CZECHOSLOVAK EXPEDITIONS
AGAINST GLANDERS, BRUCELLOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN
V.Kouba
Formerly: Vice-Director and Chief Epizootiologist of Czechoslovak
State Veterinary Service, Prague; Professor of Epizootiology, University of
Veterinary Sciences, Brno; Chief of Czechoslovak expedition against
foot-and-mouth disease in Mongolia
Introduction
Following Mongolian government‘s appeal the Czechoslovak government sent to Mongolia in April 1964 a veterinary expedition against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) rapidly penetrating as a panzootic wave from the eastern borders to the central territories of the country. The expedition, headed by the author of this paper, in an extraordinary form helped to block this wave and contributed to the FMD eradication thanks to combining modern anti-epizootic methods and applying Czechoslovak anti-FMD vaccine. More information see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/fmdmongolia.htm.
On 30 May 1964 the Chief of Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition in Mongolia was asked by Dr Badamyn Baldzinjam, Mongolian Minister of Agriculture, being informed about very successful Czechoslovak programme against bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis, to suggest a similar multi-zoonoses programme and methodology for future multilateral international expeditions to help in Mongolian country programme against glanders, brucellosis and tuberculosis of domestic animals. These diseases were causing big losses in livestock husbandry, production of food of animal origin and were affecting Mongolian human population, also with fatal outcome. The initial objectives had two forms: to prepare a project document for mass investigations and control of the mentioned diseases and to test the application of specific diagnostic methods for national survey organization under Mongolian field conditions.
However, the basic precondition was first to restore
foot-and-mouth disease free status in the whole Mongolian territory which
was reached by the end of 1964, thanks to successful anti-FMD actions carried
out by Czechoslovak veterinary expedition, exploiting rich Czechoslovak
experience with this disease being supported by other international expeditions.
All veterinary expeditions were assisting to Mongolian authorities and veterinary
service (under the leadership of Dr Ts. Sugaaradza, Chief Veterinary Officer)
managing effectively extremely demanding country-wide anti-FMD measures.
Main objectives covering all Mongolian territory
- saved as much as possible persons and animals from being infected, sick and dead due to brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders
- reduced significantly the losses due to animal
brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders
Preparation of the project document
Methodology. The first task was given to Dr Václav Kouba, Czechoslovak Chief
Epizootiologist (who was that time present in Mongolia heading Czechoslovak
anti-FMD expedition) after the consolidation of the expedition activities and
final convincing Mongolian authorities to accept Czechoslovak anti-FMD strategy,
tactics and vaccine (thanks to positive second test of the compatibility of the
vaccine strain and Mongolian field virus strain). Following the request of Dr
Baldzinjam, Minister of Agriculture, Dr Kouba being assisted by Prof.Dr
Yarympyl and Dr Celendash (Mongolia),
Prof. Dr Czenczev (
- to discover all outbreaks through investigating all ranches/farms of susceptible animals in the country using a complex diagnostic methods (serological, allergic, clinical and epizootiological) applying international standards for results’ interpretation;
- to identify the localization (mapping) of specific zoonoses’ outbreaks;
- to identify specific zoonoses’ morbidity, mortality and focality;
- to mark visibly and permanently (triangle holes in left auricles in case of tuberculosis and in right auricles in case of brucellosis) all positive animals, isolate them without following retesting and cull them as soon as possible;
- to apply measures for specific health protection of countrymen and consumers as well as of non-positive animals and herds considering the local conditions;
- to introduce a particular information system for the decision making of Mongolian veterinary central and local authorities;
- to develop intensive publicity campaign the rural population to be convinced about the need of the programmes and to support it;
- to identify priorities and procedures for follow-up control and eradication programmes at all levels (national, ajmak, somon and local).
First proposals against the brucellosis
were finished on 4 June, against the tuberculosis on 8 June and against the
glanders on
On the 13. June 1964 on the bank of
Field pilot testing. Further step to test the proposed methodology was to use the present Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition, after finishing their main task, to start testing the procedures of field investigations supported by a mobile laboratory (imported well ahead together with anti-FMD expedition). During three weeks there were investigated in Bajan-agt, Bulgan ajmak on the brucellosis 2,081 animals using serological test and 631 animals using F-allergen, on the tuberculosis 993 animals using PPD tuberculin and on the glanders 30 horses using serological test and 46 horses using allergic test as well as 34 camels using allergic test.
Brucellosis pilot testing: The blood for serological investigations was taken from 2,018 animals (1,605 cattle, 156 breeding rams, 233 goats and 34 camels (see Tab. I). All cows in three dairy ranches were investigated. In 631 heads of cattle there were carried out simultaneously serological and allergic tests and their comparison. There were 22.5 % positive and dubious results of serological tests and 16.9 % positive and dubious results of allergic tests. Altogether the positive reactions reached 30.2 % of tested animals. Czechoslovak specialists were informed about frequent abortions, retention of the placenta and post-partum deaths of cows, i.e. clinical manifestation of the brucellosis. It was recommended to start with vaccination of all animals in dairy farms using B-19 vaccine. In rams and goats there were discovered only exceptional dubious reactions (1.9 % and 1.3 %) and in camels only one positive case. Based on these preliminary results it was supposed wide spread of brucellosis and that its control will be difficult under the local conditions, mainly due to missing necessary evidence of animals, difficulties with the isolation of affected animals to avoid contacts with other animals on the pastures, with the disinfection and protection of persons. It was recommended to give the priority to breeding and dairy farms.
Tuberculosis pilot testing. There were carried out tuberculin
tests in 993 head of cattle in three dairy farms. 454 animals of them were
tested simultaneously using Czechoslovak PPD tuberculin and Soviet alt
tuberculin and the results were compared (see Tab. II). Positive reaction was
detected in one animal and dubious reactions in 6
animals. When considering the local epizootiological conditions it could not be
rejected the possibility of the para-allergy. It seemed that the cattle
tuberculosis in
Glanders pilot testing. There were carried out two experimental tests, mainly for gaining
experience with animal fixation and work organization. There were investigated
serologically 30 horses; one reaction was positive and 9 dubious. Allergic
tests of 46 horses were positive in 9 cases and in 34 camels there were all
negative. The horses were roped in a corral. The malleinization was carried out
early morning and the result interpretation was evaluated at the evening. The
positive reactions were very expressive, mainly in one stallion (muco-purulent
discharges from eyes and nostrils, strongly accelerated breathing, etc.). It
was clear that the glanders’ spread would be extensive and the application of
control/eradication measures would be very difficult, in particular the
catching of semi-wild horses and their fixation (roping) without necessary
manpower. The isolation of positive animals during free moving on the pastures
was under the local conditions difficult to imagine when considering that the
daily movement of 50-100 km was not any exception. Also in the case to manage separating
healthy animals from positive ones and allocate them in a distant location of
the somon, without permanent supervision by the herdsmen the contacts between
the two herds could
not be avoided. And permanent presence of the herdsmen was not possible under
that time Mongolian conditions. The situation was making worse due to underestimation
of the anti-epizootic measures by the herdsmen themselves.
Animal register testing: The precondition for any diagnostic actions at population level and for anti-epizootic measures is proper registration of all investigated animals. In spite of testing different methods of animal marking, there were not achieved desirable results: 29 % cattle during the “reading” could not be registered (numbers non readable, or without numbers or animals were not shown at all). In cattle there were tested several techniques. First of all it was Mongolian method writing numbers on canvas’ strips and binding them into tail hairs. The results were different; it was very important to bind the numbers consistently. The problem was that many numbers were either lost or not readable due to rain, urine and faeces. Further tested method was writing the numbers by the chalk for animals on the side, back or hindquarters. Unfortunately, also using this method after three days some numbers were not readable. The same result was when using oil lacquer. It was recommended to use permanent colours with silver nitrate, hair lacquers, etc. In two farms there were positive animals marked through the perforation of the auricle. The problem was that the herdsmen use the auricle for marking animals with particular characteristics (e.g. calving) and some auricles were seriously damaged and thus the specific perforation was not recognizable. Sheep and goats had not any permanent marks. It was suggested to use plastic tags (labels). In camels and horses the marking was done by the chalk and the numbers were readable when evaluating after 12 hours. All the tested methods had only short-term value, i.e. not suitable for anti-epizootic actions requiring permanent register. Therefore, it was suggested to discuss this problem with Mongolian authorities before starting multinational diagnostic actions planned for the next years. (Tab. IV).
International clearance of the multilateral project
The draft representing
the preparation of multinational help in Mongolian veterinary problems was sent
to all participating countries’ government for study and comments. Dr Badamyn Baldzinjam,
Mongolian Minister of Agriculture (referring to CMEA agriculture ministers’
decision to provide veterinary help to
The
methodological procedures were based on the proposals elaborated by Czechoslovak
specialists in 1964 at the occasion of their assistance in fighting against FMD
in
Results of the scientific-methodological conference
In order to prepare properly the multinational anti-epizootic assistance, it was decided to start in 1966. During 1965, starting in May, experimental groups composed from specialists of participating countries (if possible to be the selected future leaders of national expeditions) to test in practice all aspects of the project which would help to prepare national expeditions as well as possible.
Analysing the
tasks it was decided to increase the number of specialists and assisting staff.
According to the suggested norms the Czechoslovak expeditions
to have 20 veterinarians and 20 laboratory technicians. The duration was
planned to last always 6 months (from April to October) during 1966, 1967 and
1968. It was decided to allocate Czechoslovak expeditions in Bulgan and
Uvurchangaj ajmak in
In the final
protocol there were included also the norms of material needs. Transport means,
such as personal cross-country vehicles GAZ and trucks, to be assured for all
the expeditions in
The programme was calculated for 108 anti-epizootic units each composed from 15 persons, including 2 veterinarians and 2 laboratory technicians from any participating country and the rest would be Mongolian staff.
It was
calculated to exploit Czechoslovak mobile laboratory, including electricity
generator, imported within 1964 free-of-charge anti-FMD expedition, for preliminary
testing at the end of the FMD-expedition activities as well as for the testing
in 1965 and for using it by Czechoslovak expeditions in 1966, 1967 and 1968.
Afterwards, it was given to Mongolian government. The personal cross-country
vehicles GAZ and the truck ZIL as well as veterinary material of the anti-FMD expedition were
given to Mongolian site after finishing
the anti-FMD expedition.
As follow-up of the mentioned conference the Czechoslovak veterinary service started to prepare the mobile laboratory for the new work including replenishing stock of necessary material. Simultaneously, there were selected the members of future expeditions and organized special postgraduate training at National Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education. The material for the expeditions was prepared according to the norms identified during the conference.
Dr Ladislav Polák, Czechoslovak Chief Veterinary
Officer started in advance (knowing the draft of methods being prepared for the
international expeditions) the selection of expedition members. At the end of
1964 he sent to all Provincial Veterinary Officers and Directors of Veterinary
Diagnostic Institutes a circular asking for submitting by the end of
February 1965 following proposals: well justified names (candidates) of one veterinarian, one veterinary
technician and one laboratory technician together with written agreement of the
candidates. Following aspects to be considered: good health status and physical
fitness, in veterinarians also professional experience of the diagnosis of
brucellosis and tuberculosis and their control, in laboratory technicians also
perfect knowledge of serological investigations, in veterinary technicians also
the knowledge of different methods of animal fixation, marking, blood
collection and vaccination; active knowledge of Russian, independence in
deciding and solving problems, responsibility, discipline and eventual
experience with foreign expertises, mainly in Mongolia. From the proposed
candidates the members and substitutes were selected.
Separately, Dr Baldzinjam,
Minister of Agriculture discussed with Czechoslovak delegate the problem of the
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease. It was agreed to sent
Mongolian specialist Dr Badzardza to Bioveta Terezin in
Note: The author of this paper was sent again to
Mongolia in November 1965 as the member-veterinarian of Czechoslovak mission
evaluating the possibility to improve
harvesting, storing and processing animal products, mainly leathers,
hides, wool as well as different meats to increase country income through
easier export. The relevant recommendations, based on the analyses at farm
level, at storing and processing facilities, were presented to Mongolian
government.
Realization of the project by international
expeditions
Czechoslovak anti-epizootic
expeditions started in 1965 under the leadership of experienced Dr Evžen Jurák
who had participated in Czechoslovak veterinary expedition against
foot-and-mouth disease in
The Czechoslovak
anti-epizootic expedition of 1966 was headed by Dr Vojtěch Augustinský; the members
were Dr
Both Czechoslovak anti-epizootic expeditions in 1967 and in 1968 were headed by Dr Vladimír Rothbauer; the members were Dr Jan Jeřábek, Dr Jiří Ládr, Dr Josef Skrovný (only in 1967), Dr Vojtěch Augustinský (only in 1968), Dr Roman Zachoval, Dr Jiří Vargic, Dr Josef Straka, Dr František Rozsíval, Dr Jan Zapletal, Dr Jiří Kacerovský, Dr Jaromír Boháč, Dr Tibor Benninghaus, Dr Václav Soukup, Dr Jaroslav Krušpán, Dr Jiří Kačín (only in 1968), Dr Pavol Novotný, Dr František Brnušák, Dr Antonín Schlée, Dr Václav Vašák (only in 1967), Dr Ján Žilinčár, Dr Ludvík Polášek, Dr Josef Koudela and Dr Imrich Bíro. Other members were the drivers: in 1967 Josef Novotný and František Tesař and in 1968 Jiří Bauer and František Král. In 1968 the expedition was accompanied by a physician MUDr Jiří Hovorka.
The diagnostic actions were carried out in all territories of Bulgan and Uvurchangaj ajmaks. The expanded activities required to equip Czechoslovak expedition additionally by new eight cross-road cars GAZ, one truck V3S, seven electro centrals including spare parts, many different materials for the expedition member professional activities (laboratory equipment, biological preparations) and for surviving under harsh Mongolian conditions. Some material was from military stores. All material was sent well in advance by the train.
The expedition members were divided in seven groups composed by three veterinarians each. In Bulgan ajmak there were three groups and in Uvurchangaj ajmak there four groups. In Bulgan ajmak Dr Josef Koudela was the head in 1967 and Dr Vojtěch Augustinský in 1968. In Uvurchangaj ajmak Dr Josef Straka was the head in 1967 and Dr Jaromír Boháč in 1968.
The meeting of
the Chief Veterinary Officers of participating countries in
After finishing the international anti-epizootic programme all transport means, mobile laboratory and veterinary equipment were handed over through Czechoslovak embassy to Mongolian veterinary service. All expenses of the four anti-epizootic expeditions were covered by Czechoslovak Ministry of Agriculture and by Czechoslovak State Veterinary Service.
Main results
The size of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition disease investigation activities during 1966-1968 was as follows: brucellosis – 26,957 camels (919 positive, i.e. 3.41 %), 336,256 cattle (18,619 positive, i.e. 5.54 %), 1,796,639 sheep (21,561 positive, i.e. 1.20%), 428,021 goats (4,018 positive, i.e. 0.94 %), 467 pigs (1 positive, i.e. 0.21 %) and 572 dogs (63 positive, i.e. 11.01 %); tuberculosis - 677,402 cattle (427 positive, i.e. 0.06 %), 471 pigs (0 positive, i.e. 0 %) and 2,152 poultry (23 positive, i.e. %.1.07 %); glanders – 603,055 horses (18,073 positive, i.e. 3.00 %) and 15,863 camels (2 positive, i.e. 0.01 %). More information see in Tables V, VI and VII.
Total number of serological investigations on brucellosis reached 2,588,912. Total number of allergic testing on tuberculosis reached 680,025 and allergic testing on glanders reached 618,918 animals. Total number of all investigations of selected zoonoses by Czechoslovak veterinary expeditions during 1966-1968 reached 3,887,855 tests (not including the initial tests carried out by Czechoslovak veterinary expeditions in 1964 and 1965).
Simultaneously,
there were working in
Note: During the disease investigation activities,
Czechoslovak expeditions carried out several experimental tests studying
different diagnostic methods related to the anti-epizootic programme in
Discussion and conclusion
Statistical data on Czechoslovak veterinary expeditions were incomplete.
Therefore the text was updated after receiving statistical data of Mongolian
State Archive sent to the author by Prof. Dr Z. Batsukh, PhD, Director of
Veterinary Institute, Agriculture University in Ulaabaatar on 14 January 2010.
It has proved exellent archival system of Mongolian veterinary services.
Successful participation of
Czechoslovak veterinary expedition in the above mentioned programme represented
one of several actions assisting Mongolian veterinary service in animal disease
controlling to improve the protection of Mongolian people health and to improve
livestock production in terms of quantity and quality.
This fruitfull collaboration started by the signature of bilateral
intergovernmental veterinary agreement signed by Prof. MVDr Koloman Boda, DrSc.
on behalf of Czechoslovak government in 1963. This bilateral collaboration practically
started by Czechoslovak veterinary expedition against foot-and-mouth disease in
1964 (see http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/fmdmongolia),
continued by the above described programme during 1965-1968, by the
consultation on the improvement of animal products harvesting, storing and
processing during 21 October – 4 December 1965 (MVDr Václav Kouba, CSc.) and
ending by Czech project assisting in animal identification and corresponding postgradual
trainig during 2007-2009 (team leader Doc. MVDr Daniela Lukešová, PhD., members
Prof. MVDr Václav Kouba, DrSc., Doc. RNDr Jan Minář, DrSc. and Ing. Jiří Tomeš).
International
programme and methods initially elaborated by Czechoslovak veterinary
specialists, adjusted according to the comments of the specialists from
participating countries as well of Mongolian veterinarians (headed by Dr Ts.
Sugarragchaa, Chief Veterinary Officer), proved to be fully feasible and
effective.
In the whole Mongolian territory of all ajmaks were working during several years international long-term expeditions from five countries. Together with other foreign veterinary experts – epizootiologists and diagnosticians – were working hundreds of Mongolian veterinarians (strong and very well organized) and thousands persons of Mongolian supporting staff with active assistance of local countrymen as well as of somon, ajmak and central authorities. The working and living conditions were very difficult. It must be considered also the fact that all expeditions were working under harsh climatic and hygienic conditions and under permanent risk to be infected by dangerous zoonoses through direct contacts with tested diseased animals and through other exposition inside of outbreaks of these diseases. All participating persons and organizations must be highly appreciated for the enormous work done.
In the whole country the number of specific
investigations reached more than 37 million tests. This size represented a
historical record of international diagnostic and control actions against
several very dangerous diseases transmissible to man covering the whole territory
of a developing country.
Information covering activities of all international veterinary expeditions see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/zoonoses-mongolia.
Czechoslovak expeditions carried out during 1965 many
thousands of investigations during
first intensive pilot testing of
the methodology (under the leadership of MVDr Evžen Jurák). Later
during 1966-1968 in
selected ajmaks there were carried out 3,887,855 specific investigations on glanders,
bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis, including marking positive animals,
their isolation and premature culling simultaneously with the measures for the
outbreak eradication and for the protection of healthy herds. More information in attached tables V., VI and VII.
Original programme and methods of international multi-disease
investigations and control of major zoonoses in animal populations used in this
size is without parallel in the international history of veterinary medicine !
It was a great satisfaction mainly for Czechoslovak epizootiology “school” which was the main professional initiator and methodological leader. Reached results had multiplying effect thanks to the programme application in a country-wide size with long-term impact on the development of animal husbandry, production of meat and other products of animal origin as well as on the health of the herdsmen and consumers in the whole Mongolia. Thanks to effective help of all participating international veterinary expeditions, thousands of Mongolian countrymen and consumers were saved from being sick and dead due to mentioned very dangerous zoonoses !
References:
BATZUKH , Z. 2010:
Statistical data of Mongolian State Veterinary Archive
BOHÁČ, J., JEŘÁBEK, J., LÁDR, J. 1968: Kazuistický
poznatek o použitelnosti Kolářova F alergenu v diagnostice brucelozy velbloudů.
Veterinářství, XVIII: 218-219
ČERNOVSKÝ, J., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Poznatky z
diagnostických akcí v Mongolsku. (Experience of diagnostic
actions in
EXPEDITION STAFF 1964: Zpráva o činnosti
československé veterinární expedice v Mongolské lidové republice. (Report of Czechoslovak
veterinary expedition in
JEŘÁBEK, J., LÁDR, J., BOHÁČ, J. 1969: Vliv
intradermální maleinace koní na tvorbu specifických
protilátek. Veterinářství, XIX: 54-55
KOUBA, V. 1964: Zpráva z cesty do Mongolské lidové
republiky. (Report on duty travel in
KOUBA, V. 1964: K veterinární problematice v Mongolské
lidové republice. (Veterinary problems in
KOUBA, V., POSPÍCHAL M., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Zkušenosti s tlumením slintavky v Mongolsku. (Experience of FMD
control in
KOUBA, V., DVOŘÁK, L. 1965: Zpráva mise do Mongolska k
řešení problémů získávaní, skladování a zpracování živočišných produktů. In
KOUBA, V. , POSPÍCHAL, M.
1994: Protislintavková expedice v Mongolsku. (Anti-FMD
expedition in
KOUBA, V. 2006: Double barrier strategy against
foot-and-mouth disease panzootic wave successfully applied under Mongolian
conditions. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica,
KOUBA, V. 2010: Multinational veterinary expeditions
against zoonoses covering all Mongolian territory during 1966-1968 (more than
38 million tests). http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/zoonoses-mongolia.htm
LÁDR, J., BOHÁČ, J., JEŘÁBEK, J., 1968: Srovnání
účinnosti F alergenu a brucelohydrolyzátu na ovcích.
Veterinářství, XVIII: 538-539
LUKEŠOVÁ, D. et all. 2007-2009: Identification of Animals in
Central Region of
ROTHBAUER, V. 2007: Osobní poznámky - dopisy z 6.dubna a 14. srpna 2007
(Personal notes – letters of 6 April and
SUGAARADZA, Ts. 1966-1968: Personal notes of Mongolian
national manager of the multinational zonoses control programme,
ŠEVČÍK B. 1965: Zajímavosti z chovu zvířat v
Mongolsku. (Animal production in
TOMEŠ, J., MULLER, LUKEŠOVÁ, D.
2010: Livestock ear tag standards at climatic conditions of
Annexes
Tab. I
Results of first limited pilot brucellosis
investigations in Bajan-agt, Bulgan ajmak, 1964
==================================================================
Animal Number Serological tests Allergic tests
Species of animals ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
Tested Positive Dubious % Tested Positive Dubious %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cattle |
1,605 |
1,605 |
154 |
208 |
22.5 |
631 |
89 |
18 |
16.9 |
|
Sheep |
156 |
156 |
- |
3 |
1.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Goats |
223 |
223 |
- |
3 |
1.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Camels |
34 |
34 |
1 |
- |
2.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
2,018 |
2,018 |
155 |
214 |
18.2 |
631 |
89 |
18 |
16.9 |
===================================================================
Tab. II
Results of first limited pilot tuberculosis
investigations in Bajan-agt, Bulgan ajmak, 1964
==================================================================
Farm Tested animals Positive results Dubious
results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Czechosl. Soviet Czechosl. Soviet Czechosl. Soviet
tuberculin tuberculin
tuberculin tuberculin tuberculin
tuberculin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Dairy I/1 part |
159 |
159 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
|
Dairy II/ 1
part |
295 |
295 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
312 |
- |
1 |
- |
4 |
- |
|
Dairy I/2 part |
227 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
993 |
454 |
1 |
- |
6 |
2 |
==================================================================
Tab. III
Results of first limited pilot malleus investigations
in Bajan-agt, Bulgan ajmak, 1964
=========================================================
Animal Serological tests Allergic tests
Species -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tested Positive Dubious
Tested Positive Dubious
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Horses |
30 |
1 |
9 |
46 |
9 |
- |
|
Camels |
- |
- |
- |
34 |
- |
- |
=========================================================
Tab. IV
Evaluation of cattle marking in Bajan-agt, Bulgan
ajmak,
==============================================================
Farm Marking method Total Not readable Not Not evaluated
Marked or missing shown number %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Dairy I-1. part |
Numbers in tail hairs |
148 |
39 |
- |
39 |
26.3 |
|
Dairy II-1.part |
Numbers in tail hairs |
287 |
19 |
35 |
54 |
18.8 |
|
|
Numbers in tail hairs |
312 |
265 |
- |
265 |
84.9 |
|
Dairy I-2.part |
Chalk for animals |
215 |
17 |
- |
17 |
7.9 |
|
Dairy II-2.part |
Chalk for animals |
148 |
12 |
26 |
38 |
25.6 |
|
Brigade 3 |
Oil lacquer |
483 |
47 |
3 |
50 |
10.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
1,593 |
399 |
64 |
463 |
29.0 |
===============================================================
Tab. V.
Number of animals investigated by Czechoslovak veterinary
expeditions during 1966-1968 in two Mongolian selected ajmaks (number
of investigated animals, number and percentage of positive findings
according to animal species)
|
Animal species |
Disease |
Years |
Bulgan |
Uvurkhangai |
||||
|
Tested |
positive |
% |
Tested |
positive |
% |
|||
|
Camel |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
522 |
89 |
17 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
737 |
97 |
13.1 |
14419 |
322 |
2.2 |
||
|
1968 |
480 |
61 |
12.7 |
10799 |
350 |
3.2 |
||
|
Cattle |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
74881 |
4831 |
6.4 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
76568 |
3692 |
4.8 |
87232 |
5375 |
6.1 |
||
|
1968 |
70198 |
3812 |
5.4 |
27377 |
909 |
3.3 |
||
|
Sheep |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
31282 |
1174 |
3.7 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
346864 |
3807 |
1.0 |
545998 |
8454 |
1.5 |
||
|
1968 |
320938 |
2025 |
0.6 |
551554 |
6101 |
1.1 |
||
|
Goat |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
55412 |
546 |
0.9 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
55442 |
134 |
0.2 |
143269 |
2537 |
1.7 |
||
|
1968 |
45917 |
159 |
0.3 |
127981 |
642 |
0.5 |
||
|
Pig |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
168 |
1 |
0.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
129 |
- |
- |
44 |
- |
- |
||
|
1968 |
13 |
- |
- |
113 |
- |
- |
||
|
Dog |
Brucellosis |
1966 |
158 |
8 |
5.2 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
180 |
1 |
0.5 |
621 |
17 |
2.1 |
||
|
1968 |
182 |
2 |
1.0 |
593 |
35 |
5.9 |
||
|
Horse |
Glanders |
1966 |
91897 |
9298 |
10.1 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
83025 |
4011 |
4.8 |
184614 |
1171 |
0.6 |
||
|
1968 |
78064 |
2552 |
3.2 |
165455 |
1041 |
06 |
||
|
Camel |
Glanders |
1966 |
698 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
736 |
- |
- |
14429 |
2 |
.01 |
||
|
1968 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
||
|
Cattle |
Tuberculosis |
1966 |
76175 |
127 |
0.6 |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
76379 |
129 |
0.1 |
115788 |
68 |
0.05 |
||
|
1968 |
72267 |
55 |
0.7 |
111972 |
48 |
0.04 |
||
|
Pig |
Tuberculosis |
1966 |
111 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
1967 |
118 |
- |
- |
44 |
- |
- |
||
|
1968 |
80 |
- |
- |
118 |
- |
- |
||
|
Poultry |
Tuberculosis |
1966 |
196 |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
|
1967 |
285 |
- |
- |
840 |
- |
- |
||
|
1968 |
446 |
23 |
5.2 |
385 |
- |
- |
||
Table VI
Summary table on the number of animals investigated by
veterinary Czechoslovak expeditions during 1966-1968 in two ajmaks of
===================================================
Animal Bulgan ajmak Uvurkhangai ajmak -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Tested Positive % Tested Positive %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Brucellosis investigations |
|
Camel |
|
1,739 |
247
|
14.20 |
|
25,218 |
672 |
2.66 |
|
Cattle |
|
221,647 |
12,335 |
5.57 |
|
114,609 |
6,284 |
5.48 |
|
Sheep |
|
699,084 |
7,006 |
1.00 |
|
1,097,552 |
14,555 |
1.93 |
|
Goats |
|
156,771 |
839 |
0.54 |
|
271,250 |
3,179 |
1.17 |
|
Pigs |
|
310 |
1 |
0.32 |
|
157 |
0 |
0 |
Tuberculosis
investigations
|
|
Cattle |
|
224,821 |
311 |
0.14 |
|
227,760 |
116 |
0.05 |
|
Pigs |
|
309 |
0 |
0 |
|
162 |
0 |
0 |
|
Poultry |
|
927 |
23 |
2.48 |
|
1,225 |
0 |
0 |
Glanders
investigations
|
Horse |
|
252,986 |
15,861 |
6.27 |
|
350,069 |
2,212 |
0.63 |
|
Camel |
|
1,434 |
0 |
0 |
|
14,429 |
2 |
0.01 |
Tab. VII.
Summary table on the total number of animal
investigations (including number and percentage of positive findings) carried
out by Czechoslovak veterinary expeditions during 1966-1968 in two ajmaks of
====================================================================
Animal
Species Tests Positive %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brucellosis
investigations
|
Camel |
26,957 |
919 |
3,41 |
|
Cattle |
336,256 |
18,619 |
5.54 |
|
Sheep |
1,796,639 |
21,561 |
1.20 |
|
Goat |
428,021 |
4,018 |
0.94 |
|
Pig |
467 |
1 |
0.21 |
|
Dog |
572 |
63 |
11.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
2,588,912 |
|
|
Tuberculosis
investigations
|
Cattle |
677,402 |
427 |
0.06 |
|
Pig |
471 |
0 |
0.00 |
|
Poultry |
2,152 |
23 |
1.07 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
680,025 |
|
|
Glanders
investigations
|
Horse |
603,055 |
18,073 |
3.00 |
|
Camel |
15,863 |
2 |
0.01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
618,918 |
|
|