Written for CENTAUR GLOBAL NETWORK – July 2010
Veterinary expeditions of Central and Eastern
European countries against brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders in Mongolia: a
historical report
V. Kouba
Honorary Member of the CENTAUR
International Advisory Board
Former Chief, Animal Health
Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Abstract
A three-year international programme against animal
tuberculosis, brucellosis and glanders in Mongolia, diseases causing enormous
losses in animal production and affecting human population even with fatal
outcomes, was prepared for the period following the eradication of
foot-and-mouth disease in 1964. The aim was to use mass screening to discover
all herds affected by these dangerous infections transmissible to man and to
initiate particular control programmes. The programme was approved by an international
scientific-methodological
conference held in
Introduction
On 30 May 1964 the author of this
paper, heading at that time the Czechoslovak veterinary expedition against
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Mongolia was asked by Dr Baldziniam, the
Mongolian Minister of Agriculture, who was cognizant of the successful
Czechoslovak eradication programme against bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis
(under professional responsibility of the author as National Chief
Epizootiologist), to prepare an analogue programme for future international
assistance against animal brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders. At that time
these diseases were causing big losses in livestock husbandry and production of
food of animal origin in
The writing of this paper has
been made possible only thanks to the statistical data provided on 14 January
2010 by Prof. Dr Zayat Batzukh, Director, Veterinary Institute, Mongolian State
Agriculture University, Ulaanbaatar who was able to locate them in the Mongolian
State Archive in Ulaanbaatar. Almost half a century after the end of the
programme, it can be presented only as a historical report based on available
incomplete statistical data, protocols of international meetings (Anonym,
1965), duty travel reports (Kouba, 1964, 1965), some publications (Kouba, 1964;
Černovský and Ševčík, 1965; Jeřábek, Ládr and Boháč, 1969) and on the personal
information of some surviving participants in the programme (Sugaaradza, 2007;
Rothbauer, 2007, Jurák, 2008 and Rademacher, 2010). The provided statistical
data deal with numbers at the national level only and do not take into account
differences among individual provinces or expeditions.
.
Preparation of the project document
A working group of international specialists was
created under the leadership of the author who was assisted by Prof. Dr Yarympyl and Dr Celendash (
The main proposed project objectives were as
follows:
·
improved animal and human population specific health related to animal
brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders through a reduction in their focality
and morbidity throughout the whole country;
·
improved protection of animal and human populations (nomadic herders,
consumers) against animal brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders throughout the
country;
·
reduced losses in animal production and reproduction due to brucellosis,
tuberculosis and glanders throughout
·
improved production of meat and other products of animal origin in terms
of quality (sanitary innocuousness) and quantity throughout the country.
Additional
proposed project objectives consisted in:
·
improving the standard of living of nomadic herder families through
increased income thanks to better animal production;
·
facilitating the increased export of Mongolian animal products;
·
creating a solid starting basis for further control of animal
brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders at local, somon (district), aimak
(province) and national levels;
·
training Mongolian counterpart staff.
Among the expected positive
outcomes were included also social factors relating to the contacts of the
expeditions with the local nomadic herders (very often illiterates and living
in great poverty), even in very remote territories, with the culture of more
advanced countries brought by the foreign specialists working with them and for
them.
Method
At that time there was an
accepted Czechoslovak epizootiological strategy, and principles and methods
based on the available basic and applied research results and rich successful
practical experience at national level. These consisted in:
identifying specific disease
occurrence in the whole country through discovering all affected herds (including
the identification of the grade of infection occurrence - prevalence, localization and movement routes - including mapping, size,
structure, breeding and environmental conditions, etc.) using mass screening of all
ranches of susceptible animals species in all provinces;
An All-country infection control
programme cannot be based only on absolutely incomplete ad hoc passive reporting which cannot be sufficient in uncovering
the full epizootiological reality (i.e. all affected herds-outbreaks) and for
effective control/eradication programmes.
·
applying a complex of diagnostic methods (serological, allergic,
clinical and epizootiological) using international standards (WHO/FAO) for
diagnostic method procedures and for the uniform interpretation of results: for
glanders investigation to use allergic tests and the complement fixation test,
for brucellosis investigation to use the serum agglutination test and
complement fixation test and for tuberculosis investigation to use an allergic
test with PPD tuberculin;
At that time Mongolian cattle,
sheep, goat and camel populations were not yet vaccinated against brucellosis.
·
to try, where and when possible, to mark visibly and permanently
positive animals (e.g. triangle holes in left auricles in case of tuberculosis
and in right auricles in case of brucellosis), to isolate them without
following retesting and to cull them as soon as possible (special attention to
be given to them at slaughter);
·
to identify and recommend measures and necessary conditions for specific
health protection of country people and consumers as well as of non-positive
herds and animals, always considering the local environment;
·
to create a professional and practical basis for future national
programmes against these diseases in
As managerial measures it was
necessary:
·
to introduce a particular legislation supporting the programme;
·
to introduce a specific information system for collecting relevant data
on the mass screening (including specific
forms/questionnaires for data collection and processing) and databases for the
decision making of Mongolian central, aimaks and somon veterinary authorities
exploiting gained knowledge of epizootiological situation in terms of focality
and morbidity of selected zoonoses;
·
to develop an intensive publicity campaign targeted at rural populations
to convince them about the need of the programmes and to support it;
·
to introduce a practical centralized planning system of vertical
management of the programme, including concrete objectives (in time and place)
and responsibilities as well as periodic evaluations (used for necessary
amendments and adjustments of the programme);
·
to identify the priorities to achieve the objectives as best as
possible.
Fig.
1.
The
project was tailored to cover all 16 Mongolian aimaks and country populations
of horses (reported 2 250 000), camels
(reported 630 000), cattle (reported 2 030 000), sheep
(reported 12 800 000) and
goats (reported 4 270 000). The total
reported number of all animals included in the programme reached 21 980 000 (average number of selected
species animals per km2 = 14.04).
The first
proposals against brucellosis were finished on 4 June, against tuberculosis on
8 June and against glanders on
Field pilot testing.
The
suggested disease investigation and control methodology was initially tested in
field practice by the author accompanied by a Mongolian epizootiologist: in
Further
testing of the proposed methodology was carried out by a present Czechoslovak
veterinary expedition against foot-and-mouth disease in
International clearance of the multilateral project
The
draft of the multinational project to help solving specific veterinary problems
in
Special
excursions to assess the project realization under the conditions of the Mongolian
desert, steppe and mountains were organized for the conference participants.
The feasibility of the proposals were discussed for different environments such
as ranches, farms and brigades.
Fig. 2.
International
scientific-methodological conference held in
Results of the scientific-methodological conference
In
order to properly prepare the multinational anti-zoonotic assistance, it was
recommended not to start before 1966. Meanwhile during 1965, starting in May,
experimental groups composed from specialists of participating countries (if
possible, the specialists selected to be future leaders of national
expeditions) ascertained the basic practical needs and conditions of the
project in the assigned aimaks which helped to prepare better future national
expeditions. The experience of the previous Czechoslovak expedition against
foot-and-mouth disease during six months in 1964 proved to be very useful for
the preparation of the programme.
Analysing
the tasks it was recommended to increase the number of specialists and
assisting staff. Due to harsh conditions which did not allow effective work throughout
the whole year it was necessary to limit the annual working period of expeditions
to six months from April to September during 1966, 1967 and 1968. The period
was left flexible because of the very different climatic conditions among
individual aimaks. It was suggested that the expeditions work simultaneously in
all aimaks covering all Mongolian territory.
In the
final protocol there were included also recommended norms of material needs.
Transport means, such as personal off-road cars and trucks, were recommended to
be assured for the expeditions by the
The
project provisional proposals calculated with 108 anti-zoonotic units/groups
each composed of 15 persons, including two veterinarians and two laboratory
technicians from any participating country while the remainder were Mongolian
staff.
The
preparatory activities of all international veterinary expeditions were very
demanding. It was necessary to assure funds for the expedition staff (travel
expenses, salary at home, “pocket” money, etc.), material and operating costs.
It was necessary to select veterinarian-volunteers having practical experience
with animal tuberculosis and brucellosis diagnosis, epizootiology and measures,
being in good health and having physical conditions capable of withstanding the
harsh Mongolian conditions and if possible to have driving licence. Among the
material supplies belonged laboratory diagnosis facilities (when possible
mobile diagnostic laboratories) and equipment, different means of transport,
human (gammaglobulin
was of particular importance) and veterinary medicaments, etc. The provision of
sufficient repellents against mosquitoes and other insects was recommended, as well as
antisera against Mongolian venomous snakes (e.g. gjurza in dry areas, effa in
humid area; that time specific antisera were not available in Central Europe;
they were obtained from Russian Serum Institute in Omsk), etc..
The
expedition members had to pass preventive vaccinations according to relevant
particular expedition territory risks (e.g. against typhus abdominalis, viral hepatitis A and B, poliomyelitis,
tetanus, meningococcal meningitis, diphteria, plague - Yersinia pestis).
The overall
task was to ensure that expeditions be fully prepared and equipped to work as
relatively independent units minimizing the requirements for Mongolian
institutions.
Example:
Czechoslovak diagnostic/control actions were carried out in Bulgan and
Uvurchangaj aimaks. For this purpose transport means, equipments, materials, a mobile
diagnostic laboratory, etc. were appropriated from the previous 1964 expedition
against foot-and-mouth disease. The newly expanded activities required that the
following Czechoslovak expeditions be equipped additionally with eight new
personal off-road cars, one truck, seven electro generators including spare
parts, many different materials for the expedition member professional
activities (laboratory equipment, biological preparations) and for surviving
under the harsh Mongolian conditions. All additional material was sent well in
advance by train.
The overwhelming
responsibility for the expedition preparation, for its transfer, adequate
living and working conditions, personal safety, for material as well as for
assigned money spending lay with the leaders of individual expeditions being
dependent on Mongolian institutions and staff support.
Environmental conditions
In the 1960s Mongolia with 1 564 116 km2
(as vast as the whole of Western Europe) was the most sparsely populated country
in the world, with a population of around 1 249 000
people (average number of persons per km2= 0.79). The country
contained very little arable land, as much of its area was covered by steppes,
with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south.
Approximately 80% of the population was nomadic or semi-nomadic.
An example of
temperature differences between daily heats and night frosts: on 24 April 1964
in anti-FMD vaccination starting day in Erdene Somon, in the Gobi desert at the
Chinese border the midday temperature reached 45 oC (many from
the Czechoslovak expedition members suffered by second degree burns – vesicles
on auricle tips) and in the night – 8 oC requiring particular
protection of the FMD vaccine against freezing).
Living conditions
Living
conditions for the expeditions in individual aimaks were very different.
Usually, there were many difficulties with transfer, accommodation, catering,
foodstuff and drinking water provisions. Therefore individual expeditions tried
to be equipped as best as possible, knowing that in this extremely poor and very
large country the possibilities were very limited, especially in remote
localities, which lacked almost everything. The participating expeditions tried
to import as much as possible so as to be self-sufficient; i.e., to act as
units relatively independent of the Mongolian authorities, facilities and
provisions.
The
expeditions used different field camps with tents or Mongolian yurts when
required to work outside and overnight. Usually they used sleeping bags and
rubber air mattresses. When located in or making stopovers in aimak or somon
centres, the expedition staff could be accommodated in local dormitories.
The
expeditions tried to import with them all material necessary for their staff
catering and to be as independent as possible from Mongolian provisions. Among
these materials belonged the field “kitchen” with dishes and non-perishable
foodstuffs - canned food, dehydrated food such as vegetables, potatoes, etc.
The expeditions exploited the limited possibilities of replenishing their food
supplies by purchasing local foodstuff, e.g. meat and milk products, vegetables,
etc. The expeditions also brought hunting and fishing equipment to allow the
hunting and capture of fresh meat and fish (antelopes, bustards, partridges,
fish etc.). Sometimes the expeditions were given sheep or other food animals by
the local authorities.
In the
Due to the
harsh and widely varying climatic conditions the expeditions also imported
necessary clothing and footwear not only for “normal” temperatures but also for all possible
conditions including hot, wet, and frosty conditions. All members of the expeditions
brought with them
necessary tools for personal hygiene.
The
expeditions imported also many medicaments, sanitary facilities (including
first-aid boxes – injury was not rare), cleansing and disinfection means,
maintenance materials (including spare parts), binoculars, compasses, signal
materials for day and night (at that time suitable radio-communication devices
were not available), etc.
At that
time in the majority of remote somons there were not any medical doctors. Some
expeditions brought with them their own medical doctor.
Mongolian
colleagues also provided storage facilities and the guarding of expedition
material. For each of the expeditions there were prepared guarded store rooms
in somon or aimak centres.
Working
conditions
A key
component of any international expedition are veterinary diagnostic laboratory
facilities with complex equipments, e.g. for sterilization and refrigeration,
glassware and ingredients for serologic investigation of animal brucellosis and
glanders, etc. Simultaneously, there were imported different instruments for
specimen collection, transport and laboratory processing as well as tools for
allergy testing for tuberculosis and glanders. For this purpose there were
imported mobile diagnostic laboratories or at least the full equipment of a
diagnostic laboratory exploiting local facilities such as aimak veterinary
laboratories, if any, or suitable rooms to be converted into a temporary
laboratory. Imported electric generators were very important for the expeditions’
work and meant that they were not dependent on unreliable local electric
sources, if any (electricity in
Fig.
3
Czechoslovak mobile veterinary diagnostic laboratory with electric generator in
Bulgan aimak steppe, 1966
The
expeditions were supplemented by supporting Mongolian veterinarians, drivers
and interpreters together with some off-road cars. The Mongolian support staff
provided fuel, yurts, maps (there was a lack of standard maps for orientation;
some expeditions had only a big school map of Mongolia without any details) as
well as assistance in finding dispersed free-moving herds (without fences or
housing), which were almost always on the move and in the catching, fixing and
temporary marking of the animals.
Among
the obstacles was a lack of suitable roads, if any were to be found at all,
high mountains, snow and in spring in the northern part of the country often
river floods (which could prevent cars from crossing the watercourse). The
programme was further complicated by the very great distances between herds and
the lack of standard roads also caused difficulties with orientation in the
large territories, particularly in very remote desert or steppe regions, where
losing the way did occur.
Being without any radio-communication tools the expeditions were often
isolated from the surrounding world and the investigating groups were often isolated
as well. Missing radio-communication created managerial problems when
organizing the investigation and during expedition transfer to new localities.
The isolation was compounded by an absence of normal telephone connections in
many somon centres and by an almost completely missing postal service.
Finding,
concentrating, and the catching and fixing of dispersed semi-wild free-grazing
animals (in large plain deserts and steppes there were no trees) presented
extraordinary difficulties. A particular challenge was linked with animal
evidence and the marking of investigated animals so as to distinguish them from
those not yet tested in the same herd (separation was often impossible) and to
find animals discovered to be serologically positive. Car service facilities
were usually absent and maintenance and repairs were carried out as provisional
“Do-It-Yourself” by the expeditions themselves. There were serious problems in
getting necessary spare parts.
Another
problem was the officially reported numbers of animals to be investigated which
were often greatly lower that the actual numbers. The expedition members were
taken daily to indicated herds by off-road vehicles. Work planning depended
mainly on organizational arrangement carried out by local authorities. Time
losses were caused by long transfers to distant localities or due to
difficulties in the activity organization.
At that
time
Realization of the project by international expeditions
Czechoslovak
anti-epizootic expeditions commenced in advance in 1965 under the leadership of
Dr Evžen Jurák who had participated in the anti-FMD expedition one year before.
The
programme implementation started in full in the spring of 1966 in all aimaks as
had been planned and finished by the end of 1968. All 16 aimaks were divided among
individual country expeditions to cover all Mongolian territory:
The
number of international expedition members reached 149 veterinarians in 1966,
122 laboratory technicians/animal health assistants, 26 technical employers and
drivers, a total number of 297 persons. In 1967 the number of veterinarians
reached 170, together with 71 laboratory technicians/animal health assistants,
15 technical employers and drivers, giving a total of all together 256 persons.
In 1968 the numbers were 172 veterinarians, 67 laboratory technicians/animal
health assistants, 10 technical employers and drivers, all together 249
persons. Summary numbers during the programme duration 1966-1968: 491
veterinarians, 260 laboratory technicians/animal health assistants, 51 technical
employers and drivers, all together 802 persons (not considering that many of
them participated in more than one year). For more information see Table II.
Simultaneously,
two Czechoslovak specialists for human and animal brucellosis under the World
Health Organization project were working in
In
summary during the three year programme the expeditions were divided into 16
teams with 74 working groups being provided with 73 trucks and 189 off-road
cars as well as 92 diagnostic laboratory facilities (including mobile laboratories
with electro generators). For more detail see Table III.
Each
expedition was given an annual goal in the form of the planned number of
animals to be tested and where.
The expeditions
as well as their Mongolian colleagues also had to grapple with an enormous number
of expected and unexpected problems.
Size of the investigations
The plan
for glanders allergic tests which proposed the testing of 4 208 947 horses and 170 005 camels was exceeded by 20%
and almost 100%, repectively. That is, 5 046 070 horses were tested and 332 684 camels. An additional 126 960 horses were investigated
serologically using the complement fixation test. The plan for brucellosis
serological tests proposing 28 265 551 tested
animals was exceeded with 28 743 006, i.e.
101.69% of the target (e.g. 432 919 in camels, 2 892 658 in
cattle, 19 533 637 in sheep and 5 834 450 in goats). The plan for
tuberculosis allergic (PPD tuberculin) tests proposed 3 433 067 while in reality 3 408 875 animals were tested, i.e.
99.30% of the target (e.g. 3 113 115 in
cattle).
In the
whole country the reported number of specific tests reached 37 657
595.
Czechoslovak
expeditions contributed (without considering 1964-1965 pilot investigations) a
total of 3,887,885 specific tests.
The relative
size of the investigations of selected zoonotic diseases carried out by
international expeditions in Mongolia during 1966-1968 can be expressed using a
particular epizootiological indicator – ratio of the number of tests to the
total official number of animals of selected species (I/P) in the whole country
(see Tab. IV).
Due to
particular difficulties (e.g. free grazing and nomadic moving) it was often
impossible to identify and notify individually all tested animals, mainly when
searching serologically positive ones for marking, isolation or priority
culling.
The ratio
of allergic tests on glanders in horses to their population reached 2.43. This same ratio for serological
tests reached 0.06. The ratio allergic + serological test together on glanders in horses
relative to their population was 2.48. The ratio of allergic tests on glanders
in camels relative to their population reached 0.53.
The ratio
of serological tests for brucellosis in camels relative to their population
reached 0.69. The same ratio for serological tests in cattle was 1.42. The ratio of serological
tests for brucellosis in sheep relative to their population reached 1.53, while this same ratio for goats
was 1.37.
The ratio
of allergic tests for tuberculosis in cattle relative to their population
reached 1.53.
The
ratio of all tests on selected zoonoses of all selected animal species to their
population reached 1.73.
The ratio
of all tests of animals on selected zoonoses to the human population was equal
to 30.15 (37 657 595 / 1 249 000).
The national
average number of selected species animals was at that time 14.04 per km2.
The average number of specific tests carried out by international veterinary
expeditions reached 24.06 per km2.
Results of the investigations
From
the allergic tests on glanders in horses 241 157 were positive, i.e. 4.39%. From the allergic tests on
glanders in camels 380 were positive, i.e. 0.12%. From the complement fixation
tests on glanders in horses 24 760 were positive, i.e. 19.50 %.
From
the serological tests on brucellosis in all animals of selected species 660 432 were positive, i.e. 2.30%; in
camels 9 987 were
positive, i.e. 2.31%; in cattle 192 601 were positive, i.e. 6.66%; in sheep 320 709 were positive, i.e. 1.64%; in
goats 136 222 were
positive, i.e. 2.33%. In cattle positive reactions were caused by Brucella abortus and in sheep and goats
by Brucella melitensis.
Summary
data on all tuberculosis screening results were not available to the author. Only
partial data from the Bulgan and Uvurkhangai aimaks can be reported where from
677 402 PPD
tuberculin tests in cattle carried out by Czechoslovak expeditions 427 were positive,
i.e. 0.06%.
A
meeting of the Chief Veterinary Officers of all participating countries was
held in
Discussion and conclusion
Due to
the fact that no information on a similarly large and complex anti-zoonotic
programme was found in the scientific literature, the author has not carried
out any comparative study.
The
international programme and methods initially elaborated by the above mentioned
working group of specialists, and adjusted according to the comments of the
specialists from participating countries as well of Mongolian veterinarians
(headed by Dr Ts. Sugaaradza), proved to be feasible and useful. While the
objectives were clear-cut, however, their achievement was extraordinary
complicated and difficult.
In all
16 Mongolian aimaks over three years long-term international expeditions from
five countries were actively working. Together with hundreds of foreign
veterinary experts – epizootiologists and diagnosticians – there were working
hundreds of Mongolian veterinarians and thousands of Mongolian supporting staff
with the active assistance of local countrymen as well as of somon, aimak and
central authorities. All of them must be highly commended for the work done,
particularly when considering the difficulties they had to overcome: the harsh
Mongolian climate, poor logistics, and lack of standard roads, problems with
accommodation,
catering, medical service and the challenges associated with the transport of
so many persons. Other serious difficulties were represented by the catching
and fixing of free moving animals for testing and the marking of positive
animals. The staff of the expeditions, usually working in very bad hygienic
conditions, was continuously exposed to many local infectious and parasitic
diseases transmissible from animals.
An almost
incredible preparatory and managerial work was achieved by the Mongolian
authorities to assure bilateral international agreements with all participating
countries; necessary funds for national staff, material and activities;
legislation and specific instructions (in Mongolian and Russian); staff to
assist international expeditions (interpreting, catching and fixing animals);
transport, accommodation and catering, related facilities, communication,
medical care; maintenance and repair of transport means and diagnostic tools;
administrative work such as special information systems - statistics, etc.;
identification of realistic objectives and tasks for each expedition, their
supervision; vertical and horizontal coordination and planning; intensive
instructive training courses for national staff; the implementation of a convincing
nation-wide information campaign; other supporting staff at all levels, mainly
of local herders and of administrative institutions; etc. Extremely demanding
work was carried out also during the whole programme to solve the almost
infinite operational problems.
The Mongolian
veterinary service was at that time relatively well staffed and organized and
enjoyed a respected social position from the somons up to government. Many cooperatives and state ranches
as well as somons, aimaks, several ministries (including of agriculture),
academy of science, agriculture university, etc. were headed by veterinarians with
key professional positions thanks to the decisive importance of livestock (up
to 80%) for the national economy. In no other country has the veterinary
service wielded such a high authority as in
The
veterinary expeditions, after finishing their work and before leaving the
country in 1968, left (free of charge) almost all imported material (to a value
of many tens of millions of Mongolian tugriks = many millions of US dollars) to
the Mongolian veterinary service to use for follow-up national anti-zoonotic
programmes.
According
to available data the expeditions during 1966-1968 carried out the following
numbers of specific investigations: on glanders – 5 505 714, for brucellosis – 28 743 006, and for tuberculosis – 3 408 875. For a concise summary see
Table V. The follow-up consisted in the marking of positive animals, their
isolation and premature culling simultaneously with recommended measures for
outbreak elimination and for the protection of local personal and of healthy
herds.
The
paper has dealt with the number of tests and not with the number of
investigated animals due to the fact that some animals were tested more than
once (retesting of previous-year negative animals). The reproduction process
(herd turnover) influenced the number of tested animals at a particular moment;
e.g. many tested animals had been eliminated by culling, normal or as positive reactors
and many others by natural death due to diseases or extreme winter
frost and hunger.
In the
whole of
The original
programme and methods of international multi-disease investigations and control
of major zoonoses in animal populations applied in an enormous country
simultaneously by the expeditions of several countries is probably without
parallel in the history of veterinary medicine. It was also a source of great
pride and satisfaction to Czechoslovak action-oriented “epizootiology school” as
the main professional initiator and “motor”.
Every
expedition together with their members could describe a different experience
with particular living and working conditions as well as with different results
during the programme. All of them merit high appreciation for exemplary work
done. The Mongolian supporting staffs merit similar appreciation.
The
obtained results had a multiplying effect thanks to the application of the programme
at a country-wide level with long-term impact on the development of animal
husbandry, production of meat and other products of animal origin as well as on
the health of nomadic herders and city consumers throughout all
The
programme represented an example of the successful transfer of international
scientific knowledge (theoretical and action-oriented applied research results)
in epizootiology into territorial animal health population practice.
The
gained experience could be useful for future solutions to similar animal
population health problems. For more information see Kouba (2010).
References:
ANONYM
1965: Protocol of international scientific-methodological conference preparing
project against zoonoses in
ČERNOVSKÝ,
J., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Poznatky z diagnostických akcí v Mongolsku. (Experience of
diagnostic actions in
EXPEDITION
STAFF 1964: Zpráva o činnosti československé veterinární expedice v Mongolské
lidové republice. (Report of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition in
JEŘÁBEK,
J., LÁDR, J., BOHÁČ, J. 1969: Vliv intradermální maleinace koní na tvorbu
specifických protilátek. (Influence of intradermal maleinization on the
production of specific antibodies). In
JURÁK,
E. 2008: Personal information
KOUBA,
V. 1964: Zpráva z cesty do Mongolské lidové republiky. (Report on duty travel
in
KOUBA,
V. 1964: K veterinární problematice v Mongolské lidové republice. (Veterinary
problems in
KOUBA,
V. 1965: Zpráva z mezinárodní vědecko-metodické konference o přípravě akce
proti zoonozám v Mongolsku. (Report on international scientific-methodological
conference preparing project against zoonoses in
Kouba, V. 2006: Foot-and-mouth disease panzootic wave
in
KOUBA,
V. 2009: Czechoslovak expedition against glanders,
brucellosis and tuberculosis of domestic animal in
Kouba, V. 2010: Multinational veterinary expeditions
against zoonoses covering all Mongolian territory. Available (on line) from http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz (accessed
RADEMACHER, R. 2010: Personal information
ROTHBAUER,
V. 2007: Osobní poznámky - dopisy z 6.dubna a 14. srpna 2007 (Personal notes –
letters of 6 April and
SUGAARADZA,
Ts. 1966-1968: Personal notes of Mongolian national manager of the
multinational zoonoses control programme,
SUGAARADZA,
Ts., BATZUKH, Z. 2010: Statistical data on 1966-1968 international
anti-zoonotic expeditions’ activities and results.
Annexes
Table 1
Mongolian aimaks (provinces) assigned to international veterinary
anti-zoonotic expeditions according to individual countries
|
Country |
Aimak (province) |
|
|
|
|
|
Dornod |
|
|
Khentii, Dornogobi |
|
|
Selenge |
|
|
Tuv and Dundgobi |
|
|
Arkhangai, Bayanulgii,
Bayankhongor, Gobialtai, Zavkhan, Khovd, Uvs, Khuvsgul |
|
|
Bulgan, Uvurkhangai |
Table 2
Summary statistical data
covering all Mongolian territory on the number of international anti-zoonotic
expedition staff by country during 1966-1968
|
|
Veterinarians |
Laboratory technicians and animal health
assistants |
Technical employers and drivers |
Total |
||||||||
|
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
|
|
|
10 |
10 |
- |
4 |
4 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
15 |
15 |
- |
|
|
6 |
11 |
20 |
4 |
9 |
9 |
- |
- |
- |
10 |
20 |
29 |
|
|
4 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
|
|
26 |
26 |
26 |
24 |
12 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
51 |
40 |
40 |
|
|
97 |
97 |
99 |
86 |
43 |
43 |
22 |
9 |
5 |
205 |
149 |
147 |
|
|
6 |
22 |
23 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
24 |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
149 |
170 |
172 |
122 |
71 |
67 |
26 |
15 |
10 |
297 |
256 |
249 |
From 1966 to 1968
Veterinarians 491
Laboratory
technicians and animal health assistants 260
Technical
employers and drivers 51
Total 802
Table 3
Summary statistical data
covering all Mongolian territory on the number of international teams, groups,
cars and laboratories taking part in the anti-zoonotic programme during
1966-1968
|
Countries |
Number
of teams |
Number
of groups |
Cars |
Laboratory
facilities |
|
|
Trucks |
Off-roaders |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
|
|
2 |
9 |
9 |
18 |
9 |
|
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
|
|
2 |
12 |
- |
38 |
19 |
|
|
8 |
43 |
55 |
112 |
54 |
|
|
2 |
7 |
5 |
12 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
16 |
74 |
73 |
189 |
92 |
Table 4
Relative size of all investigations
of zoonotic diseases carried out by international expeditions in
Disease
Method Investigations Population Ratio I/P
|
Glanders |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allergic |
Horses |
5 460 070 |
2 250 000 |
2.43 |
|
|
Serological |
Horses |
126 960 |
2 250 000 |
0.06 |
|
|
Allerg+serol. |
Horses |
5 587 030 |
2 250 000 |
2.48 |
|
|
Allergic |
Camels |
332 684 |
630 000 |
0.53 |
|
Brucellosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serological |
Camels |
432 919 |
630 000 |
0.69 |
|
|
Serological |
Cattle |
2 892 658 |
2 030 000 |
1.42 |
|
|
Serological |
Sheep |
19 533 637 |
12 800 000 |
1.53 |
|
|
Serological |
Goats |
5 834 450 |
4 270 000 |
1.37 |
|
Tuberculosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allergic |
Cattle |
3 113 115 |
2 030 000 |
1.53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All investigations |
|
|
37 657 595 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All selected species |
|
|
|
21 980 000 |
1.71 |
|
Human population |
|
|
|
1 249 000 |
30.15 |
Table 5
Summary table on the results of
zoonotic disease investigations carried out
by international expeditions in
Disease Method Investigations
Positive results %
|
Glanders |
|
Total |
5 505 714 |
|
241 537 |
4.39 |
|
|
Allergic |
Horses |
|
5 046 070 |
241 157 |
4.78 |
|
|
Allergic |
Camels |
|
332 684 |
380 |
0.12 |
|
|
serological |
Horses |
|
126 960 |
24 760 |
19.50 |
|
Brucellosis |
serological |
Total |
28 743 006 |
|
660 432 |
2.30 |
|
|
e.g. |
Camels |
|
432 919 |
9 987 |
2.31 |
|
|
e.g. |
Cattle |
|
2 892 658 |
192 601 |
6.66 |
|
|
e.g. |
Sheep |
|
19 533 637 |
320 709 |
1.64 |
|
|
e.g. |
Goats |
|
5 834 450 |
136 222 |
2.33 |
|
Tuberculosis |
Allergic |
Total |
3 408 875 |
|
? |
? |
|
|
e.g. |
Cattle |
|
3 113 115 |
? |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total |
|
|
37 657 595 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|