STATISTICS ON ANIMAL DISEASE GLOBALIZATION THROUGH INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 

Prof.Dr Václav K o u b a, DrSc.

 

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1980-1996 and OIE World Animal Health yearbooks from 1991

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases “import” was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

  The analysis is based on country official data as reported to international organizations during 1980-2000. Data on international trade are from FAO Trade Yearbook. Data on diseases introduction through trade are from the OIE World Animal Health and FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook (international collection of data on “disease import" was introduced by the author when he was its Editor). International information system is based only on etiological agent species structure regardless of enormous number of their different strains, serotypes, etc. which often for importing country can represent exotic danger. The system does not include conditionally pathogenic agents, strains resistant to treatment means, etc.

 

  Many countries did not send the regular annual reports or only incomplete ones and therefore their data were not available for the inclusion in this analysis. The number of reporting countries varied from 110 (1983) to 169 (1991), i.e. in average about 75 % countries only. There are a lot of cases of animal disease import, some of them are discovered and reported to international organizations (information system covers only about 1/10 of known species of transmissible diseases, including 1/5 of known zoonoses), some are discovered and not reported (e.g., most diseases are not obligatory notifiable and not controlled) and much more cases are not discovered at all (e.g., subclinical carriers). Therefore, the analysis could not be complete, i.e. it covered only a small part of the reality which is much worse than officially reported.

 

  Important factor was the grade of detectability of available diagnostic methods and grade of reporting on disease import cases. Some cases were reported with delay due to late discovery of imported diseases which creates difficulties in controlling them. The delay was related to long incubation periods which can be up to several months (e.g. paratuberculosis) or several years (e.g. BSE) as well as to the ability of veterinary service to detect imported disease in time.

 

  All reported data represent only "the tip of the iceberg". Disease import is usually followed by territorial spreading extremely difficult to control, often no manageable and with catastrophic consequences. Very limited number of successful communicable disease control and eradication programmes together with all treatments of individual sick animals cannot compensate at all rapidly increasing animal population morbidity in the world. No one animal disease has been globally eradicated yet. Diseases import devaluates the results of control and eradication programmes. Diseases are spreading as never in the past when the trade used to be of much minor size and intensity at much shorter distances to much lesser number of destination places. The situation is getting worse every day towards man-made global ecological irreparable disaster. Continuing worldwide mass spreading of communicable diseases, not being blocked by effective measures, represents serious global crisis of veterinary medicine which historical mission is to promote, protect and recover animal health. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAB. 1

NUMBER OF COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INFECTIOUS

DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

=============================================================

OIE CODE   ANIMAL SPECIES      NUMBER OF REPORTS       %

-------------------------------------------------------------

List A     multiple                  117             19.28

-------------------------------------------------------------

List B

           multiple                   74             12.19

           cattle                    142             23.39

           sheep and goats            42              6.92

           horses                     29              4.78

           pigs                       12              1.98

           poultry                    49              8.07

           others                     17              2.80

                            ------------

                            Subtotal 365

-------------------------------------------------------------

List C                               108             17.79

-------------------------------------------------------------

Others                                17              2.80

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL                                607            100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases “import” was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 2

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST A

DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                 NUMBER OF REPORTS      %

--------------------------------------------------------------

A 010    FMD                            33            28.23

A 020    Vesicular stomatitis            1             0.85  

A 030    Swine vesicular dis.            5             4.27

A 040    Rinderpest                     20            17.09

A 050    Peste des petits rum.           4             3.42

A 060    CBPP                            9             7.69 

A 070    Lumpy skin disease              2             1.71

A 080    Rift Valley Fever               0             0.00 

A 090    Bluetongue                      6             5.13

A 100    Sheep/goat pox                  3             2.56 

A 110    African horse sickness          3             2.56

A 120    African swine fever             6             5.13

A 130    Classical swine fever           7             5.98

A 150    Fowl plague                     1             0.85 

A 160    Newcastle disease              17            14.53

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    15                            117            100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

 

TAB. 3

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

MULTIPLE SPECIES DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD,

1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                  NUMBER OF REPORTS    %

--------------------------------------------------------------

B 051    Anthrax                           3          4.05

B 052    Aujeszky's disease                2          2.70

B 053    Echinococcosis                   23         31.08

B 055    Heartwater                        4          5.41

B 056    Leptospirosis                     1          1.35

B 057    Q fever                           2          2.70 

B 058    Rabies                            5          6.76

B 059    Paratuberculosis                 25         33.79   

B 060    Screwworm (C.hominivorax)         7          9.46

B 061    Screwworm (C.bezziana)            2          2.70

B 062    Trichinellosis                    0          0.00

------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    11                               74        100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB 4

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

CATTLE DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                 NUMBER OF REPORTS      %

--------------------------------------------------------------

B 101    Bovine anaplasmosis                 8         5.63

B 102    Bovine babesiosis                   9         6.34  

B 103    Bovine brucellosis                  8         5.63

B 104    Bovine genital campylobacteriosis   0         0.00

B 105    Bovine tuberculosis                21        14.79

B 106    Bovine cysticercosis               14         9.86

B 107    Dermatophilosis                     3         2.11

B 108    Enzootic bovine leukosis           29        20.44

B 109    Haemorrhagic septiceamia            0         0.00

B 110    IBR/IPV                            15        10.56

B 111    Theileriosis                       10         7.04

B 112    Trichomonosis                       0         0.00

B 113    Trypanosomosis (Tsetse-transmitted) 3         2.11

B 114    Malignant catarrhal fever           0         0.00

B 115    Bov. Spongiform encephalopathy     22        15.49

--------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    15                                142       100.00

==============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 5

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

SHEEP AND GOAT DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD,     

1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                     NUMBER OF REPORTS   % 

--------------------------------------------------------------

B 151    Ovine epididymitis                   6        14.29

B 152    Brucellosis (B.melitensis)           5        11.94

B 153    Caprine arthritis/encephalitis      10        23.79

B 154    Contagious agalactia                 0         0.00

B 155    Cont. caprine pleuropneumonia        1         2.38

B 156    Enz. abortion of ewes (chlamydiosis) 2         4.76 

B 157    Ovine pulmonary adematosis           5        11.90

B 158    Nairobi sheep disease                0         0.00

B 159    Salmonellosis (S. abortusvirus)      0         0.00

B 160    Scrapie                              4         9.52

B 161    Maedi-visna                          9        21.42

--------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    11                                  42       100.00

==============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB 6

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

EQUINE DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                   NUMBER OF REPORTS      %

--------------------------------------------------------------

B 201   Contagious  equine metritis         3           10.34

B 202   Dourine                             0            0.00

B 203   Epizootic lymphangitis              0            0.00

B 204   Eq. encephalomyelitis (East/West)   2            6.90

B 205   Equine infectious anaemia           4           13.79

B 206   Equine influenza                    2            6.90

B 207   Equine piroplasmosis               11           37.93

B 208   Equine rhinopneumonitis             0            0.00

B 209   Glanders                            0            0.00

B 210   Horse pox                           0            0.00

B 211   Equine viral arteritis              6           20.69

B 212   Japanese encephalitis               0            0.00

B 213   Horse mange                         1            3.45

B 215   Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)          0            0.00

B 216   Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis 0            0.00

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL   15                                 29         100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 7

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

SWINE DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                    NUMBER OF REPORTS    %

--------------------------------------------------------------

B 251    Atrophic rhinitis of swine         7          58.34

B 252    Porcine cysticercosis              4          33.33

B 253    Porcine brucellosis                1           8.33

B 254    Transmissible gastroenteritis      0           0.00

B 256    Enterovirus encephalomyelitis      0           0.00

B 257    Reproductive/respiratory syndrome  0           0.00

--------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    6                                 12         100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 8

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST B

AVIAN DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

CODE     DISEASE                    NUMBER OF REPORTS    %

------------------------------------------------------------

B 301    Avian infectious bronchitis         2          4.08

B 302    Avian infectious laryngotracheitis  3          6.12

B 303    Avian tuberculosis                  1          2.04

B 304    Duck virus hepatitis                2          4.08

B 305    Duck virus enteritis                2          4.08

B 306    Fowl cholera                        0          0.00

B 307    Fowl pox                            3          6.12

B 308    Fowl typhoid                        0          0.00

B 309    Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) 6         12.24

B 310    Marek’s disease                    13         26.54

B 311    Mycoplasmosis (M.gallisepticum)     3          6.12

B 312    Avian chlamydiosis                 12         24.50

B 313    Pullorum disease                    2          4.08

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL    13                                 49        100.00

=============================================================

Sources: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on diseases "import" was abolished, i.e. later reports were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 9

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF OTHER INDIVIDUAL OIE

LIST B DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

OIE CODE      DISEASE              NUMBER OF REPORTS

--------------------------------------------------------------

Lagomorphs:

B351          Myxomatosis                             1

B352          Tularemia                               1

B353          Rabbit heamorrhagic septicaemia         2

 

Fish:

B401          Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia          3

 

Bees:

B451          Acariosis                               2

B454          Nosemosis                               1

B455          Varroosis                               1

 

Other

B501          Leishmaniosis                           6

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL                                            17

=============================================================

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

 

TAB. 10

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL OIE LIST C

DISEASES THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

OIE CODE     DISEASES                  NUMBER OF REPORTS

--------------------------------------------------------------

C611         Listeriosis                      2

C612         Toxoplasmosis                    1

C613         Melioidosis                      1

C617         Other pasteurelloses             1

C618         Actinomycosis                    2

C620         Coccidiosis                      4

C621         Distomatosis (liver fluke)      22

C622         Filariosis                       7

C652         Mucosal dis./bov.vir.diarrhoea   8

C654         Warble infestation              16

C701         Cont. pustular dermatitis        9

C703         Cont. ophtalmia                  2

C704         Enterotoxaemia                   1

C705         Caseous lymphadenitis           10

C752         Ulcerative lymphangitis          1

C753         Strangles                        3

C805         Swine erysipelas                 4

C851         Infectious coryza                1

C854         Avian encephalomyelitis          3

C856         Avian leucosis                  10

--------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL                                       108

========================================================

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

 

TAB. 11

COUNTRY REPORTS ON THE INTRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL DISEASES

OUTSIDE OF THE OIE CLASSIFICATION THROUGH ANIMAL IMPORT,

WORLD, 1980-2000

============================================================

           DISEASE                     NUMBER OF REPORTS

------------------------------------------------------------

       Mastitis                                2

       Camel pox                               1

       Influenza – parainfluenza               3

       Babesiosis ovis                         3

       Mange in cattle                         1

       Ebola-Marburg virus infection           4

       Exotic ticks                            2

       West Nile fever                         1

-------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL      8                                  17

=============================================================

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

 

TAB. 12

NUMBER OF COUNTRY REPORTS ON ANIMAL INFECTION CASES RELATED TO

INTERNATIONAL TRADE DURING 1980-2000, WORLD

==========================================================

REPORT TYPE         NUMBER OF CASES     ZOONOSES       %

----------------------------------------------------------

Imported                607               212        39.93

 

Discovered for the

first time in

history (incl.

imported cases)         420                63        15.00

 

Reappeared after

3 and more years

(incl. imported cases)  329               130        30.51

===========================================================

Source: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

Note: In 1996 special regular reporting on these cases was abolished, i.e. later data were only ad hoc.

 

 

 

 

TAB. 13

COUNTRY REPORTS ON REAPPEARANCE (REINTRODUCED, REEMERGED) OF

ANIMAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES ACCORDING TO INTERVALS BETWEEN THE

LAST AND NEW CASES, WORLD, 1980-2000

==============================================================

INTERVALS IN YEARS       NUMBER OF REPORTS        %

--------------------------------------------------------------

  3 – 10                   240                  72.97

 11 – 20                    49                  14.89

 21 – 30                    18                   5.47

 31 – 40                    13                   3.95

 41 – 50                     1                   0.30

 51 – 60                     0                   0.00

 61 – 70                     5                   1.55

 > 70                        2                   0.61

    ?                        1                   0.30

--------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL                      329                 100.00

==============================================================

Sources: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

TAB 14

COUNTRY REPORTS ON REINTRODUCED/REEMERGED INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACCORDING TO THE INTERVALS BEWEEN THE LAST AND NEW CASES, WORLD, AS REPORTED DURING 1980-2000

(329 internationally reported cases)

========================================================

INTERVAL      NUMBER         INTERVAL      NUMBER

 YEARS      OF REPORTS        YEARS      OF REPORTS

--------------------------------------------------------

    3          67               31           2

    4          43               32           0

    5          46               33           2

    6          21               34           1

    7          21               35           0

    8          22               36           2

    9           8               37           2

   10          12               38           0 

                                39           3   

   11           7               40           1

   12          13 

   13           5               41           0

   14           4               42           0

   15           5               43           1

   16           4               44           0

   17           3                .

   18           3                .

   19           3                .

   20           2                .

 

   21           2               61           1

   22           3                .

   23           3               66           2

   24           1               67           1  

   25           2                .

   26           1                .

   27           2               91           1 

   28           1               92           1

   29           0

   30           3                ?           2

  

==========================================================

Source: FAO-WHO-OIE Animal Health Yearbook and OIE World Animal Health

 

 

 

 

 

 

OTHER STATISTICS RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 

TAB. I

WORLD TRADE

VALUES OF IMPORTED LIVE ANIMALS, MEAT, DAIRY AND EGGS, WORLD,

1961 – 2000 IN MILLION USD

==============================================================

YEAR    LIVE ANIMALS  MEAT+M.PREP. DAIRY+EGGS   TOTAL   INDEX

                                                        x/1961

--------------------------------------------------------------

1961        957         2202         1494        4653     1.00

1970       1726         5116         2480        9322     2.00

1980       6334        22188        14142       42663     9.17

1990       9149        37443        22200       68792    14.78

2000       9292        44764        26302       80358    17.27

==============================================================

Source: FAO Trade Yearbook 1961-2000

 

 

 

 

TAB. II

NUMBER OF ANIMAL DISEASE INTRODUCTIONS THROUGH LEGAL IMPORT

(WITH EXPORTING COUNTRY OFFICIAL CERTIFICATES) IN CZECH

REPUBLIC DURING 1990-1996

==============================================================

ANIMAL   IMPORTED SHIPMENTS           DISEASE      FREQUENCY

SPECIES  ANIMALS  TOTAL INFECTED %

--------------------------------------------------------------

Cattle   19350    326   181    55.52 

                                      tuberculosis****     3 x

                                      paratuberculosis**  24 x

                                      IBR*****            39 x

                                      trichophytosis***** 86 x

                                      leptospirosis       11 x

                                      hypodermosis***     18 x

Sheep    9880     500    31     6.20

                                      maedi-visna*        16 x

                                      paratuberculosis**   4 x

                                      scrapie*             6 x

                                      salmonellosis        1 x

                                      mange***             3 x

                                      dictyocaulosis***    1 x

Goats     315     40      2     5.00

                                      inf. agalactia*      1 x

                                      tuberculosis***      1 x

--------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL   29545    866    214    24.71

==============================================================

Situation before 1990: * never recorded; ** never recorded in indigenous animals (exceptional occurrence only in some imported animals);  *** eradicated; **** eliminated (free status according to OIE Code); ***** very advanced elimination programme.

Note:  Animals were imported mostly from West European countries. The infections were discovered in import quarantines and during special post-quarantine surveillance.

Source: State Veterinary Administration, Prague, Czech Republic.

 

 

 

 

TAB. III

EXAMPLES OF SOME SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVARS ISOLATED FROM IMPORTED ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN CZECH REPUBLIC DURING 1987-1995

============================================================

SEROVAR               LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS

------------------------------------------------------------

S.II                  13,22 : z29 : 1,5

S.IIIa                18 : z4z23 : -

S.IIIa                41 : z4z23 : -

S.IIIa                48 : z4z23 : -

S.IIIb                38 : r : z

S.IIIb                48 : k : z

S.IV                  16 : z4z23 : -

S.IV                  6,7 : z4z23 : -

Aarhus                18 : z4z23 : z64

Rideau                3,19 : fg : -

Potengi               18 : z : -

Lagos                 4,5,12 : i : 1,5

Ebrie                 35 : gtm : -

Bragny                8,20, : i : 1,5

============================================================

Source: State Health Institute, Prague

 

 

 

TAB. IV

SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTS IMPORTED IN

CZECH REPUBLIC IN 1995

==============================================================

COUNTRY    COMMODITY           SEROVAR           ISOLATIONS

--------------------------------------------------------------

UK         pig diaphragm       S.thyphimurium        5

--------------------------------------------------------------

France     frozen turkey rolls S.agona               3

                               S.infantis            4

                               S.anatum              1

                               S.saint-paul          3

                               S.newport             6

                               S.hadar               1

                               S.virchow            10

                               S.heidelberg          1

           frozen turkey       S.kapemba             1

           frozen poultry      S.bredeney            2

           frozen liver        S.typhimurium         1

           frozen pig meat     S.derby               1

           frozen pig side     S.brandenburg         1

-------------------------------------------------------------

Hungary    frozen duck         S.brandenburg         1

-------------------------------------------------------------

Germany    beef                S.bredeney            4

-------------------------------------------------------------

Slovakia   chicken             S.enteritidis         6

           Chicken slices      S.enteritidis         3

-------------------------------------------------------------

Poland     egg white           S.enteritidis         1

=============================================================

Source:Konečný S.et Látová J.: Salmonely izolované ve veterinárních laboratořích ze vzorků živočišných produktů v roce 1995. Veterinářství, 1996, 7: 292-294.