6 May 2005 Last modification on 12 January 2008
Methods of accelerated eradication of tuberculosis in cattle population
at a country level
V. Kouba
Formerly: Vice-Director and Chief Epizootiologist,
Czechoslovak and Czech State Veterinary Service; Professor of Epizootiology,
Summary
A method of
accelerated territorial eradication of tuberculosis in cattle population was
developed and applied in the
1. Introduction
1.1 Epizootiological situation
a) The
*) Note: During the discussion Prof.Dr Klobouk
insisted that the anti-tb programme must be organized by the state and not only on
individual voluntary base. MVDr František Voráèek, Ministerial Councillor,
Ministry of Agriculture did not agree: “The
suggested measures are ideal, however it would ask from the state enormous apparat and therefore
this kind of programme is not real.”
b) Spreading M. bovis was also facilitated thanks to the weakness of veterinary service. It was not able to control TB epizootiological situation as a result of insufficient staff (during 6 years of the war all Czech universities were closed by German occupants). Limited number of veterinarians was mostly in private sector and government service was not able to control the situation and to organize any effective nation-wide recovery actions.
c) Mandatory reporting bovine TB cases was introduced in 1952 when all veterinary service staff was transferred into government service. It was consolidated into a more effective organization gradually supported by more facilities and funds. It took years to get necessary experience and ability to control epizootiological situation in the whole country.
d) Despite all the efforts and measures applied, bovine tuberculosis situation worsened thanks to many new diseased animals and newly detected outbreaks. The measures such as isolation of TB animals and herds, as well as veterinary control of cattle movement and trade were very often not perfect. The isolation measures complicating husbandry and trade were demanding, costly and difficult to sustain over a prolonged period. False negative results of tuberculin tests also contributed to bovine TB spread. Continuing exposure of animals and people caused new cases, thus aggravating the situation. Consequently, the eradication, particularly in larger tuberculosis ranches often affected also with brucellosis, required a more demanding approach.
e) The deterioration can be documented by the tuberculin test results: in 1953 there were carried out 598,310 tests, i.e. ratio tests/population = 0.2107, detecting 110,839 positive reactors, i.e. 18.5 %. In 1958 there were reported 497,006 TB cattle new cases and in 1959 even 628,276 cases in almost all villages.
1.2 Economic consequences
Direct and indirect annual economic losses in the livestock husbandry and trade were estimated to be more than US$ 103 million. +) Direct quantifiable losses in livestock production were calculated to be about 20,000 MT meat (US$ 18,670,000). and more than 300 million litres of milk (US$ 54,713,000). Indirect economic losses in livestock were estimated to be about US$ 15,000,000. Other losses due to extraordinary measures and government financial help provided by the government to livestock producers, together with particular contributions by central insurance agency, were estimated to be of US$ 15,490,000.
+) US$ 1 = 10 Kcs (Czechoslovak crowns)
1.3 Public health consequences
In the human
population, in addition to estimated thousands chronically suffering from
bovine tuberculosis, many new cases were reported as a consequence of exposure
to affected animals in TB farms or slaughterhouses and due to consumption of infected
or contaminated milk or milk products. As a result of the lack of discovery
and isolation of all TB milking cow herds it couldn’t be avoided mixing milk
originated from healthy cows and from TB cows. Obligatory pasteurization of
milk for public distribution was not yet introduced and milk sterilization by
heat before consumption was not any general custom. Under these conditions M. bovis had the chance of spreading among
human population, mainly among the children.
1.4 Trade consequences
a) Bovine TB seriously
affected national trade in animals and animal products (meat, milk) not
only thanks to extraordinary direct losses in farms and ranches but also thanks to reducing
their selling chance. They could sell under restricted conditions only limited number
of cattle and amount of cattle products, if not being prohibited due to disease
situation. The income of TB affected herd farmers was significantly lower in
comparison with TB-free herd farmers.
b) TB affected
farms and ranches were prohibited to export animals and animal products
in spite of having also high yielding tuberculin negative cattle and their sterilized products.
On the other hand it was prohibited to incorporate imported TB-free cattle into
TB affected farms and ranches.
1.5 Social consequences
a) The farmers and workers in TB cattle affected farms and ranches due to lower trade income were getting low benefit and salaries having negative impact on living standard of their families and on local development.
b) Bovine TB
seriously complicated the concentration of cattle into major herds when often the animals
originated from TB-free herds were mixed with animals from TB affected herds.
This was sometimes causing conflicts and discrepancies among farmers, local
authorities and veterinary service.
2. The pre-eradication
(preparatory) phase
2.1 Search for suitable methodology
During 1956-1958 a
lot of time was spent to discuss methodological and economic feasibility
of accelerated
TB eradication in cattle population and to define suitable and uniform
diagnostic system and methods. It must be considered actual epizootiological
situation, economic, public health,
ecological and social conditions, preparedness of government veterinary service
as far as staff number and training, facilities, material, funds, diagnostic capacities as well as the support
of farmers, agriculture organizations, public and government were concerned. Initially
there was extremely difficult
to convince relevant organizations and even the majority of
veterinarians on the programme feasibility.
2.2 Research results considered sufficient
It was considered
that the knowledge of bovine TB characteristics and
diagnosis methods was sufficient for TB eradication in cattle population. Therefore, all experiments with anti-TB vaccination, TB serology
and with other than neck tuberculin tests were stopped. This decision was made
to initiate the eradication programme as soon as possible, without waiting
for further results of national and international research, considering
that later TB cattle situation would be even worse (including risk of
introducing the disease in wildlife), i.e.
much more difficult and more expensive to
manage eradication programme. Analogical approach was applied to bovine
brucellosis eradication being organized simultaneously.
2.3 Decision on TB eradication in cattle and its goals
a) Initially, the veterinary community and decision-makers must be convinced about the correctness of the methodology to be adopted and about the economic and management feasibility of TB eradication in cattle population at national level within a relatively very short period of time.
b) In 1958 and
1959, based on complex analysis and recommendations presented by veterinary and
public health services, the Government of the former
c) The Government created a special government inter-ministerial commission, identified anti-TB subsidies, introduced obligatory pasteurisation of market milk and issued appropriate directives for cattle owners and administrative authorities.
Czechoslovak
government resolution No 781 of
d) The goal of the programme was to eradicate TB in cattle by the end of 1968, i.e. to reach zero prevalence, however without reducing national cattle population, milk and beef production and farmers’ income. For the first time, a fixed deadline was imposed upon a national animal health programme. This was different to the previous attempts of trying to fulfil long-term disease control programmes without fixed deadlines for achieving specific targets of reducing or eradicating a particular disease.
e) Due to the fact that many humans suffering by M. bovis were becoming its carriers for future decades, it was not real to require full eradication, i.e. zero incidence – complete disappearance of this pathogen from the country was not yet realizable.
f) The goal was in compliance with later OIE Code conditions for declaring a territory free of TB in cattle population. *)
*) International
Animal Health Code 2001, chapter 2.3.3:
“To qualify as officially free from bovine tuberculosis, a country shall satisfy following requirements: 2) 99.8 % of
the herds have been officially free from bovine tuberculosis at least the past
3 years as disclosed by periodic testing of all cattle to determine the absence
of bovine tuberculosis….”
2.4 Starting with first country-wide survey
a) The first
country-wide survey in 1959 covered 88.05 % of the cattle population, including
all females of reproductive age. The number of tuberculin tests reached
3,512,398, i.e. the ratio tests/population = 1.16. (Tab. 2)
b) The number
of newly discovered TB cattle reached 357,903 animals, i.e. annual incidence
rate = 0.1214. The prevalence on
c) Category
structure of TB cattle population of 859,557 in the whole
d) The
macroscopic findings of TB in slaughterhouses was
confirming similar proportions. In 1959 in
e) The
following data concern the tuberculosis in
f) In
g) All regions and all state ranches as well as 86 % of cooperatives ranches were bovine TB affected. TB cattle territorial distribution was very different in individual regions and provinces (Tables 7 and 33). TB cattle prevalence in 3 regions was even higher than 60 %. (Tab. 1).
h) Hundreds of
newly reported human cases of M. bovis
infection stressed the need for intensive control programme.
i) Such
alarming findings led to the initiation of an accelerated eradication programme
covering the entire territory of former
j) Eradication
of TB in cattle population was declared as the most important task for country veterinary
service for the next decade to come.
3. Materials and methods
3.1 Data sources
As the data
sources for this article served official statistics of Czechoslovak and
Czech State Veterinary Service, official documents of agriculture and health
ministries, literature publications and personal experience of the author (as
national Chief Epizootiologist responsible from professional point of view for preparation, management and results of the TB eradication programme).
For the calculation of epizootiological indicators author’s EPIZOO software,
version 4.0a, was used.
3.2 Strategy and methodology
a) The strategy and methodology to be applied in the whole country were agreed, after intensive experiments and discussions at all levels, by animal health and public health authorities and specialists as well as by research and education institutions.
b) The
accelerated eradication methodology was based upon experience of field
veterinary service and the results of comparative studies carried out in selected
regions and ranches by national specialists. The TB cattle eradication philosophy and procedure
were based upon exploitation of the current, eventually
accelerated, replacement (‘turnover’) of
the older by a new generation of national cattle population (replacement cycle
of a decade duration). Premature culling was
performed primarily among TB cattle to avoid risk for intrafocal tuberculin
negative “healthy” cattle. This approach also supported gradual development
of a new generation of calves born from tuberculosis-free parents. However,
initially not having enough TB-free cows it was necessary to use for further
breeding also TB cow calves under the condition of their strict isolation and
feeding with healthy cows milk, eventually with
sterilized milk of TB mother-cow after few days feeding with raw mother
colostrum. In many cases repeated tuberculin testing helped to solve the problem.
However, later the risky breeding of calves of TB cows was stopped and
only calves of TB-free cows were used. Creating new generation of TB-free
cattle was facilitated by introduction of selected, healthy and genetically
suitable animals to replace TB-affected cattle and repopulate
highly affected farms after their
depopulation and sanitation.
c) The basic
method consisting in repeated application of “test and slaughter”,
removing immediately tuberculin positive and clinically diseased TB cattle to the
slaughterhouses, was used in herds with low TB occurrence. The heavily affected
TB farms or ranches (e.g. with more than 50 % tuberculin positive cattle) were,
according the eradication plan, depopulated and replaced by healthy animals or
some were temporarily converted into so called “TB isolators”. These
served for final exploitation of selected high yielding milking and pregnant cows before sending
them for their slaughter. The TB isolators were in the final phase depopulated
and after thorough cleansing and disinfection repopulated by healthy cattle to start normal breeding and production. TB isolators helped
to expand more rapidly
tuberculosis-free territory to cover gradually the entire country. In the final
stage the major isolators were established in the region Melnik in
d) The decisive factor was systematic survey of cattle population using all available diagnostic methods – intravital, post-mortem and laboratory – to discover and monitor a l l affected herds in the country. It was decided to test the whole cattle population in average at least once a year and females of reproductive age twice a year considering also local epizootiological situation.
3.3 Conditions for declaring TB free status
In TB ranches there were carried out repeated
tuberculin tests until all infected cattle were removed. The conditions for
declaring a ranch or farm as TB free were as follows: after the removal of
the last TB cattle started so called “observation period” of 120 days when
two tuberculin tests with negative results were carried out (first one month after starting “observation period”
and the second after following 3 months)
and after a thorough cleansing and disinfection.
Entrances of TB-free ranches were identified with signboards declaring this
status.
3.4 TB eradication tactics
a) Due to the fact that every case was different, there were applied different approaches in individual situations within the framework of official methodology respecting eradication deadlines. The flexibility was very important for the best possible solution in the given cases.
b) Initially a more intensive programme was dedicated to the provinces, regions, districts and ranches of low TB cattle prevalence where it was easier to obtain local replacement for tuberculin reactors sent for slaughter. Later these provinces, regions, districts and ranches served as the source of TB-free cattle for the replacement of TB cattle in highly affected provinces, regions, districts and ranches. The success of the programme, its impact evaluation, correct certification of tuberculosis-free herds and discovery of new outbreaks depended also on the results of meat inspection carried out by government veterinary food hygienists having important role within national epizootiological surveillance system.
b) For the TB eradication programme “Koch vetus tuberculin” was replaced by purified protein derivate (PPD) tuberculin with potency guaranteed per bovine dose of at least 2.000 IU (International Units). The volume of each injection dose was 0.2 ml. The injection sites were clipped and cleansed. A fold of skin within each clipped area was measured with callipers. A short needle was inserted obliquely into the deeper layers of the skin. The skin-fold thickness of each injection site was remeasured 72 hours after injection. The interpretation was based on clinical observation and recorded increase of skin-fold thickness. The reaction was considered: to be negative with an increase of no more than 2.5 mm in TB free herds and no more than 1.5 mm in TB herds; to be positive with increase of 3.6 mm and more in skin-fold thickness; other results were considered as inconclusive (dubious).
c) Mammalian tuberculin alone was used
in the eradication programme, reserving the comparative test (with
simultaneous application of mammal and avian tuberculins) for problem herds
when paraspecific sensitization was suspected. The comparative intradermal
tuberculin test was used to differentiate between animals infected with M. bovis and those sensitised to
tuberculin due to exposure to other mycobacteria.
3.6 Legislation
a) Very important was the preparation
and issuing legal and regulation documents supporting anti-TB programme defining
the rights and duties of all animal owners, services and government
administration at all levels. The previous not-enough-effective concept of
voluntary implementation of bovine TB preventive and eradication measures was
converted into an obligatory programme. The previous non-uniform
measures not being organized in all the country were replaced by organized
uniform and centrally integrated programme.
b) The programme of TB eradication in
cattle was supported by a new “Veterinary Care Law” adopted by Czechoslovak
parliament (law No. 154 dated
c) Simultaneously there were issued particular ordinances of the country government following by ministerial decrees issued by the Minister of Agriculture identifying the duties of the farmers, livestock enterprises and local government administration offices to participate actively in TB cattle eradication programmes. As follow-up it was decided about special government subsidies to cover cooperatives and private farmers’ losses due to anti-TB measures (mainly to pay the difference between slaughter price of normally culled TB-free cattle and prematurely culled TB cattle ). In the final phase (in 1967) the subsidies were given under similar conditions also to state sector – agriculture state ranches and centrally managed organizations.
Examples: In
1967 the anti-tb subsidies sums were given: to Agriculture Cooperatives – 95 million Kès, State
ranches – 79 million Kès and to other sector – 17 million. (That time the
private sector was already tb-free).
d) Within the framework of the above
mentioned legal documents a series of special anti-TB regulations and
instructions was issued by the Director, Veterinary Department of the
Ministry of Agriculture containing the duties of government veterinary service
in: field practice, slaughterhouses, diagnostic laboratories, production of veterinary biologicals,
rendering and sanitation, postgraduate education, service management and
administration. There were issued different national diagnostic standards for
allergic testing, laboratory diagnosis, slaughterhouse inspection, etc. A
national register of all TB diseased cattle herds was established for
monitoring specific epizootiological situation.
e) Simultaneously the Minister of
Health issued special regulations for human health protection of the
workers in farms and ranches with TB cattle as well for the protection of the
consumers. National Chief Hygienist issued instruction for human medical
service, in particular for epidemiological network, including diagnostic
laboratories.
f) Among the most important anti-TB
steps there was the decision on obligatory pasteurization of all milk
destined for public consumption. It was required as minimal milk temperature to
be of 85 Co during a moment (instant
pasteurization) or 71-74 Co during
20-30 seconds (prolonged pasteurization). The relevant proposal of the
Government Commission for the Eradication of the Bovine Tuberculosis and
Brucellosis was converted into legal duty by the Government Decision No. 1059
dated
From
g) It was started issuing obligatory norms for new livestock facility constructions containing animal hygiene parameters to protect animal health (optimal physiological parameters) and to avoid eventual disease spread between the buildings (minimal isolation distances).
h) List of all official documents
related to the TB eradication programme see at the end in the References.
3.7 Surveillance – monitoring
a) There was established a complex
intensive surveillance and monitoring system at all levels of anti-TB management.
It included field veterinarians having daily contact with the cattle
population, slaughterhouse veterinarians inspecting daily all slaughtered
cattle, diagnostic laboratories investigating microscopically and
bacteriologically all sent samples suspected to be infected or contaminated by M. bovis.
b) Simultaneously it was established a
complex anti-TB surveillance and monitoring system at all levels of human
medical service supported by well equipped diagnostic laboratories.
c) The eradication programme depended firstly on the reliability of available diagnostic method and on the uniformity of its result interpretation in the whole country. The programme was made possible thanks to the ability of mass testing to detect a l l TB cattle herds in the country and to identify with good reliability all animals infected by TB. In other words, the first precondition was a very good knowledge of specific bovine TB epizootiological situation and its effective continuous monitoring and surveillance.
d) To discover and isolate all foci, total populations of cows and heifers were tested in average twice every year. Additionally, animals were tested before moving into newly established large-scale livestock units, before the sale for breeding, in the quarantine, in the herds and areas under risk identified by thorough epizootiological investigation. Positive animals were visibly marked with a triangular hole (sides of 2 cm) in the left auricle (the right auricle was used for similar marking of brucellosis cattle) and not more subjected to repeated testing to avoid problems with potential false negative results (repeated tests can have different results creating doubts about the correctness of the first positive result = creating undesirable doubts even about feasibility of the programme goals).
e) Particular attention was paid to clinical and post-mortem suspect cases, newly discovered outbreaks, contact animals and new cases in man. Immediate action was taken to trace the disease source and route of spread using complex diagnostic methods and thorough epizootiological analysis. Every case was different requiring different approaches. The national reference centre for bovine tuberculosis was referred to for a final opinion in dubious cases unable to be solved locally.
f) Important
role had veterinary diagnostic laboratories to investigating samples
such as milk, meat, lymph glands, viscera, sputa, faeces, etc. suspected to be infected or
contaminated by M. bovis.
Extraordinary importance had laboratory investigation in suspect cases and
confirming new outbreaks as well as in deciding differential diagnosis.
g) The results of positive findings
were reported through vertical management channels up to central veterinary and
human medicine administration for evaluation and response at corresponding
management levels. Mutual coordination and information between both services,
in particular between epizootiological and epidemiological networks, were
exemplary.
h) The
extraordinary intensity of bovine TB surveillance and monitoring, based upon
allergic testing, document following data (Tab. 23):
– pre-eradication phase 1955-1959: 10,285,013 tests, i.e. ratio tests/population was 0.71
– eradication (attack) phase 1960-1968: 46,792,088 tests, i.e.
ration tests/population was 1.74
– initial post-eradication
phase 1969-1979: 62,083,747 tests, i.e. ratio tests/population was 1.78
– follow-up periods:
1980-1989:
46,567,384 tests, i.e. ratio tests/population was 1.33
1990-2000:
18,060,839 tests, i.e. ratio tests/population was 0.78.
i) Altogether, between 1955 and 2000, 183,789,071 tests were carried out, i.e. tests/population ratio was 1.37. A maximal annual test/population ratio of 2.20 was reached in 1967 during the most intensive eradication measures.
j) Anti-M.bovis monitoring and surveillance in
cattle population was carried out also in human population and among other susceptible
animal species, such as sheep, goat, pigs, etc. to detect in time eventual
sources threatening bovine TB elimination campaign. Bovine TB positive domestic
animals after being discovered were immediately sent for slaughter.
3.8 Information system
a) Existing epizootiological
information system was revised and transformed into an instrument targeting
at anti-TB programme support. Clear cut objectives facilitated to formulate
information strategy based on specifically oriented collection, collation and
dissemination of data important for TB situation analyses, evaluation of the programme development and detection of eventual problems
to be solved.
b) There were tested, prepared,
printed and distributed special data collecting forms such as for
tuberculin testing, for monthly reporting on epizootiological situation
(including bovine TB) and on veterinary service activities (including anti-TB
planned and ad hoc actions). Particular
forms were issued for semi-annual detailed reporting on cattle TB situation and
anti-TB programme development, for monitoring the use of government
anti-TB subsidies, etc.
c) The integrated information system included data of all components of veterinary services organization, i.e. not only data from field, district, regional and provincial veterinarians but also data from slaughterhouses and diagnostic laboratories. All were processed, evaluated and analyse to be used for decision-making on further anti-TB programme measures considering also other influencing factors. Summary data were published in veterinary statistical yearbook and distributed for information to selected units of veterinary service organization, institutions and organizations involved in the campaign.
d) Every year a yearbook called “Surveillance of anthropozoonoses” was issued and widely distributed. This publication contained the summary (with professional comments) of all findings on the major zoonoses (including M. bovis) from all components of both surveillance and monitoring systems carried out by veterinary and human medicine services.
3.10 Education and training
a) The curriculum of veterinary
faculties in
b) To compensate the gap, caused by
closed universities during the war 1939-1945, it was increased the number of
new students of veterinary medicine in existing veterinary faculty in Brno
(e.g. maximum number of students was reached in 1948/49 academic year – 1,235).
In 1952 was founded a new veterinary faculty in Košice,
b) An Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education was established within the framework of State Veterinary Service. Practically all veterinarians passed special courses on bovine TB and brucellosis eradication with the aim the trainees to be able to carry out correctly and uniformly all instructions and tasks related to the campaign against bovine TB and brucellosis. E.g., two weeks courses for field veterinarians were concluded by the examinations, including practical performance and interpretation of tuberculin tests. Similar training supporting anti-TB programme was organized also for veterinarians working in slaughterhouses and diagnostic laboratories.
c) Every year in January there were organized 3-weeks courses for all provincial and regional epizootiologists to be informed about critical analysis of previous year results, acquainted in details with new instructions, annual plan tasks, their assurance, inputs’ availability and problems expected in the coming year and ways of their solution. The courses also offered the chance for open discussion with the programme leaders, for experience exchange and for eventual critics of some central institutions steps.
d) The training courses proved to be a key factor to unify anti-TB measures in the whole country avoiding misinterpretation, conflicts between veterinarians and cattle owner and doubts about the programme and its performance. The course teachers were national leaders of the campaign and selected specialists, the best of the country, having practical field experience.
3.11 Trade adjustment
a) Complex and demanding eradication procedures required not only extraordinary professional, organisational, economic and social measures, but also a temporary adjustment of national trade policy. Particular trade regulations during TB cattle eradication programme consisted in allocating a temporary meat and milk purchase quota to the national agency in charge of purchasing agriculture products.
b) Provinces and regions with TB-free status or with very low TB prevalence reduced during national anti-TB programme the slaughter of cattle and thus highly affected provinces, regions and ranches were given a chance to increase slaughter as required by the accelerated eradication programme. The national demand for meat was met in this manner without any cut-off in meat supply of inhabitants.
c) On the other hand, TB-free provinces and regions or with very low TB prevalence delivered healthy cattle, mainly pregnant heifers, to depopulated ranches/farms to recommence breeding and production as well as to other ranches/farms after prematurely culling all TB cattle and necessary follow-up sanitation.
d) The quota for milk trade was set
in the opposite manner, i.e. lower in highly affected provinces and regions
because of the reduction in number of milking cows due to premature accelerated
slaughter. On the other hand, in TB-free provinces and regions the quota was
increased to maintain national milk trade level.
e) The planned
replacement of tuberculosis cattle involved organised transfer of healthy
cattle from TB-free ranches, regions and provinces in
3.12 Planning
a) Relatively
good knowledge of starting situation facilitated the planning of the programme
targets for partial annual results to be achieved TB cattle eradication, i.e. reaching
zero prevalence by the fixed deadline - end of 1968.
For this purpose there were used and combined different methods:
aa) planning of TB cattle number reduction at the end of individual years using prognosis direct line combined with prognosis curve line;
ab) planning of TB-free cattle number
increase at the end of individual years using prognosis direct line combined with prognosis curve line.
ac) The course of the TB
cattle eradication followed more or less the line as was initially planned. The
practice proved that the plan of TB cattle reduction in the form of sinusoid
curve was more realistic in comparison with the form of direct line (Tab. 8).
b) Resulting
national plan data were scheduled for individual provinces in agreement
with them (provincial veterinary service, provincial administrative authorities
and farmers’ representation) after considering all relevant factors (staff,
funds, material, facilities, logistic, assistance, etc.). Similar approach was
carried out at regional level and livestock enterprise levels in order
to assure vertical and horizontal inter-linkage of all the programme management.
At the level of ranches affected by bovine TB the programme targets and
activities were included in their production and economic plans as an
integrated component. Every ranch knew its tasks and eradication deadline to
respect. Individual plans, respecting national instructions and local
conditions, contained final date for local TB cattle eradication and a list of individual
anti-tuberculosis activities with deadlines and personal responsibilities.
c) All anti-TB plans were evaluated at least annually and when necessary they were flexibly adapted to the new situation in order to achieve the final target more effectively.
4. The eradication (attack)
phase
4.1 Implementation of the programme
During the eradication
phase there were applied all prepared above mentioned methods in full
intensity and dimension targeting at the final goal. Attention was given to all
relevant factors i.e. epizootiological situation development (TB cattle
prevalence, incidence, extinction and other indicators) and eradication process
influencing elements. Detailed combination of the indicators reflecting
the final goal criterion, i.e. TB cattle prevalence as the result of incidence
and extinction see
in Tab. 9.
4.2 Cattle population testing
a) Number of
tuberculin tests was adapted to the needs of the programme and actual
epizootiological situation: starting in 1959 with 3,512,398 tests, reaching
maximum in 1967 with 6,109,595 tests and finishing in 1968 with 5,825,501. Total
number during 1959-1968 was 50,304,486 tests. Ratios TB cattle/population
started with 1.16 in 1959, culminated in1967 with 2.20 and finishing with 2.17
in 1968. This intensive testing provided very good information on
epizootiological situation, controlling anti-TB measures and fulfilment of the
eradication programme. (Tab. 2)
b) Number of investigated
cattle was increasing from 2,629,705 heads (88.05 % of cattle population)
in 1959 up to 2,855,558 (96.93 %) in 1968 reaching maximum 97.35 % in 1965.
(Tab. 2). Number of investigated cows was increasing
from 91.35 % in 1959 reaching maximum 99.96 % in 1965. (Tab.
10).
c) During this
phase there were discovered many new TB cases. Maximum positive results
were in 1959 – 357,903 while in 1968 were registered only 5,243 positive cases
in spite of very intensive tuberculin testing. The number of positive cases was reduced 68 times. Cumulative
number of new positive cases during 1959 – 1968 reached 932,747. (Tab. 9).
d) The number of positively tested cases started with maximum at
the beginning of the eradication programme as the consequences of previous
insufficient anti-TB measures and incomplete cattle population coverage by
tuberculin testing (e.g. in 1957 – 53 %, 1958 – 72.01 %). The number of positive
tests was gradually decreased thanks to the impact of intensive anti-TB
measures.
4.3 Incidence
Bovine TB incidence rate (new cases/population) was decreasing from 0.1214
(357,903 new cases) in 1959 to 0.0018 (5,243 new cases) in 1968. This indicator
was reflecting decreasing gaps in protective measures. These measures
being gradually more effective conduced to limit the number of new TB cattle
cases. (Tab. 9)
4.4 Extinction
Bovine TB extinction as the opposite indicator to incidence reflected
the intensity of TB cattle eradication, i.e. fulfilling the programme. In
1959 was eliminated 226,633 TB cattle and in the last
year of the programme all remaining 24,720 TB cattle to reach zero prevalence
at the end of 1968. During this period were eliminated all previous TB cattle
(497,006 at the end of 1958) and all newly detected TB cattle (932,747), i.e.
altogether 1,429,753 TB cattle. Values of relative indicator TB cattle extinction
rate decreased from 0.0768 in 1959 up to
0.0083 in 1968. (Tab. 3). Eliminated TB cattle were
sent to slaughterhouses, eventually to rendering plant in case of clinical form
of the tuberculosis. (Tab. 16 and 19).
4.5 Prevalence
a) Bovine TB point prevalence (at the end of year) in 1959 reaching
628,276 TB cattle heads was reduced by the end of 1968 to zero. Bovine TB prevalence rate started with 21,03 % in 1959 to be reduced to zero in 1968. (Tab. 9). Prevalence of TB cows reaching in 1959
catastrophic values of 461,345 TB cows, i.e. prevalence rate of 32.26 % was
also reduced to zero by the end of 1968. (Tab. 10).
b) Estimated linear trend (least square line) of bovine TB prevalence
values was expressed in following formula of chronological time series: Y = 313813.59 – 80955.39 X (Tab. 11).
The trend value for the whole
4.6 Slaughterhouse TB findings
The
macroscopic findings of TB in Czechoslovak slaughterhouses were reported during
eradication phase in 1,684,227 heads of cattle (991,656 cows – 58.88 %,
239,700 heifers – 14.23 %, 30,710 calves – 1.82 % and 422,161 others – 25.07 %).
(Tab. 15). During the same period there were confiscated
due to TB findings: 1,572,888 lungs, 369,237 livers, 418,177 intestines, 22,986
uterus, 63,354 udders and 358,911 total bodies (generalized TB). (Tab. 16).
4.7 Replacement of
TB cattle
TB cattle were replaced first of all by the local TB-free cattle, mainly
by pregnant heifers and high yielding cows. There was interest to exploit
eradication programme for improving genetically dairy cattle herds to be more
productive. However, in the most affected herds and farms destined for the
depopulation, it was necessary to introduce TB-free cattle from other ranches,
regions and provinces. During eradication phase there were transferred
for this purpose in organized form in
4.8 Epizootiological
characteristics of bovine TB situation
a) During TB cattle eradication phase all collected data were processed
and used for continuous monitoring and analyses of different epizootiological
indicators characterizing specific dynamic process in time and space.
b) The TB situation was characterized not only by the simple classical
epizootiological indicators of disease morbidity (incidence and point prevalence)
mentioned above but also by many other
ones having different importance in different time and places.
c) Cattle population epizootiological structure was reflected in
the number of different epizootiological characteristics such as: total TB-free,
TB-free non-exposed, TB-free exposed indirectly, TB-free exposed directly, TB
indeterminate cattle, total TB cattle, TB cattle without specific clinical
symptoms and TB cattle with clinical symptoms. Every epizootiological category
required different approach and measures considering always the stage of TB
development, local conditions and influencing factors. (Tab.
17).
d) The TB cattle eradication
programme was influenced also by territorial structure of TB cattle
distribution which was very irregular at local, district, region, province as
well as national country level. Epizootiological maps on TB cattle herds location represented very important tools for
programme strategy and tactics, for different grade of attention and support to
different territories. It was necessary to expand bovine TB-free territories
gradually to reach finally all country cattle population to be free of this
zoonosis.
e) The TB cattle eradication programme was influenced also by sector
structure of affected farms and ranches. Every sector – private, cooperative
and state represented, in spite of similar bovine TB epizootiological situation,
different management and economic conditions what must be always considered when applying anti-TB
measures. State ranches were not of need to be included in government special
anti-TB subsidies policy (necessary funds for anti-TB programme were included
in their production/economic plans) while the other sectors needed government financial help. (Tab.
22).
f) For the evaluation of the TB cattle situation it was necessary sometimes
to use other than classical indicators such as ratios of TB cattle to cattle
of other
epizootiological characteristics: ratio of diseased/healthy
animals, ratio of healthy/diseased animals, ratio of diseased/intrafocal
animals, ratio of intrafocal/diseased animals, ratio of diseased/at risk
animals, ratio of at risk/diseased animals, ratio of diseased/investigated
animals and ratio of investigated/diseased animals.
(Tab. 4).
g) Often it was useful to evaluate
indicators related to TB cattle new cases such as: Ratio of new cases
per one space unit, ratio of territory per one new case, ratio new cases per
one time unit, ratio of time period per one new case, ratio of new cases per
one diseased animal, ratio of diseased animals per one new case, etc. (Tab. 5, 6).
h) There were monitored individual sectors’ TB
situation as one of the criteria for eradication process evaluation.
Among the important aspects belonged the tendencies of decreasing number of
ranches with TB cattle, ranches although without TB cattle but yet in
“observation period” and increasing number of officially recognized TB cattle
free ranches. (Tab. 27, 28).
4.9 Clinical, postmortem and
laboratory investigations
a) Particular attention was given to cattle with advanced and clinically
recognizable form (“open tuberculosis”) representing the most dangerous
source for animals and humans at specific TB risk. The ratio open-TB cases/TB cow
prevalence was in
b) Comparative study of postmortem macroscopic TB findings at
slaughterhouses among cows marked as tuberculin positive showed the coincidence
in 84.16 %. On the other hand, in 21.24
% cows marked as tuberculin positive was not found any postmortem macroscopic
TB changes. (Tab. 18).
c) Allergic, postmortem and epizootiological investigations were in
suspect cases complemented by laboratory investigation of different
samples such as milk, sputum, organs’ tissues, etc.. (Tab. 20).
5. Programme
management
5.1 Inter-sector
commissions for bovine TB eradication programme
a) Czechoslovak government resolution No 781 of
b) There were established similar high level inter-sector commissions
in all provinces and regions where as the Chairmen were Deputy Presidents
of the local governments and as the Secretaries were nominated provincial and
regional Chief Veterinary Officers. These commissions were composed of the
highest decision-competent empowered representatives of sectors and institutions involved in
the campaign. These commissions had analogical purpose as the central one.
c) The commissions played very important role due to the fact that the
power and resources of State Veterinary Service couldn’t assure themselves many
duties and measures required by the programme. Beside management, material and
financial support the commissions had also indirect role consisting in
psychological support of the campaign and of veterinary services providing them
encouragement to fulfill extraordinary demanding and long-term professional and
management duties.
5.2 Veterinary
service organization structure
a) In 1951 all field, slaughterhouse and diagnostics laboratory
veterinary services were unified into government organization structure
as government public service responsible for animal health in the country, i.e.
for animal population health protection, treatment of diseased animals and
control of mass diseases including those transmissible to man.
b) Simultaneously the structure of veterinary service was changed from
originally horizontal management into vertical one, i.e. centrally
organized and supervised by Veterinary Department of the Ministry of
Agriculture. The direct vertical management of the service was implemented through
Provincial and Regional Veterinary Directorates without any intermediary
bodies. This organizational arrangement facilitated relatively easy
communication and logistic between different strata of anti-epizootic
programmes management. The same principle of vertical management was applied
also for budgetary policy of the unified, centralized and relatively
independent State Veterinary Service.
c) The solutions of provincial and regional anti-TB problems, i.e. at horizontal
levels, were facilitated thanks to above mentioned inter-sector commissions.
d) Centrally organized and vertically managed veterinary
organization proved to be extraordinary important arrangement facilitating
uniform and well coordinated
approach to and implementation of anti-TB programme.
5.3 Veterinary
service staff – professional and supporting (specialization)
a) All veterinarians and veterinary institutions at all managerial
levels were involved in the anti-TB campaign having clearly identified
their role and responsibility following the particular plans. The eradication
of cattle TB was declared as the number-one-task of all veterinary service
having the priority before any other problems.
b) In 1958 was established a network of provincial and regional
epizootiologists within provincial and regional veterinary service
directorates. All epizootiologists were subordinated methodologically to
National Chief Epizootiologist (author of this paper) who was professionally
responsible for the country anti-epizootic programmes and their results. This resulted in an
uniform professional approach, programme preparation, management, co-ordination,
supervision and evaluation. In some provinces
with very high TB morbidity there was temporarily established so called
veterinary phthiseologist dedicating his activity only to anti-TB programme. Epizootiologist
duties were also to help local veterinary service,
mainly in final epizootiological diagnosis identifying affected and non
affected cattle and herds (e.g. difficulty with detecting TB-anergents with
generalized TB form, to distinguish paraspecific tuberculin reaction due to M. avium or other mycobacteria) and in
the selection of the best procedure of TB eradication. The epizootiologists’ network has been used up today for other
anti-epizootic programmes exploiting the experience gained during anti-TB
campaign.
c) At central and all provincial diagnostic laboratories were established well
equipped and staffed units for TB diagnosis.
d) For difficult-to-solved field and diagnosis problems a reference
laboratory was made available (Brno Veterinary Research Institute, Laboratory
for mycobacteria – headed by M. Pavlas) to help on the spot where provincial or
regional services were not able to clarify epizootiological situation (e.g.
differentiate cases caused by M. bovis
and by other mycobacteria – unspecific reactions of tuberculin test).
5.3 Veterinary
facilities
a) Director, Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture
administered also several, mostly newly established and gradually developed, institutions
and facilities supporting also anti-epizootic activities including anti-TB
programme:
aa) central and
provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories (in average 1-3 in a
province) relatively well staffed and equipped able to diagnose also bovine TB
histologically and bacteriologically;
bb) factory for
veterinary biologics production (Bioveta Ivanovice), including also PPD
tuberculin to meet all requirements in terms of quality and quantity;
cc) Institute for State Control
of Veterinary Biologics (in
dd) Veterinary Sanitation
Institute (HQs in Prague), with a network of rendering plants and fleets of special
camions, was made responsible for collecting and processing dead and
confiscated sanitary slaughtered animals as well as non-consumable animal
products; its role was also to carry out demanding intrafocal and post-focal
disinfection (current and closing sanitation)
by specially trained staff provided with modern equipment;
ee) Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education (in Pardubice)
to organize postgraduate training courses for all categories of professional
and supporting staff according to veterinary service needs giving the priority
to key national animal programmes.
ff) Institute for Veterinary Extension (in Pardubice) producing
materials for public information and education to support animal health
programmes and to publish copies of all relevant regulations, instructions and
information to be available to all veterinarians and to all units of veterinary
service organization.
b) Extraordinary important and demanding anti-epizootic programmes, such
as campaign against bovine TB and brucellosis starting under very difficult conditions
caused by foot-and-mouth disease epizootics, provided an opportunity to
significantly strengthen government veterinary service thanks to unusual
support by the government and public opinion. This chance was exploited to get
necessary funds for veterinary service, its staff, investment policy, material
provisions, transport, etc. In other words, it was established a strong
centrally organized
and competent action oriented veterinary service having high
social prestige. The support continued during two next decades thanks to good
results of target-oriented veterinary service anti-epizootic activities (e.g.
14 communicable diseases of animals were eradicated).
5.4 Material supply
a) The anti-TB campaign required to assure necessary amount of PPD tuberculin
and tuberculin test instruments such as calibrated syringes and callipers.
Instruments for cattle fixation and sputum extractors were assured as well.
b) Veterinary service was gradually provided with necessary number of cars
for field veterinarians and special transport means: for collection of samples
for laboratories; for collection of dead and confiscated slaughtered
animals and confiscated animal products to
be transferred in rendering factories and for diagnostic mobile
laboratories.
c) Special mobile equipments for
cleansing and disinfection in outbreak areas were made available as
well. It was assured necessary amount of anti-TB disinfections preparations
(mainly based on chlorine, e.g. 2-5 % chloramine).
d) Veterinary service was provided
by necessary protective
clothing and footwear.
e) All above mentioned material
was of Czechoslovak provenience.
5.5 Funds
a) The budget for government veterinary service was significantly
strengthened and allocation of the funds was giving priorities to the
activities and investments linked with anti-TB campaign.
b) The government allocated funds for subsidies to cover the
losses of livestock producers due to anti-TB programme, i.e. to pay mainly the
price difference between cattle normal value and slaughter value of prematurely
culled TB cattle. (Tab. 22). The system was developed by starting pilot field
testing in 1959 comparing different forms of financial support of agriculture
cooperatives - decisive sector in anti-TB campaign.
c) All anti-TB actions carried out by public services were for animal
owners and for participating non-governmental organizations free of charge
being financed by the state.
d) All education at veterinary faculties as well as all
postgraduate training courses in the Institute for Postgraduate
Veterinary Education were fully financed by the government (through
Ministry of Education and Veterinary Department of the Ministry of
Agriculture).
e) The process was stimulated by financial motivation (premiums) and by different forms of competition supported also by National Insurance Agency. This Agency was helping veterinary service also in mobilizing private and cooperative farmers and using its insurance funds for covering a part of losses. (Tab. 34).
Important role
supporting the bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis eradication programmes
played Vaclav Famfule, officer of the National Insurance Agency.
5.6 Extension –
publications
a) For supporting anti-TB campaign there were used different forms of
national and local mass information media such as newspapers and radio.
b) There was produced enormous number of different extension material
for public, farmers and consumers, e.g. informative brochures on TB of domestic
animals (Klobouk, 1956 and Klobouk, Pavlas, 1957)
c) There were published different documents informing about bovine
TB, control methods, importance for human health and national anti-TB campaign
d) There was published a compendium (Editor: J. Dražan, 1962) containing all
necessary scientific information on TB for veterinary specialists and several brochures for farmers.
e) In 1962 there was produced three-piece colour film on bovine
tuberculosis financed by National Insurance Agency.
5.7 Research
a) Initial steps of specific TB research was
concentrated on the compilation of world literature to can exploit the
results already available.
b) Specific research was dedicated to study of epizootiological
characteristics of bovine TB, resistance of M.
bovis under country particular conditions and TB intravital differential diagnosis
- the difference between non-M.bovis
and other agents provoking mammal tuberculin reactions.
c) Special
comparative study was carried out regarding the coincidence between the
slaughtered cattle marked intravitally as TB positive (hole in auricle) and postmortem
macroscopic finding of TB changes. (Tab. 18).
c) The main institutions dealing with bovine TB research were: Universities
of Veterinary Sciences in
5.8 Collaboration with epidemiological service
a) The
campaign against bovine TB represented an integral component of national
programme against tuberculosis in man.
b) Very close cooperation between veterinary and human medicine at all managerial and laboratory diagnostic levels represented important factor in timely detecting new TB cases and tracing the M. bovis sources. The veterinary and public health services played a key role in undertaking intensive surveillance with adequate follow-up response.
c) Important role had a common National Commission for Anthropozoonoses headed alternately by Chief Epidemiologist and Chief Epizootiologist and composed of top level specialists of both services for anti-zoonoses programmes (including anti-TB) coordination.
d) The network of epizootiologists was linked
with a similar network of epidemiologists in the public health service.
Their collaboration in the field, in laboratories, as well as at managerial level was
excellent.
6. Results
a) The main
result of the preparatory phase was the identification of specific
epizootiological situations and of influencing factors, the selection of an
appropriate eradication methods and the creation of indispensable conditions
while eradication phase represented practical implementation of the programme.
b) Zero
prevalence in cattle was achieved by the end of 1968 (Tab. 9). Complete
recovery of the cattle population was reached by removing and replacing all TB
cattle. The eradication was achieved simultaneously in the
c) During the preparatory
and eradication (attack)
phases were detected 932,747
new tuberculin-positive bovines. All existing 1,429,753 TB diseased cattle
(497,006 found at the beginning plus new ones) were slaughtered and replaced
by healthy animals. (Tab. 3,11).
d) Reduction
of TB cattle prevalence from 628,276 at the end of 1959
to 0 at the end of 1968, i.e. reduction of TB
prevalence rate from 21.03 at the end of
1959 to 0.00
at the end of 1968; (Tab. 9).
e) Reduction
of TB cows prevalence from 461,345 at the end of 1959 to 0 at the end of
1968, i.e. reduction of TB prevalence
rate from 32.26 at the end of 1959
to 0.00 at the end of 1968 (Tab. 10). The number of cows with advanced
and clinically recognized tuberculosis in
f) Reduction
of TB cattle incidence from 357,903
in 1959 to 5,243 in 1968, i.e. reduction of TB incidence rate
from 0.1214 in 1959 to 0.0018
in 1968 (Tab. 9).
g) Reduction
of new positive test results from
357,903 to 5,243 in 1968, i.e. reduction of new positive tests percentage from
10.1897 % in 1959 to 0.0899 % in 1968;
increase of the ratio TB tests/positive results from 9.8138267 in 1959
to 1111.3127 in 1968 (Tab. 9).
h) The TB eradication
in cattle in
*) Government anti-TB subsidies to livestock producers
during 1960-1968 in the whole
i) A simple
annual benefit/cost ratio of > 1 was reached until in the third year
of the programme. A cumulative benefit/cumulative cost ratio of > 1 was
reached until in the fourth year of the programme. (Tab. 24).
Before the programme cost was higher than the programme benefit. It was not
easy to explain to those who expected the benefit to be higher than the cost already from the
beginning.
j) At the end
of TB cattle eradication in 1968 the simple benefit (benefit - cost)
reached US$ 903 million (US$ 1039 – US$ 112 million) and the indicator benefit/cost
reached 9.2768 (1039/112) – 9.2768 : 1. (Tab. 24)
k) The same year the difference between cumulative benefit (US$ 4799 million) and cumulative cost (US$ 1488 million), including all years of the eradication programme, reached US$ 3311 million, i.e. ratio of cumulative benefit to cumulative cost was estimated to be 3.2251 – 3.2251 : 1.(Tab. 25).
The cumulative
benefit was represented by the specific disease-free status being transferred
to following cattle generations, thereby preventing repetition of previous
losses. In other words the b e n e f i t of disease free status has continued (avoiding the initial losses)
during next periods thanks to health 'reproduction' in following animal
generations, i.e. to m u l t i p l y i n g
e f f e c t. After-eradication saved value = loss at programme beginning multiplied by
specific-disease-free time.
l) By the tenth
year after the TB eradication (1978) in country cattle population the ratio
of cumulative benefit/cumulative cost
reached the value of 9.2559 : 1
(US$ 15189 million / US$ 1641 million), taking into account the cost of
post-eradication surveillance. The ratio of cumulative benefit to the
discounted total cost reached theoretically 16 : 1.
However, the discount method cannot be applied on the cumulative public health,
biological, ecological and economic benefits which were increasing, i.e.
multiplying (not decreasing), in time. (Tab. 25).
m) By the
year 2000 the cumulative value saved from the programme beginning reached
about US$ 3700 million thanks to avoiding initial losses.
n) Tuberculosis eradication in cattle helped to prevent new cases of M. bovis infection in the human population. During post-eradication period the infection was discovered only in elder persons exposed in the past to this etiological agent – endogenous reactivation of persisting infection. (Tab. 26).
Example: In Respiratory Disease Sanatorium for
Children in Sumperk in 1957 were treated 181 children and in 1967 only 32
children affected by M. bovis.
Monetary criteria are not suitable for
evaluating the benefit to human health.
o) Successful
programme brought increased amount of produced meat and milk reflected in increased income
of the producers. In
p) The export of cattle, milk and meat was facilitated bringing further profit to the country.
q) Analogical
positive impacts were also in
7. Post-eradication period
a) To retain the success achieved, the post-eradication period was dedicated to a special surveillance system consisting mainly of intensive country-wide allergic investigations the priority being given to critical places and strategic moments and periods. During post-eradication periods the priority interest of veterinary service was to maintain the TB cattle prevalence at zero level. Annual average of tuberculin tests during 1969-1979 was 5,643,977 (ratio tests/population = 1.78), during 1980-1989 this average was 4,656,738 (ratio tests/population = 1.34) and during 1990-2000 this average was 1,641,894 (ratio tests/population = 0.79). Mass tuberculin testing has continued up today within the framework of epizootiological monitoring and surveillance. (Table 23).
b) Extraordinary attention was given to postmortem inspection of slaughtered cattle and other susceptible animal species to detect eventual TB herds.
c) The surviving source of M. bovis, represented by affected persons being in the past in contact with TB cattle or consuming TB infected or contaminated milk, was still threatening. Due to the fact that M. bovis infection among humans is of subclinical form (mostly extrapulmonary) the discovery was mainly ad hoc when investigating the patients for other reasons or during postmortem autopsy.
d) Any tuberculin positive animal or TB suspect bovine was immediately isolated and sent to sanitary slaughter following by postmortem macroscopic investigation and when necessary also by laboratory mycobacteriological investigation to confirm or reject provisional diagnosis. A lot of problems were caused by other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium provoking allergic reactions similar as in case of M. bovis. Therefore the importance of using simultaneous tuberculin test, i.e. applying bovine (mammal) tuberculin and avian tuberculin simultaneously, was increasing. In the cases of diagnostic doubts difficult to decide, the measures followed the same strict procedure as in the cases of M. bovis confirmation (Tab. 34).
e) Epizootiological investigations of TB in other animal species based mainly on allergic testing were intensified and positive animals were immediately isolated and slaughtered.
f) During the post-eradication period there were applied extraordinary strict protection measures against eventual introduction of TB cattle from abroad. Strict anti-TB measures continued controlling trade in cattle and other TB susceptible animals and their products.
g) TB research was concentrated on the study of different types of mycobacteria in relation to M.bovis differential diagnosis and their epizootiology.
h) Due to continuing tuberculin testing as the
most important anti-TB activity the expenses were already low but still
existing. (Tab. 24).
8. Conclusion
a) The
eradication of the tuberculosis in cattle population at national level is not
an easy task. The imposition of a
relatively short eradication
deadline and the more radical approach described above proved to be useful and
effective under the Czech and
b) Accelerated
TB eradication during one cattle generation consisted in exploiting the
reproduction process of the national cattle population with a temporary
quota regulating national trade in meat and milk. Discovering and isolating a l l TB herds and a consistent system approach
were the most important preconditions for the programme.
c) The active
participation of about two thousand veterinarians in the field,
slaughterhouses, laboratories, research and service management, as well as the
close co-operation of the public services,
were crucial to the success achieved. A centralised State Veterinary
Service, strong in manpower, material, facilities and budget proved to be
the backbone of this extremely complex and demanding programme. Co-operation
with farmer organisations and support of the public and their representatives
were exemplary. Strict measures for very limited imports of cattle, due to
increasing self-sufficiency in meat and milk production, helped to protect the
country from M. bovis introduction.
d) The
strategy and method adopted proved to be not only biologically, but also
economically effective under the given conditions. The results have been
reflected in substantial improvement of the breeding, production and
reproductive performances of the cattle population and in ensuring tuberculosis-free
milk and milk products. The absence of an effective eradication programme
would have resulted in further disease
spreading, major economic losses and number of new TB affected humans would be
major than at the beginning of the programme.
e) The
eradication was achieved within one cattle generation, without reducing
national cattle population or beef and milk production or the income of farmers.
Ten years after TB elimination, the cumulative benefit/cost ratio was estimated
to be 9 : 1. Post-eradication surveillance confirmed a
tuberculosis-free status. The eradication of tuberculosis in cattle population
has resulted in an increase in meat and milk production as well as in trade. Up
to the year 2000, TB elimination in 1968 had averted previous losses
which cumulated value was approximately US$ 3700 million and had saved
thousands of persons from becoming affected by this zoonosis.
e) The result
of the eradication of TB in cattle had lasting consequences. The
TB-free status in cattle population in
*) “Official Journal of the European Union, L 102/75 dated 7.4.2004: COMMISSION DECISION of
(8) The Czech Republic as
regards its territory submitted to the Commission documentation demonstrating
compliance with all requirements laid down in Annex A(I)(4) to Directive
64/432/EEC in order that the whole territory of the Czech Republic may be
declared officially free of tuberculosis as regards bovine herds.
(13) Following evaluation of
the documentation submitted by
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26) Polák L. (1967) - Eradikace tuberkulózy skotu v Èeskoslovensku v letech 1959-1966
(Studie legislativních, metodických a organizaèních opatøení).
Habilitaèní práce, Vysoká škola veterinární v Brnì
27) Polák L., Keèek, J. (Editors) – (1972-1989)
Komplexní technicko-ekonomické rozbory Státní veterinární služby, (Complex
technical-economical analyses of State Veterinary Service),
28) Popluhár L.,
Vrtiak O.J. (1960) – Boj proti tuberkuloze hospodárskych zvierat. Slovenské vydavatelstvo podohospodárskej literatury,
29) Popluhár L., Vrtiak O.J. (1966) – Latentné
formy a anergenty v úlohe zdroja tuberkuloznej
infekcie u hovadzieho dobytka. Vet. Med. 11, 8: 523-528
30) Raška K. (1959)
– K epidemiologické problematice bovinního typu tuberkulozy u nás. Veterináøství,
9, s. 282-287
31) Trefný J.,
Hejdová E.,Trnka L. (1983) – Srovnání epidemiologického vývoje tuberkulozy
dýchacích ústrojí a tuberkulozy mimoplicní v ÈSR a SSR v letech 1966 až 1980.
Stud. Pneumol.phtiseol.czechoslov., 43, s. 427-436
32) Zajíèek, D. (Editor) – (1971-1988) Surveillance
Anthropozoonoz v Èeské republice. (Surveillance of
anthropozoonoses in the
Official documents:
1. Tuberkulosa. In: Smìrnice Ministerstva
zemìdìlství o ochranì zvíøat pøed nákazami a o zdolání nákaz zvíøat è.j. 78.650-X-3/51 ze dne 8. srpna 1951. .(Instructions for the protection of animals against infections and their
eradication, Ministry of Agriculture) 64 pp.
2. Opatøení proti tuberkuloze zvíøat. Ministerstvo
zemìdìlství, è.j. 112.195/1956 ze dne 27. dubna 1956 (Measures against bovine tuberculosis, Ministry of Agriculture,
3. Tlumení tuberkulozy – zpøesnìní plánù. Instrukce
Správy veterinární služby ministerstva zemìdìlství a lesního hospodáøství, è.j. 226.679/57-534 ze dne 30 listopadu 1957 (Bovine
tuberculosis control – improvement of eradication programmes. Instruction of
State Veterinary Service)
4. Vyhláška è. 187 ministerstva zemìdìlství a lesního
hospodáøství ze dne 12.prosince 1958 o opatøeních proti tuberkuloze skotu.
(Ordinance No. 187 of the Ministry of Agriculture on the measures against
bovine tuberculosis)
5. Smìrnice o opatøeních proti tuberkuloze
hospodáøských zvíøat ze dne 30. prosince 1958. Ministerstvo zemìdìlství a lesního hospodáøství. Sbírka instrukcí pro výkonné orgány národních výborù, Roè. 1959, èástka 1, poø.è. 2. (Instruction of the Ministry of
Agriculture against livestock tuberculosis)
6. Usnesení èeskoslovenské vlády è. 781 ze dne
16.záøí 1959 o postupné likvidaci tuberkulozy a brucelozy skotu v
Èeskoslovensku. (Czechoslovak Government resolution No. 781 on gradual
eradication of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis)
7. Smìrnice pro poskytování pøímé pomoci jednotným
zemìdìlským družstvùm. Vìstník ministerstva zemìdìlství a
lesního hospodáøství, 1959, èástka. 36, poø.è.116
8. Smìrnice k soutìžení jednotných zemìdìlských
družstev “Za ozdravení chovu skotu”. Vìstník ministerstva
zemìdìlství a lesního hospodáøství, 1960, èástka 6, poø.è. 10
9. Pokyny k provádìní tuberkulinových zkoušek u
hospodáøských zvíøat. Vìstník MZLH š. 3/1959,
è.j.534-197.771/1958 ze dne 31. prosince 1958
10. Opatøení k tlumení tuberkulozy a neplodnosti
hospodáøských zvíøat. Ministerstvo zemìdìlství, è.j.
87.981/224/59 ze dne 28. srpna 1959 (Measures of the
Ministry of Agriculture on the control of livestok tuberculosis and sterility)
11. Výnos ministerstva zemìdìlství a lesního
hospodáøství stanovující standardní metodiku laboratorního vyšetøování na tuberkulozu
12. Smìrnice pro ochranu pracovníkù zamìstnaných pøi
ošetøování zvíøat stižených tuberkulozou. Výnos ministerstva zdravotnictví,è.j. HE 3724 ze dne 27.6.1960
13. Zákon è. 66 ze dne 26. èervna
1961 o veterinární péèi (Law
No. 66/1961 of veterinary care)
14. Vyhláška è. 154 ministerstva zemìdìlství,
lesního a vodního hospodáøství ze dne 30. prosince 1961, kteriou se provádìjí
nìkterá ustanoven zákona o veterinární péèi (Ordinance No. 154/1961 of Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Waters for the implementation of some provisions of the law of
veterinary care dated 30 December 1961)
15. Smìrnice ministerstva zemìdìlství, lesního a vodního hospodáøství o veterinární péèi v
chovech zvíøat , è.j. 60400/62-43 ze dne 1. èervence
1962
16. Smìrnice ministerstva zemìdìlství pro
poskytování pøímé pomoci jednotným zemìdìlským družstvùm. Vìstník ministerstva
zemìdìlství, è.
21/1963 ze dne 16. února 1962 (Instruction
for veterinary care in animal breeding -
issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Waters under No. 60.400/62-43 in Prague, 1 July 1962)
17. Nové tiskopisy: výkazy, záznamy o tuberkulinaci
a potvrzení o výsledku tuberkulinace, vzor osvìdèení pro tuberkulozy prosté
závody, atd.
Annex – tables
Tab. 1
REGIONS ACCORDING THE
TB CATTLE PREVALENCE,
=============================================
Prevalence rate Number of Regions
----------------------------------------------------------
0-10 % 18
10-20 % 36
20-30 % 17
30-40 % 13
40-50 % 13
50-60 % 9
60-70 % 3
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 109
=============================================
Tab. 2
BOVINE TUBERCULIN TESTS, INVESTIGATED CATTLE AND POSITIVE RESULTS,
==============================================================================
Number of Ratio Number of Percentage Positive Percentage
Year tuberculin tests test/
investigated of investigated results of positive
/population cattle cattle results
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1953
598 310 0.21
110 839 18.5
1954
682 809 0.24
1955
792 876 0.28
1956
1 580 507
0.55
1957 2 143 651 0.75 1 508 570 53.00 289 505 19.1
1958 2 255 578 0.78 2 095 830 72.01
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959 3 512 398 1.16 2 629 705 88.05 357 903 10.19
1960 3 695 000 1.23 2 769 776 91.10 191 842 5.19
1961 4 244 789 1.47 2 956 412 94.39 117 275 2.76
1962 4 553 510 1.61 2 950 998 94.60 71 467 1.57
1963 4 985 552 1.73 2 948 861 94.90 57 073 1.14
1964 5 548 905 1.93 2 959 833 96.56 52 834 0.95
1965 5 884 803 2.12 2 931 821 97.35 43 215 0.73
1966 5 944 433 2.13 2 937 009 96.81 21 585 0.36
1967 6 109 595 2.20 2 946 194 97.01 14 603 0.24
1968 5 825 501 2.17 2 855 558 96.93 5 242 0.09
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1969
5 274 399
1.79
3 692 0.07
1970
5 941 897
2.01
1 782 0.03
1971
5 748 263
1.91
1 724 0.03
1972
6 034 455 1.95
1 810 0.03
1973
5 724 360
1.81
1 717 0.03
1974
5 622 914
1.78
1 689 0.03
1975
5 582 701
1.75 1 116 0.02
1976
5 280 454
1.65
743 0.01
1977
5 805 872
1.74
511 0.008
1978
5 457 376
1.59
478 0.008
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1979
5 611 056
1.64
420 0.007
1980
5 662 255
1.62
234 0.004
1981
5 811 534
1.63 217 0.004
1982
5 991 538
1.69
269 0.004
1983 5 576 010 1.57
227 0.004
1984
5 721 787
1.63
200 0.004
1985
3 933 249
1.14
182 0.004
1986
3 651 347
1.05 166 0.004
1987
3 529 099
1.02
217 0.004
1988
3 437 117
0.99
77 0.002
===============================================================================
TAB. 3
TUBERCULOUS CATTLE PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE AND EXTICTION,
===============================================================
INPUT DATA:
total
number of animals existing at the
beginning of the period
2987000
total
number of animals existing in the period 4161320
average
total number of animals existing in the period
3008500
number
of diseased animals at the beginning of the period 628276
number
of diseased animals existing in the period 753558
average
number of diseased animals in the period 629557
number
of new diseased animals in the
period 125282
number
of extinct diseased animals
(dead+slaughtered) in the period 124001
RATES:
Initial point prevalence rate
of diseased animals =
0.2103
Period prevalence rate of diseased
animals = 0.1811
Average prevalence rate of
diseased animals =
0.2093
Incidence rate of diseased
animals to existing total = 0.0301
Incidence rate of diseased
animals to average total =
0.0416
Incidence rate of diseased
animals to initial total =
0.0419
Extinction rate of diseased
animals to existing total =
0.0298
Extinction rate of diseased
animals to average total =
0.0412
Extinction rate of diseased
animals to initial total =
0.0415
=================================================================
Tab. 4
SELECTED RATIOS OF TUBERCULOUS CATTLE TO OTHER
EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES,
========================================================
INPUT DATA:
number
of diseased animals at the given time 628276
number
of healthy animals at the given time
2358824
number
of intrafocal animals at the given time 520333
number
of animals at risk at the given time 288426
number
of investigated animals at the given time
2769776
RATIOS:
Ratio of diseased/healthy
animals =
0.2664
Ratio of healthy/diseased
animals =
3.7544
Ratio of diseased/intrafocal
animals =
1.2074
Ratio of intrafocal/diseased
animals =
0.8282
Ratio of diseased/at risk
animals =
2.1783
Ratio of at risk/diseased
animals =
0.4591
Ratio of
diseased/investigated animals =
0.2268
Ratio of
investigated/diseased animals = 4.4085
============================================
Tab. 5
RATIOS OF NEW
CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE TO
SPACE AND
TIME UNITS,
=====================================================
INPUT DATA:
number of
disease new cases - 191842
space measure
unit - km2
number of space
measure units of the territory -78864
time measure
unit - day
number of time
measure units of the period - 365
RATIOS:
Ratio of disease new cases per one space
unit =
2.4326 / km2
Ratio of territory per one new case of
disease = 0.4111 km2
: 1
Ratio of disease new cases per one time
unit =
525.5945 / day
Ratio of time period per one new case of
disease = 0.0019 day
: 1
=====================================================
Tab. 6
RATIOS OF NEW
CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE TO TOTAL NUMBER
OF
TUBERCULOUS CATTLE,
=============================================================================
INPUT DATA:
number of
disease new cases - 191842
total number of
diseased animals at the beginning of the
period - 628276
total number of
diseased animals existing in the period
- 820118
total average
number of diseased animals existing in
the period - 629557
RATIOS:
Ratio of disease new cases per one diseased
animal existing
at the beginning of the period =
0.3053
Ratio of diseased animals existing at the beginning of the
period per one new case of disease
= 3.2750
Ratio of disease new cases per one
diseased animal existing in the period =
0.2339
Ratio of diseased animals existing in the period per one new
case of disease = 4.2750
Ratio of disease new cases per one diseased animal of
average number in the period = 0.3047
Ratio of diseased animals’ average number existing in the
period per one new case of disease
= 3.2816
==============================================================================
Tab. 7
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
TERRITORIAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION,
====================================================================
Subterritory
km2
Diseased Prevalence
Average
Proportion Percentage
animals rate
number
of Total of
Total
per km2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T o t a l 78858 630838 20.82
8.00 1.000000 100.0000
====================================================================
Tab. 8
PROGNOSIS/PLANNING AND REALITY OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
ERADICATION PROGRAMME, CZECH REPUBLIC, 1960-1968
=======================================================================
Number of TB cattle at the beginning of the programme in 1959:
628 276
Target at the end of 1968: 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
End of Year I n L i n e a r
F o r m
I n C u r v e F o r m
------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------- REALITY
Supposed
number Percentage Supposed number Percentage number
of TB cattle of final value of TB cattle of final value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1960
558 467
88.8889
609 331
96.9846 630 838
1961
488 659
77.7778 554 781 88.3022 565 659
1962
418 850
66.6667
471 207
75.0000 456 569
1963
349 042
55.5556 368 687 58.6825 349 757
1964
279 233
44.4444
259 588
41.3176 249 284
1965
209 425
33.3333 157 069 25.0001 158 267
1966
139 616
22.2222
73 494
11.6978 80 009
1967
69 808
11.1111 18 945 3.0154 19 477
1968
0
0
0 0 0
=======================================================================
Tab. 9
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE,
=============================================================
TB cattle Prevalence Number of TB
cattle Incidence Extinction
at
the end
---------------------------
-------------------------------
Year of % new eliminated to average number
the
year extinct of cattle
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 497 006 17.08
1959 628 276 21.03 357 903 226 633 0.1214 0.0768
1960 630 838 20.82 191 842 189 280 0.0416 0.0408
1961 565 659 18.06 117 275 182 454 0.0380 0.0592
1962 456 569 14.70 71 476 180 566 0.0229 0.0579
1963 349 757 11.26 57 073 163 885 0.0184 0.0528
1964 249 284 8.13 52 832 153 305 0.0171 0.0497
1965 158 267 5.26 43 215 134 232 0.0142 0.0442
1966 80 009 2.64 21 285 99 543
0.0071 0.0329
1967 19 477 0.64 14 603 75 135 0.0048 0.0248
1968 0 0 5 243 24 720 0.0018 0.0083
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 932 747 1 429 753
==============================================================
Tab. 10
INVESTIGATED COWS, TB
NUMBER AND PREVALENCE,
===================================================
At the Number of
Percentage Number of Prevalence
End of Investigated TB cows %
Year Cows
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 1 077 595 74.73 357 899 24.82
1959 1 306 008 91.35 461 345
32.26
1960 1 315 938 93.23 450 898 31.96
1961 1 403 429 97.50 425 118 29.52
1962 1 417 155 98.40 352 093 24.45
1963 1 387 830 99.32 274 108 19.59
1964 1 386 423 99.86 201 434 14.51
1965 1 370 145 99.96 123 055 8.98
1966 1 358 082 99.76 59 071 4.34
1967 13 822 1.03
1968 0 0.00
===================================================
Tab. 11
TUBERCULOUS CATTLE CHRONOLOGICAL
TIME SERIES,
=====================================================
Order End of
Variable I
n d e
x
Number
Year Value Current
Chained
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
1959 628276
100.00 100.00
2
1960 630838
100.41 100.41
3
1961 565659 90.03 89.67
4
1962 456569 72.67 80.71
5
1963 349757
55.67 76.61
6
1964 249284
39.68 71.27
7
1965 158267
25.19 63.49
8
1966 80009
12.73 50.55
9
1967 19477
3.10
24.34
10
1968 0
0.00
0.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated linear trend (least square
line): Y =
313813.59 - 80955.39
X
=======================================================
Tab. 12
NEW AND EXTINCT TUBERCULOUS CATTLE,
====================================================
Number of tuberculosis
cattle Relative values
Year
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------
At the New
Extinct At the
Incidence
Extinction
beginning end
rate rate
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959 639976 522590
340041 822525 0.1231 0.0801
1960 822525 317124
245856 893793 0.0729 0.0565
1961 893793 212172
309352 796613 0.0476 0.0694
1962 796613 116231
273673 639171 0.0257 0.0606
1963 639171 83405
245817 476759 0.0185 0.0547
1964 476759 84185
223974 336970 0.0188 0.0502
1965 336970 66775
197178 206567 0.0151 0.0447
1966 206567 36896
144115 99348 0.0083 0.0325
1967 99348 27097 106968
19477 0.0061 0.0240
1968 19477 13836 33313 0 0.0032 0.0076
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1480311 2120287
0
===================================================
Tab. 13
TUBERCULOUS CATTLE CATEGORY STRUCTURE
IN ABSOLUTE
VALUES,
=================================================
End of Total
Dairy
H e i
f e r
s Calves Others
year cows
>1 year 3-12 m.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 639976 456321
- n o
t r e
c o r
d e d -
1959 859557 617627
- 129998 -
32823 79109
1960 893793 622726
- 117604 -
23812 129651
1961 796613 587761 87074
35785 13821 72021
1962 639171 487894 49029
25261 8336 68651
1963 476759 373716
23762 10371
5259 63651
1964 336970 271424 12759
5417 2728 44642
1965 206567 161160 7645
2821 1792 33149
1966 99348 73521 3652 1161 748
20266
1967 19477 13822 538 158 113 4846
1968 0 0 0 0 0 0
=================================================
Tab. 14
TUBERCULOUS CATTLE CATEGORY STRUCTURE IN %
,
=================================================
End of Total Diary H e
i f e
r s Calves
Others
year % cows >1 year 3-12 m.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 100.00 71.30 -
n o t
r e c
o r d
e d -
1959 100.00 71.85 - 15.12 -
3.82 9.20
1960 100.00 69.67 - 13.16 -
2.66 14.51
1961 100.00 73.88 10.95 4.49 1.73 8.94
1962 100.00 76.33 7.67 3.95 1.30 10.74
1963 100.00 78.38 4.98 2.18 1.10 13.35
1964 100.00 80.55 3.79 1.61 0.81 13.25
1965 100.00 78.02 3.70 1.37 0.87 16.05
1966 100.00 74.00 3.68 1.17 0.75 20.40
1967 100.00 70.97 2.76 0.81 0.58 24.88
1968 0 0 0 0 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1961-67 100.00 78.49 7.16 3.14 1.27 11.94
=================================================
Tab. 15
FINDING OF TUBERCULOSIS IN SLAUGHTERED
CATTLE,
=========================================
Year Total Cows Heifers Calves Others
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1959 150429 88494 21096
3058 37781
1960 192199 108638 26854 4227
52480
1961 214736 117721 32594 3998
60423
1962 245291 144495 38991 4343
57462
1963 234588 130978 36987 4563
62060
1964 205685 119928 30648 3919
51190
1965 185639 116151 22203 3482
43803
1966 138637 89279 16212 1826
31320
1967 90689 59557 10257 994
19881
1968 26334 16415 3858 330 5761
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1684227 991656
239700 30710 422161
% 100.00 58.88 14.23 1.82 25.07
==========================================
Tab. 16
CONFISCATIONS OF SLAUGHTERED CATTLE AND ORGANS DUE TO
TUBERCULOSIS FINDINGS,
=========================================================
Total
body
Lungs Liver
Intestine Uterus Udder non comestible
Year TB TB TB TB TB or conditionally
comestible
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1959 131777 43484
46601 1969 5105 10887
1960 179452 47752 53164 2415 6231 12810
1961 198808 4934 56946 2915 7092 7762
1962 225899 53771 66159 2964 7636 13586
1963 242022 60646 79949 5905 15562 111060
1964 191204 41853 56782 3024 8312 66796
1965 169952 36101 51262
2044 6875 61511
1966 127510 21090 36794 1115 3762 41345
1967 83303 12189 25426 507 2373 24535
1968 22961 3011 8394 128 406 8619
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total
1572888
369237 418177 22986 63354 358911
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of slaughtered cattle with TB findings:
of total 93.39
21.92 28.59 21.31
of cows
2.32 6.39
=========================================================
Tab. 17
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS - CATTLE POPULATION
EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL
==========================================================
E P I Z O O T I O L O G I C A L S T
R U C T U R E
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number Proportion
Epizootiologically healthy
animals 2655243
0.8663
Non-exposed epi.healthy
animals 1715243
0.5596
Exposed epi.healthy
animals 940000 0.3067
Indirectly exposed healthy
animals 590000 0.1925
Directly exposed healthy
animals 350000 0.1142
Epizootiologically indeterminate
animals 60000
0.0196
Epiz.indeterminate anim.
without symptoms 59470
0.0194
Epiz.indeterminate animals
with symptoms 530 0.0002
Epizootiologically affected
(diseased) animals 349757 0.1141
Epiz.affected animals without
symptoms 348527
0.1137
Epiz.affected animals with
symptoms 1230
0.0004
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T o t a l 3065000
1.0000
==========================================================
Tab. 18
GRADE OF
COINCIDENCE BETWEEN COWS MARKED AS TUBERCULIN
POSITIVE AND
POSTMORTEM TB FINDING, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1963-1967
=============================================================
Indicator
Number
Percentage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slaughtered
cows
1,939,799
100.00
Cows not marked as
tuberculin positive 1,386,460 71.47
Cows marked as
tuberculin positive
553,339
28.53
Postmortem TB
findings
559,201
28.83
Postmortem TB
finding in cows
-
marked as tuberculin positive 468 050 84.16
-
not marked as tuberculin positive 89151 15.94
Cows marked as
tuberculin positive
without
postmortem TB finding
117,522
21.24
=============================================================
Tab. 19
CASES OF CATTLE
WITH ADVANCED CLINICALLY
RECOGNIZABLE
TUBERCULOSIS, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1960-1966
===================================================
Year Cases TB Point Prevalence Ratio
at the end of
year cases/prevalence
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1960 32,993 893,793 0.0369
1961 38,572 796,613 0.0484
1962 44,113 639,171 0.0690
1963 33,459 476,759 0.0702
1964 26,599 336,970 0.0789
1965 24,026 206,567 0.1163
1966 11,672 99,348 0.1175
1967 5,907 19,477 0.3033
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 211,434 (3,449,221) 6.13
====================================================
Tab 20
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS -
BACTERIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS,
====================================================
Year Samples Number Positive Percentage
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Milk:
1963
4,873 155 3.18
1964 5,896 112 1.89
1965
4,961 184 3.71
1966
2,221 138 6.17
Sputum:
1963 1,525 146 9.57
1964
3,807 386 10.14
1965
5,099 351 6.88
1966
1,714 190 11.09
Organs:
1964
1,566 538 34.36
1965
3,142 1,468 46.72
1966
4,177 2,667 63.85
=====================================================
Tab. 21
TRANSFER OF HEALTHY COWS AND HEIFERS FOR TB CATTLE
REPLACEMENT,
====================================================
Year Total inter- inter-region inter-enterprises
provincial
within province within region
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1962 179 641 16 412 20 109 143 120
1963 179 821 19 106 17 796 143 120
1964 160 067 29 014 21 026 110 027
1965 175 513 48 951 20 375 106 187
1966 161 956 40 473 21 110 100 373
1967 148 553 29 539 18 284 100 730
1968 209 636 23 788 19 735 166 093
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1 215 187 207 283 138 455 869 449
% 100.00 17.06 11.39 71.55
=====================================================
Tab. 22
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN
AGRICULTURE
ENTERPRISES FOR TB ERADICATION PROGRAMME (in Kès)
==============================================================
Year
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1960 74 900 000 49 434 000
1961 120 900 000 79 794 000
1962 108 900 000 71 874 000
1963 124 200 000 81 972 000
1964 130 600 000 86 196 000
1965 98 900 000 65 274 000
1966 100 000 000 66 000 000
1967 193 000 000 127 380 000
1968 101 000 000 66 660 000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1 052 400 000 694 320 000
=========================================================
Note: 10 Kès = 1 USD
Tab. 23
TUBERCULIN
TESTS IN CATTLE POPULATION, CZECH REPUBLIC, 1955-2000
=======================================================================
Years Tests Ratio Annual Positive Percentage Ratio
number tests/population Average Results cattle/positive
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1955-1958 6 772 615 1.75895 1 693 153 ?
Country-wide
survey:
1959 3 512 398 1.75895 3 512 398 357 903 10.1897 9.8138
Preparatory
and elimination phase:
1959-1968 50 304 486 1.65185 5 030 449 933 039 1.8547 53.9147
1960-1968 46 792 088 1.73611 5 199 120 575 136 1.2291 81.3583
Post-elimination
phases:
1969-1979 62 083 747 1.78774 5 643 977 15 682 0.0253 3958.9177
1980-1989 46 567 384 1.33857 4 656 738 1 747 0.0038 26665.629
1990-2000 18 060 839 0.78542 1 641 894 1 509 0.0084 11968.747
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summaries:
1955-2000 183 789 071 1.36918 3 955 415 951 977 0.0052 193.06041
1959-2000 177 016 456 1.43080 4 214 678 951 977 0.5377 185.94615
1960-2000 173 504 058 1.44711 4 431 806 594 075 0.0034 292.05799
=======================================================================
Tab. 24
TB CATTLE
ERADICATION BENEFIT/COST RATIOS, CZECH
REPUBLIC, 1959-1978,
IN MONETARY VALUES
(in million Kcs)
=======================================================================
Year Benefit
Cost Annual C u m u l a t i v e Cumulative
Benefit/Cost Benefit
Cost B/C
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eradication phase:
1959 10 90 0.1111 10 90 0.1111
1960 100 144 0.6944 110 234 0.4701
1961 200 182 1.0989 310 416 0.7452
1962 300 172 1.7442 610 588 1.0374
1963 400 171 2.3392 1010 759 1.3307
1964 500 168 2.9762 1510 927 1.6289
1965 600 138 4.3478 2110 1065 1.9812
1966 750 130 5.7692 2860 1195 2.3933
1967 900 181 4.9724 3760 1376 2.7326
1968 1039 112 9.2768 4799 1488 3.2251
Post-eradication
phase:
1969 1039 50 20.7800 5838 1538 3.7958
1970 1039 30 34.6333 6877 1568 4.3858
1971 1039 20 51.9500 7916 1588 4.9849
1972 1039 15 69.2667 8955 1603 5.5864
1973 1039 10 103,900 9994 1613 6.1959
1974 1039 8 129.8750 11033 1621 6.8063
1975 1039 5
207.8000 12072 1626 7.4244
1976 1039 5 207.8000 13111 1631 8.0386
1977 1039 5 207.8000 14150 1636 8.6491
1978 1039 5 207.8000 15189 1641 9.2559
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio of total cumulative benefit / total
cumulative cost = 9.2559
= 1 : 0.1080
Ratio of total cumulative cost / total
cumulative benefit = 0.1080
= 1 : 9.2559
Difference between total cumulative
benefit and total cumulative cost = 13548 million Kcs
=====================================================================
Tab. 25
TUBERCULOSIS IN
CATTLE - ECONOMIC EFFECT A F T E R
ERADICATION
AND COMBINED WITH
PREVIOUS BENEFIT, CZECH REPUBLIC, 1969-1978 (1959-1968)
======================================================================
INPUT DATA:
post-eradication period - 1969-1978
loss due to disease at programme beginning
– 1,039 million Kcs
total cost of the programme – 1,489
million Kcs
discount rate of programme cost - 0.05
RESULT:
P o s t - Benefit - Cumulative Ratio Ratio cumul.
eradication value saved benefit - cumulative benefit/
year in value saved in benefit/ /discounted
million Kcs million Kcs /total cost total cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1969 1039 1039 0.6978 0.7327
1970 1039 2078 1.3956 1.5386
1971 1039 3117 2.0934 2.4233
1972 1039 4156 2.7911 3.3926
1973 1039 5195 3.4889 4.4528
1974 1039 6234 4.1867 5.6106
1975 1039 7273 4.8845 6.8730
1976 1039 8312 5.5823 8.2476
1977 1039 9351 6.2801 9.7424
1978 1039 10390 6.9778 11.3662
Total cumulative
benefit including eradication programme period and post-eradication period:
cumulative benefit value at eradication
programme end in 1968 = 4,799 million
Kcs
P o s t - Value saved Total cumulative Ratio Ratio cumul.
eradication value saved
from cumulative benefit/
year in programme beginning benefit/ /discounted
million Kcs in million Kcs /total cost total cost
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1969 1039 5838 3.9208 4.1168
1970 1039 6877 4.6185 5.0919
1971 1039 7916 5.3163 6.1543
1972 1039 8955 6.0141 7.3102
1973 1039 9994 6.7119 8.5663
1974 1039 11033 7.4097 9.9297
1975 1039 12072 8.1075 11.4080
1976 1039 13111 8.8052 13.0093
1977 1039 14150 9.5030 14.7423
1978 1039 15189 10.2008 16.6160
====================================================================
Tab. 26
TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS
IN HUMAN
POPULATION,
===================================
Year Number of patients
infected by M. bovis
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1969 39
1970 48
1971 29
1972 46
1973 36
1974 23
1975 24
1976 32
1977 26
1978 24
1979 19
1980 14
1981 11
1982 19
1983 13
1984 12
1985 3
1986 7
1987 4
1988 8
1989 7
1990 6
1991 6
1992 5
1993 5
1994 4
1995 3
1996 3
=============================================
Tab. 27
IV. BOVINE TB IN
RANCHES WITH TB
CATTLE AND IN OBSERVATION PERIOD, 1960-1967
==================================================================
Date Ranches % Ranches %
with TB cattle of total in observation of total
ranches
ranches
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.7.1960 11 486 79.62 1 006 6.97
1.1 1961 10 485 75.77 1 314 9.49
1.7.1961 8 763 69.58 1 555 12.35
1.1.1962 6 342 63.81 1 248 12.44
1.7.1962 5 259 58.91 1 230 13.78
1.1.1963 4 541 51.61 1 272 14.45
1.7.1963 4 051 47.66 1 175 13.82
1.1.1964 3 699 43.65 1 220 14.51
1.7.1964 2 910 36.16 1 033 12.85
1.1.1965 2 432 30.90 1 050 13.34
1.7.1965 2 043 26.95 1 002 13.21
1.1.1966 1 482 19.89 1 002 13.45
1.7.1966 1 097 14.99 878 12.00
1.1.1967 718 9.85 899 12.34
==========================================================
Tab. 28
BOVINE TB IN
AND STATE RANCHES
WITH TB CATTLE AND TB CATTLE FREE, 1960-1967
=================================================================
Date Ranches with
TB cattle Ranches
officially TB-free
-------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------
number of TB cattle % number of cattle %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.7.1960 808 255 24.28 321 257 9.65
1.1.1961 829 095 24.08 379 094 11.01
1.7.1961 811 349 22.61 446 838 12.46
1.1.1962 734 850 20.09 538 404 14.72
1.7.1962 679 251 17.88 621 183 16.35
1.1.1963 589 736 15.83 821 142 22.04
1.7.1963 516 024 13.64 972 517 25.71
1.1.1964 438 173 11.69 1 193 269 31.83
1.7.1964 382 001 10.00 1 314 242 34.47
1.1.1965 312 123 8.32 1 436 824 38.30
1.7.1965 248 851 6.61 1 578 219 41.89
1.1.1966 194 489 5.22 1 879 248 50.48
1.7.1966 138 458 3.66 2 162 851 57.13
1.1.1967 95 829 2.55 2 350 429 62.35
=================================================================
Tab. 29
TB CATTLE PREVALENCE
RATE ACCORDING TO SECTORS
(% TB OF INVESTIGATED CATTLE),
================================================================
Datum Cooperative State farms Other state Private Total
sector
sector sector
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.1959 22.89 48.25 34.55 10.17 23.13
1.7.1959 22.76 48.67 38.89 9.68 23.39
1.1.1960 23.08 41.97 33.89 9.96 22.00
1.7.1960 22.53 48.35 32.93 9.56 23.43
1.1.1961 21.75 45.89 31.82 8.69 22.68
1.7.1961 19.80 43.91 29.19 8.93 21.39
1.1.1962 16.97 38.33 24.57 7.98 18.66
1.7.1962 15.18 34.58 25.89 7.81 17.66
1.1.1963 12.95 29.81 24.58 7.16 15.06
1.7.1963 11.16 24.94 23.36 6.70 13.11
1.1.1964 9.29 21.10 20.03 5.84 11.20
1.7.1964 7.86 17.62 17.00 5.23 9.66
1.1.1965 6.41 14.68 12.47 3.95 7.89
1.7.1965 5.05 11.30 9.29 3.02 6.26
1.1.1966 3.96 9.09 6.85 1.93 4.84
1.7.1966 2.68 6.69 4.97 1.07 3.36
1.1.1967 1.83 4.91 2.82 0.54 2.30
1.7.1967 1.03 3.01 1.82 0.32 1.36
1.1.1968 0.31 0.98 0.89 0.10 0.45
31.12.1968 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
=================================================================
Tab. 30
TB COW PREVALENCE RATE
ACCORDING TO SECTORS
(% TB OF INVESTIGATED COWS),
================================================================
Datum Cooperative State farms Other state Private Total
sector sector sector
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.1959 34.44 64.46 51.14 12.08 32.08
1.7.1959 36.78 66.99 58.70 11.85 33.12
1.1.1960 38.10 67.10 54.04 11.64 32.87
1.7.1960 38.13 70.37 53.46 11.64 34.54
1.1.1961 36.53 66.00 50.19 10.87 32.94
1.7.1961 33.91 63.15 45.17 11.26 31.52
1.1.1962 30.83 59.88 41.84 10.37 29.28
1.7.1962 27.28 53.81 39.99 10.00 26.85
1.1.1963 23.76 49.73 37.83 9.32 24.27
1.7.1963 20.41 42.06 37.21 8.80 21.32
1.1.1964 17.50 38.10 33.32 7.80 19.98
1.7.1964 14.85 32.65 28.36 6.98 16.53
1.1.1965 12.33 28.06 21.83 5.39 13.92
1.7.1965 9.33 21.88 16.80 4.11 10.82
1.1.1966 7.06 16.93 13.22 2.68 8.27
1.7.1966 4.65 11.98 9.64 1.49 5.63
1.1.1967 3.05 8.64 5.85 0.74 3.78
1.7.1967 1.52 5.01 3.89 0.42 2.09
1.1.1968 0.40 1.91 1.86 0.14 0.72
31.12.1968 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
================================================================
Tab. 31
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
PREVALENCE ACCORDING TO CATTLE
CATOGORIES,
================================================================
Datum Cattle Cows
Heifers Heifers Calves Others
total > 1 year 3m-1 year <3m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.1959 639 976 456 321 ?
? ? ?
1.7.1959 724 534 521 737 122 001 ? 35 048 ?
1.1.1960 822 525 617 627 129 998 ? 32 823 ?
1.7.1960 876 334 623 912 127 367 ? 29 695 ?
1.1.1961 893 793 622 726 117 604 ? 23 812 ?
1.7.1961 878 225 616 253 109 604 ? 20 924 ?
1.1.1962 796 613 588 559 87 225 37 785 13 821 ?
1.7.1962 734 732 545 337 70 659 32 991 12 993 ?
1.1.1963 639 171 487 894 49 029 25 261 8 336 68 651
1.7.1963 561 073 426 172 35 896 17 277 7 651 74 007
1.1.1964 476 759 373 716 23 762 10 371 5 259 63 651
1.7.1964 414 659 323 609 20 233 8 625 3 939 58 253
1.1.1965 336 970 271 424 12 759 5 417 2 728 44 642
1.7.1965 267 451 211 734 9 829 4 677 2 002 39 209
1.1.1966 206 567 161 160 7 645 2 821 1 792 33 149
1.7.1966 145 452 110 481 5 483 2 266 1 235 25 987
1.1.1967 99 348 73 521 3 652 1 161 748 20 266
1.7.1967 59 342 40 728 2 182 571 574 15 287
1.1.1968 19 477 13 822 538 158 113 4 846
31.12.1968 0
0 0 0 0 0
=================================================================
Tab. 32
CATTLE
TUBERCULOSIS PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE
PER 100,000 CATTLE
HEADS, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1960-1968
===================================================
Year Prevalence per 100 000 Incidence per 100 000
Cattle cows cattle
at the end of
year during the year
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1960 20 372 30 421 7 228
1961 18 660 29 280 4 760
1962 15 060 24 270 2 570
1963 11 200 18 980 1 860
1964 7 890 13 920 1 900
1965 4 840 8 270 1 520
1966 2 300 3 780 830
1967 451 717 610
1968 0 0 321
===================================================
Tab. 33
BOVINE
TUBERCULOSIS TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION
ACCORDING
TO PROVINCES,
=========================================================
Province TB
Cattle
TB cows
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------
number prevalence rate number prevalence rate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 893 793 22.68 622 726 30.42
==========================================================
Tab. 34
SIMULTANEOUS
TUBERCULIN TESTS USING MAMMAL
AND AVIAN
TUBERCULINS, CZECH REPUBLIC, 1966-1980
===============================================
Year Number of tests
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1966 101 905
1967 129 363
1968 219 467
1969 177 429
1970 192 866
1971 192 400
1972 209 251
1973 218 125
1974 231 134
1975 248 219
1976 300 170
1977 290 789
1978 270 337
1979 325 716
1980 257 658
===============================================
Tab. 35
LOSSES DUE TO
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS PAID BY INSURANCE AGENCY,
============================================================
Year Number of cases Kès
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1961 21,348
29,141,000
1962 19,339 26,312,000
1963 18,391
25,773,000
1964 11,981
17,201,000
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 71,059
98,427,000
============================================================