e. later
reports were only ad hoc.
TAB.
2
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST A
DISEASES
THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
A 010 FMD 33 28.23
A 020 Vesicular stomatitis 1 0.85
A 030 Swine vesicular dis. 5 4.27
A 040 Rinderpest 20 17.09
A 050 Peste des petits rum. 4 3.42
A 060 CBPP 9 7.69
A 070 Lumpy skin disease 2 1.71
A 080 Rift Valley Fever 0 0.00
A 090 Bluetongue 6 5.13
A 100 Sheep/goat pox 3 2.56
A 110 African horse sickness 3 2.56
A 120 African swine fever 6 5.13
A 130 Classical swine fever 7 5.98
A 150 Fowl plague 1 0.85
A 160
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 15 117 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
TAB.
3
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
MULTIPLE
SPECIES DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD,
1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
B 051 Anthrax 3 4.05
B 052 Aujeszky's disease 2 2.70
B 053 Echinococcosis 23 31.08
B 055 Heartwater 4 5.41
B 056 Leptospirosis 1 1.35
B 057 Q fever 2 2.70
B 058 Rabies
5 6.76
B 059 Paratuberculosis 25 33.79
B 060 Screwworm (C.hominivorax) 7 9.46
B 061 Screwworm (C.bezziana) 2 2.70
B 062 Trichinellosis 0 0.00
------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 11 74 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB
4
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
CATTLE
DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
B 101 Bovine anaplasmosis 8 5.63
B 102 Bovine babesiosis 9 6.34
B 103 Bovine brucellosis 8 5.63
B 104 Bovine genital campylobacteriosis 0
0.00
B 105 Bovine tuberculosis 21 14.79
B 106 Bovine cysticercosis 14 9.86
B 107 Dermatophilosis 3 2.11
B 108 Enzootic bovine leukosis 29 20.44
B 109 Haemorrhagic septiceamia 0 0.00
B 110 IBR/IPV 15 10.56
B 111 Theileriosis 10 7.04
B 112 Trichomonosis 0 0.00
B 113 Trypanosomosis (Tsetse-transmitted) 3 2.11
B 114 Malignant catarrhal fever 0
0.00
B 115 Bov. Spongiform encephalopathy 22
15.49
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 15 142 100.00
==============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB.
5
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
SHEEP
AND GOAT DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD,
1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
B 151 Ovine epididymitis 6 14.29
B 152 Brucellosis (B.melitensis) 5 11.94
B 153 Caprine arthritis/encephalitis 10
23.79
B 154 Contagious agalactia 0 0.00
B 155 Cont. caprine pleuropneumonia 1 2.38
B 156 Enz. abortion of ewes (chlamydiosis) 2 4.76
B 157 Ovine pulmonary adematosis 5 11.90
B 158
B 159 Salmonellosis (S. abortusvirus) 0
0.00
B 160 Scrapie 4 9.52
B 161 Maedi-visna 9 21.42
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 11 42 100.00
==============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB
6
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
EQUINE
DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
B 201 Contagious
equine metritis 3 10.34
B 202 Dourine 0 0.00
B 203 Epizootic lymphangitis 0 0.00
B 204 Eq. encephalomyelitis (East/West) 2
6.90
B 205 Equine infectious anaemia 4 13.79
B 206 Equine influenza 2 6.90
B 207 Equine piroplasmosis 11 37.93
B 208 Equine rhinopneumonitis 0 0.00
B 209 Glanders 0 0.00
B 210 Horse pox 0 0.00
B 211 Equine viral arteritis 6 20.69
B 212 Japanese encephalitis 0 0.00
B 213 Horse mange 1 3.45
B 215 Surra (Trypanosoma evansi) 0 0.00
B 216 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 0 0.00
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 15 29 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB.
7
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
SWINE
DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
B 251 Atrophic rhinitis of swine 7 58.34
B 252 Porcine cysticercosis 4 33.33
B 253 Porcine brucellosis 1 8.33
B 254 Transmissible gastroenteritis 0 0.00
B 256 Enterovirus encephalomyelitis 0 0.00
B 257 Reproductive/respiratory syndrome 0
0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 6 12 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB.
8
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B
AVIAN
DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS %
------------------------------------------------------------
B 301 Avian infectious bronchitis 2 4.08
B 302 Avian
infectious laryngotracheitis 3 6.12
B 303 Avian tuberculosis 1 2.04
B 304 Duck virus hepatitis 2 4.08
B 305 Duck virus enteritis 2 4.08
B 306 Fowl cholera 0 0.00
B 307 Fowl pox 3 6.12
B 308 Fowl typhoid 0 0.00
B 309 Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) 6 12.24
B 310 Marek’s disease 13 26.54
B 311 Mycoplasmosis (M.gallisepticum) 3
6.12
B 312 Avian chlamydiosis 12 24.50
B 313 Pullorum disease 2 4.08
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 13 49 100.00
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e.
later reports were only ad hoc.
TAB.
9
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF OTHER INDIVIDUAL OIE
LIST
B DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
OIE CODE DISEASE NUMBER OF REPORTS
--------------------------------------------------------------
Lagomorphs:
B351 Myxomatosis 1
B352 Tularemia 1
B353 Rabbit heamorrhagic septicaemia 2
Fish:
B401 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia 3
Bees:
B451 Acariosis 2
B454 Nosemosis 1
B455 Varroosis 1
Other
B501 Leishmaniosis 6
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 17
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
TAB.
10
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST C
DISEASES
THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
OIE CODE DISEASES NUMBER OF REPORTS
--------------------------------------------------------------
C611 Listeriosis 2
C612 Toxoplasmosis 1
C613 Melioidosis 1
C617 Other pasteurelloses 1
C618 Actinomycosis 2
C620 Coccidiosis 4
C621 Distomatosis (liver fluke) 22
C622 Filariosis 7
C652 Mucosal dis./bov.vir.diarrhoea 8
C654 Warble infestation 16
C701 Cont. pustular dermatitis 9
C703 Cont. ophtalmia 2
C704 Enterotoxaemia 1
C705 Caseous lymphadenitis 10
C752 Ulcerative lymphangitis 1
C753 Strangles 3
C805 Swine erysipelas 4
C851 Infectious coryza 1
C854 Avian encephalomyelitis 3
C856 Avian leucosis 10
--------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 108
========================================================
Sources:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
TAB.
11
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL DISEASES
OUTSIDE
OF THE OIE CLASSIFICATION THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT,
WORLD,
1980-2000
============================================================
DISEASE NUMBER
OF REPORTS
------------------------------------------------------------
Mastitis 2
Camel pox 1
Influenza – parainfluenza 3
Babesiosis ovis 3
Mange in cattle 1
Ebola-Marburg virus infection 4
Exotic ticks 2
-------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 8 17
=============================================================
Sources:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
TAB.
12
NUMBER
OF COUNTRY REPORTS ON ANIMAL INFECTION CASES RELATED TO
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE DURING 1980-2000, WORLD
==========================================================
REPORT TYPE NUMBER OF CASES ZOONOSES %
----------------------------------------------------------
Imported 607 212 39.93
Discovered
for the
first time in
history (incl.
imported
cases) 420 63 15.00
Reappeared
after
3
and more years
(incl. imported
cases) 329 130 30.51
===========================================================
Source: FAO/WHO/OIE
Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
Note: In 1996
special regular reporting on these cases was abolished, i.e. later data were
only ad hoc.
TAB.
13
COUNTRY
REPORTS ON REAPPEARANCE (REINTRODUCED, REEMERGED) OF
ANIMAL
INFECTIOUS DISEASES ACCORDING TO INTERVALS BETWEEN THE
LAST
AND NEW CASES, WORLD, 1980-2000
==============================================================
INTERVALS IN
YEARS NUMBER OF REPORTS %
--------------------------------------------------------------
3 – 10 240 72.97
11 – 20 49 14.89
21 – 30 18 5.47
31 – 40 13 3.95
41 – 50 1 0.30
51 – 60 0 0.00
61 – 70 5 1.55
> 70 2 0.61
? 1 0.30
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 329 100.00
==============================================================
Sources:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
TAB
14
COUNTRY REPORTS ON
REINTRODUCED/REEMERGED INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACCORDING TO THE
INTERVALS BEWEEN THE LAST AND NEW CASES, WORLD, AS REPORTED DURING 1980-2000
(329
internationally reported cases)
========================================================
INTERVAL NUMBER INTERVAL NUMBER
YEARS
OF REPORTS YEARS OF REPORTS
--------------------------------------------------------
3 67 31 2
4
43 32 0
5
46 33 2
6
21 34 1
7
21 35 0
8
22 36 2
9
8 37 2
10
12 38 0
39 3
11
7 40 1
12
13
13
5 41 0
14
4 42 0
15
5 43 1
16
4 44 0
17
3 .
18
3 .
19
3 .
20
2 .
21
2 61 1
22
3 .
23
3 66 2
24
1 67 1
25
2 .
26
1 .
27
2 91 1
28
1 92 1
29
0
30
3 ? 2
==========================================================
Source: FAO-WHO-OIE
Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health
OTHER STATISTICS
RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE
TAB. I
WORLD
TRADE
VALUES
OF IMPORTED LIVE ANIMALS, MEAT, DAIRY AND EGGS, WORLD,
1961 – 2000 IN MILLION USD
==============================================================
YEAR LIVE ANIMALS MEAT+M.PREP. DAIRY+EGGS TOTAL
INDEX
x/1961
--------------------------------------------------------------
1961 957
2202 1494 4653
1.00
1970 1726 5116 2480 9322
2.00
1980 6334 22188 14142 42663
9.17
1990 9149 37443 22200 68792
14.78
2000 9292 44764 26302 80358
17.27
==============================================================
Source:
FAO Trade Yearbook 1961-2000
TAB. II
NUMBER OF ANIMAL
DISEASE INTRODUCTIONS THROUGH LEGAL IMPORT
(WITH EXPORTING COUNTRY
OFFICIAL CERTIFICATES) IN CZECH
REPUBLIC DURING
1990-1996
==============================================================
ANIMAL IMPORTED SHIPMENTS DISEASE FREQUENCY
SPECIES ANIMALS
TOTAL INFECTED %
--------------------------------------------------------------
Cattle 19350
326 181 55.52
tuberculosis**** 3 x
paratuberculosis** 24 x
IBR***** 39 x
trichophytosis*****
86 x
leptospirosis 11 x
hypodermosis*** 18 x
Sheep 9880
500 31 6.20
maedi-visna* 16 x
paratuberculosis** 4 x
scrapie* 6 x
salmonellosis 1 x
mange*** 3 x
dictyocaulosis*** 1 x
Goats 315
40 2 5.00
inf. agalactia* 1 x
tuberculosis*** 1 x
--------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 29545
866 214 24.71
==============================================================
Situation before
1990: * never recorded; ** never recorded in indigenous animals (exceptional
occurrence only in some imported animals);
*** eradicated; **** eliminated (free status according to OIE Code);
***** very advanced elimination programme.
Note: Animals were imported mostly from West European
countries. The infections were discovered in import quarantines and during special
post-quarantine surveillance.
Source: State
Veterinary Administration,
TAB. III
EXAMPLES OF SOME SALMONELLA ENTERICA
SEROVARS ISOLATED FROM IMPORTED ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN
============================================================
SEROVAR LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS
------------------------------------------------------------
S.II 13,22 : z29 : 1,5
S.IIIa 18 : z4z23 : -
S.IIIa 41 : z4z23
: -
S.IIIa 48 : z4z23
: -
S.IIIb 38 : r : z
S.IIIb 48 : k : z
S.IV 16 : z4z23
: -
S.IV 6,7 : z4z23
: -
Rideau 3,19 : fg : -
Potengi 18 : z : -
Ebrie 35 : gtm : -
Bragny 8,20, : i : 1,5
============================================================
Source: State Health
Institute,
TAB. IV
SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTS IMPORTED IN
==============================================================
COUNTRY COMMODITY SEROVAR ISOLATIONS
--------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
S.infantis 4
S.anatum 1
S.saint-paul 3
S.newport 6
S.hadar 1
S.virchow 10
S.heidelberg 1
frozen turkey S.kapemba 1
frozen poultry S.bredeney 2
frozen liver S.typhimurium 1
frozen pig meat S.derby 1
frozen pig side S.brandenburg 1
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chicken slices S.enteritidis 3
-------------------------------------------------------------
=============================================================
Source:Konečný S.et Látová J.:
Salmonely izolované ve veterinárních laboratořích ze vzorků živočišných
produktů v roce 1995. Veterinářství, 1996, 7: 292-294.