VETERINARY
EXPEDITION AGAINST PANZOOTIC WAVE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN
V. Kouba
Formerly:
Czechoslovak Chief Epizootiologist and Vice-Director, State Veterinary Service,
Abstract
The
paper describes successful application of a new original method against foot-and-mouth disease panzootic wave based
on extensive and very long double-barrier combining belt without FMD susceptible
species animals with vaccinated zone under vast desert and steppe conditions.
In 1964 Mongolian economy suffered catastrophic losses due to foot-and-mouth disease rapidly spreading from
eastern borders towards central territories. There were reported about 2
million diseased animals in a territory of 300 thousand km2. All the
measures, such as aphtization (1.5 million animals), territorial isolations and
quarantines were not in the position to stop this wave. On Mongolian request it
was sent a Czechoslovak veterinary expedition which elaborated a strategy,
agreed and implemented by Mongolian authorities, of double-barrier going from Chinese
to Soviet borders. For the vaccination it was used Czechoslovak vaccine which
proved to be compatible with local virus strain. The width of strictly
controlled belt without susceptible species animals was up to 80 km and the
vaccination belt of 100-300 km width. Double-barrier length was more than one thousand km adjusted to
local epizootiological situation. The aphtization was stopped and replaced by vaccination
including also intrafocal animals. From 790 thousand vaccinated animals 448
thousand were vaccinated by the expedition itself. After creating the barrier
the disease wave was stopped and the outbreaks eradicated. The task of the
expedition to assist to Mongolian
government in eradicating foot and mouth disease was fulfilled successfully.
1.
Introduction
a) At the end of 1963
foot and mouth disease (FMD) was discovered in eastern part of
b) Czechoslovak
government decided by its resolution No. 163 of
More
information see in the part 3. Equipment.
c) The paper is based on the report of Czechoslovak veterinary
expedition sent to Mongolia, information provided by Mongolian veterinary
service (Dr Ts. Sugarragchaa, 1964), publications of expedition participants (MVDr
Kouba 1964, 1965 and 1994; MVDr Pospíchal 1965 and 1994; MVDr Ševčík 1964 and
1965), on personal experience of the author who headed the expedition and of
MVDr Jurák, member of the expedition carrying out also medical service for the
expedition and local Mongolian human patients.
2.
FMD epizootiological situation in
a) At the end of 1963 the
FMD penetrated from Chinese Dalaj-Nur lake area into Mongolian eastern ajmaks (provinces)
– Eastern ajmak and Suchebator ajmak - through immense herds of antelopes
(dzerens) including also virus carriers and clinically sick animals. These
herds were moving westward due to organized hunting during October and November
1963 and extraordinary snowstorms in December 1963.
b) FMD spreading was
facilitated by: the impossibility to isolate effectively diseased animals, non
disposing dead animals, late discovery and reporting new cases, late
application of anti-FMD measures, etc. Among other factors facilitating FMD
spread belonged uncontrolled movement of persons, nomadic type of livestock husbandry
in permanent movement in the open air, contacts
of domestic with wild animals on
pastures and at water pools, long distance movement of wild animals such antelopes,
wolfs and vultures, strong winds, sand storms,
etc..
c) In December 1963 there
were set up high level anti-FMD commissions at ministerial level and in all
ajmaks and somons (districts)) as well as a central FMD commission of
specialists. The government mobilized herdsmen, public, national and local
authorities, relevant organizations, professional organizations, institutions
and national army manpower as well as material sources needed to eradicate this
plague declaring FMD eradication as national priority task.
d) There were created
isolation quarantines of somons and of total territories of individual ajmaks
applying usually three belts of
sentinels (two belts of civil guards and central belt secured by
national army posts). There were organized “anti-FMD belts without susceptible
species animals”. The borders between
affected and non-affected ajmaks were closed and controlled by army units.
Government mobilized the army to prove staff and equipment (military camions,
airplanes, helicopters, disinfection units, etc.). The control was concentrated
more on movement of persons than on free-moving animals. Nomadic territorial
movement in affected and threatened territories was reduced or stopped.
e) The aphtization (artificial
infection) of cattle, sheep, goats and camels was carried out in all somons
where FMD appeared. For the aphtization fresh saliva of
2-3 days sick animals diluted in
f) Mass
application of the aphtization in
aa) this method was traditionally used as only specific anti-FMD method and in particular when available vaccines had proved to be for particular situation ineffective;
bb) artificial infection accelerated disease course shortening the duration of the outbreaks measures, in particular where natural disease had slow course;
cc) this method was simple and cheap creating usually long-lasting FMD type-specific immunity;
dd) extensive aphtization simplified and limited size of quarantine measures mainly on the borders of threatened zones where it could be concentrated more forces and resources.
g) On the other hand the aphtization had many disadvantages:
aa) This method caused artificial reproduction of FMD virus in huge amount and thus from small outbreaks were created great ones very difficult to cope with when using only quarantine measures;
bb) this method, instead of healthy animal protection, caused FMD disease of hundreds of thousands of animals with all negative consequences, mainly deaths and reduced performance;
cc) after the aphtization often became diseased not all animals of the herd, i.e. the herd immunity was insufficient (in some cases, even several months after the aphtization, the FMD broke out again);
dd) extraordinary high morbidity facilitated FMD penetration among wild animals and thus the risk of crossing quarantine zones became higher;
ee) artificial
infection represented artificial passages
of the virus in great number of susceptible animals, which could cause increase
of virus virulence eventually virus mutation changes.
f) To reduce the losses
of young animals serum or citrated blood of recovered animals were used. The
blood was collected in big amount and distributed to distant somons and other
ajmaks which represented de facto one
of potential transmission ways of other dangerous diseases to remote
localities. The doses were for calves 1-3 ml per kg of live weight of convalescent
serum or 2-4 ml per kg of live weight of citrate blood and for adult animals 500-1000
ml.
g) There were established
disinfection centres, mainly at the borders of affected somons, ajmaks as well
as at airports and main routes. For gas disinfection it was used
paraformaldehyde vapour (produced in DUK camions), for liquid disinfection
formalin, eventually caustic soda. The disinfection of persons was usually
carried out in specially adjusted yurts, for disinfection of clothing and
different articles were used camions with paraformaldehyde boxroom. There were
constructed simple provisional big field impermeable rooms for gas disinfection
of cars and camions.
h) No vaccine compatible
with local FMD virus strain was available. Therefore, in all even-toed
ungulates of Onon state ranches of Eastern ajmak and cattle in four somons
close to western border of Suchebator ajmak was carried out experimental vaccination using
i) Use of “stamping out”
method was under existing conditions unrealistic.
j) All staff of Mongolian
veterinary service was mobilized including 5-year students from Veterinary
Faculty,
k) Soviet anti-FMD
expedition (Chief – Dr Mustafajev) was working in Chentej ajmak using Omsk FMD O
type vaccine and trying to produce “on-the-spot” a lapinized vaccine from local
Mongolian strain (author - Dr Kozlovskij). This vaccine was evaluated on
l) In February 1964 the
FMD further spread rapidly to the west deep
into Chentej ajmak and also into East-Gobi ajmak, i.e. affecting all four
eastern provinces. The size of FMD territory reached more than 300,000 km2.
It was registered also spread of 360 km distance from original outbreak during
only two weeks.
Note: The East-Gobi
ajmak, where Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition started working, of 110,000 km2
size were that time 14,000 inhabitants in 14 somons (average distance about
100-140 km). In this ajmak there were only 3 medical centres and one hospital (2
medical doctors in the capital Sajshand), 4 veterinary centres with 10
veterinarians and 36 animal health assistants. Provincial anti-FMD Commission
sent 400 people to guard the routes with average distances of 8 km.
m) All the anti-FMD measures were unable to stop the huge FMD panzootic
wave penetrating rapidly into other Mongolian territories.
n) In March 1964 there were reported already about 600 thousand new FMD natural cases. Therefore, Mongolian government asked for international help in controlling and eradicating panzootic FMD spreading from eastern frontiers. Czechoslovak government reacted immediately and sent an expedition of 16 specialists in FMD.
3) Czechoslovak veterinary expedition
a) Task of the expedition:
To help in stopping FMD panzootic wave penetrating toward central territories and in eradicating existing outbreaks.
b) Expedition staff arrived
by normal commercial flight in
Chief: MVDr
Václav Kouba, CSc., Czechoslovak Chief Epizootiologist and Technical Vice-Director,
State Veterinary Service
Deputy Chief: MVDr Miroslav Pospíchal, Jihlava Province
Chief Veterinary Officer (he took the
lead of the expedition after Dr Kouba’s departure on
Members: MVDr Jaroslav Bukovský (OVZ Košice), MVDr Evžen Jurák (OVZ Hradec Králové), MVDr Václav Maršálek (OVZ Plzen-Jih), MVDr Štefan Marton (OVZ Levice), MVDr Karel Peštál (OVZ Břeclav), MVDr Bohumil Ševčík (OVZ Praha-Jih), MVDr Alfons Urbanec (OVZ Pelhřimov); MVDr Jan Černovský (ÚSVÚ Brno) - responsible for mobile diagnostic laboratory.
Supporting staff: Ondrej Kolesár (OVZ Košice) - veterinary assistant, Miroslav Matouš (Ministry of Agriculture) - camion driver responsible for expedition base maintenance and material supply, Josef Ruban - laboratory technician and Arnošt Smutný -laboratory driver and responsible for its maintenance – both from ÚSVÚ Brno.
MVDr Roman Fedák and MVDr František Láznička from National FMD Reference Laboratory in Terezin responsible for testing Czechoslovak vaccine compatibility with local Mongolian FMD virus O field strain. The vaccine arrived separately by two Czechoslovak government planes together with material for expedition work and with two thousand litres of FMD vaccine requiring special protective heating treatment against frost during overnight stopovers at Siberian airports.
Examples of partial responsibilities: Dr Pospíchal –
tools for territory orientation, hunting and fishing; Dr Jurák – human medical
service; Dr Bukovský – sanitation; Dr Marton – vaccine; Dr Maršálek –
instruments; Dr Peštál – diagnostics; Dr Urbanec – proviant; Dr Ševčík –
veterinary medicaments.
--------------------------
*) The extraordinary speedy preparation of the expedition
staff and equipment was made possible mainly thanks to the consistent
preparedness of Czechoslovak government veterinary service for anti-epizootic
emergency against the most dangerous animal diseases (such as FMD).
c) Equipment
a) imported by
two Czechoslovak government twin-engined propeller planes arriving after five
days flight in Ulaanbaatar on 14 April 1964 (every evening at all airport stopovers
it must be arranged for inside-plan-heating to avoid the FMD vaccine to be
frozen, mainly due to Siberian severe frost; responsibility: Dr Roman Fedák and
Dr František Láznička who were accompanying this specific cargo):
aa) Full equipped mobile kitchen (with dishes and long-lasting, i.e. non-perishable foodstuffs - canned food, dehydrated food such as vegetables, potatoes, etc.), tents and other material needed for expedition work and life in very difficult conditions of desert Gobi, steppe and tundra; different instruments (including automatic syringes) and medicaments, sanitary facilities, uniform clothing for expedition members *) including protective clothing and footwear for harsh climatic conditions **), signal materials for day and night (suitable radio-communication devices were not available – offered ones were too heavy and bulky with only up 70 km action radius), cleansing and disinfection means, maintenance material, leather bags, haversacks, flasks, canteens, hunting and fishing equipments (for self-supplying by fresh meat – antelopes, bustards, partridges, fish such as taimen), etc.
bb) The equipment included one military command tent (used as the store, kitchen and social/meeting room), seven tourist two-persons’ tents (first Gobi storm destroyed them and it was necessary to replace them by normal Mongolian yurts proved to be stormproof), 16 quilted sleeping bags, 16 rubber air mattresses, 2 folding metal tables and 12 folding seats.
cc) In 6 tone cargo for the expedition there were also two thousand litres of bivalent O+A anti-FMD vaccine. Later it was imported additionally two thousand litres to meet increasing needs to cover all the buffer territories and intrafocal applications.
------------------------
*) Every member was provided by:
2 work overalls, 1 cap, 1 pair of knee-boots, 1 pair
of winter felt shoes, 1 winter overall (tunic), 1 winter trousers, 1 raincoat,
1 fur hat with earflaps, 2 pairs of winter cloth (worn instead of socks), 2
pairs of summer cloths, 1 pair of mitten gloves, 1 pair of knitted gloves and 1
complete antichemical protection clothing (for intrafocal work).
**) Note: The temperature differences between daily
heats and night frosts were up to about 50o C; e.g. in vaccination
starting day on 24 April 1964 in Erdene
Somon, Gobi desert at Chinese borders, the
midday temperature reached 45o
C (many of expedition members suffered by second grade of burns – vesicles
on auricle tips) and in the night – 8 o C = requiring particular
protection of the vaccine against freeze).
dd) All the material for the expedition was stored in a store room prepared by the Mongolian Ministry of Agriculture.
b) Imported by train:
Mobile
diagnostic laboratory with electricity generator arrived on
c) Material
bought in
six
cross-country vehicles (GAZ) and one 6-ton camion ZIL arrived on
d) All above
mentioned material (including mobile laboratory) was of Czechoslovak
provenience with the exception of Polish automatic syringes and
4) Mongolian counterpart:
a) National counterpart was represented mainly by Dr Sugarraagchaa, Mongolian Chief Veterinary Officer, Dr Perenge, Chief Epizootiologist and Dr Cendehu, Epizootiologist.
b) Czechoslovak
concept for FMD eradication was dealt also with Dr Endonduychiv, Government
Procurator and Chairman of Government Extraordinary anti-FMD Commission, Dr Baldziniam,
Minister of Agriculture, Dr Ajush, Vice-Minister of Agriculture, Dr Serendza,
Vice-President of State Planning Commission, Prof. Dr Baldandaz,
c) The
expedition was supplemented by supporting Mongolian drivers and veterinarians-interpreters
together with three cross-country vehicles (GAZ). Mongolian part provided fuel,
yurts, maps, guiding to find dispersed herds for vaccination and helping in
organizing animal catching, fixing and marking.
5) Concept of Czechoslovak anti-FMD strategy:
a) Chief of the
expedition presented to Mongolian government a proposal for FMD eradication
based on modern epizootiological concept consisting in complex protection of
FMD-free territories mainly through the vaccination of FMD susceptible species animals
and thus to create wide protective zones. This plan, in local conditions
understood as “revolutionary”, was pushed through only after very successful
application of Czechoslovak vaccine under field conditions and after its experimental
testing.
b) The concept was based on immediate and uncompromising isolation of infected territories and outbreak areas, consistent complex intrafocal and perifocal measures, rigorous epizootiological surveillance, immediate diagnosis of suspect cases (including virus typing), intensive clinical and epizootiological investigation to identify the limits of the outbreaks, perifocal and threatened zones, prevention of threatened territories expanding protective belts without FMD susceptible species animals combined with mass vaccination in threatened zones.
c) The concept required
to strengthen significantly existing
isolation quarantines of somons and of total territories of individual ajmaks
applying three belts of sentinels. Other requirement was to expand
“anti-FMD belts without susceptible species animals” up to 80 km of width. All domestic
animals to be driven away from this territory and wild animals susceptible to
FMD to be chased or hunted.
d) It was suggested to create 100 – 300 km wide vaccination barrier (adjusted to epizootiological situation and local conditions) of about one thousand km from Chinese to Soviet borders. For this purpose it was available Czechoslovak vaccine against FMD which proved to be very effective, even inside of FMD outbreaks replacing traditional aphtization.
e) The concept was accepted by Mongolian government and widely applied by national managerial infrastructure, first of all by state veterinary service. Exemplary participation of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition was obvious.
6) Vaccination
a) Expedition members participated in applying anti-FMD measures at national, ajmak and somon levels as well as inside of outbreaks, including FMD diagnosis. The main activity was the realization of Czechoslovak plan to create vaccinated buffer zone along affected territory. The vaccination started in Erdene somon at Chinese borders and continued northward up to Soviet borders.
b) With Czechoslovak bivalent anti-FMD type O+A vaccine produced in Bioveta Terezin (Klobouk, 1951; Dombek, 1955) using Waldmann method (Waldmann and Zimmerman, 1955) there were vaccinated about 790 thousand animals. Czechoslovak expedition itself vaccinated from April to October 448 thousand animals (147 thousand in East-Gobi ajmak and 301 thousand in Chentej ajmak). The expedition vaccinated 12,029 camels, 59,683 cattle, 334,192 sheep, 41,571 goats and 305 pigs. See Table 1. The percentages of young animals from total vaccinated ones were as follows: in camels – 12.84 %, in cattle – 17.41 %, in sheep – 24.28 % and in goats – 19.87 %.
c) Doses of Czechoslovak vaccine: camel – 15 ml, adult cattle – 10 ml, calf – 5 ml, adult sheep – 3 ml, lamb – 2 ml, adult goat – 3 ml, kid – 2 ml.
Example: In East-Gobi ajmak it was created a
vaccinated belt of 350 km length and up to 80 km width consuming 500 litres of
vaccine.
After successful prove of Czechoslovak vaccine
effectivity and after starting mass vaccination replacing aphtization, it was
necessary to demand Czechoslovak government for sending further 2,000 litres.
Additional vaccine was sent without any delay.
d) The vaccination programme was complicated by great distances between herds and lack of normal roads (obstacles such as sand dunes, gorges, sand storms), i.e. difficulties with the orientation in the vast desert causing sometimes loosing the way *). Finding, concentrating, catching dispersed **) and fixing semi-wild free-grazing animals (in desert Gobi there were not trees; for cattle and camels the horsemen used lasso attached to a long pole) represented extraordinary difficulties. Particular problems were animal evidence and marking vaccinated animals to be distinguished from non-vaccinated ones in the same herd (separation was impossible) and to be seen from horseman saddle; for the marking there were used animal excrements diluted by the urine – “bas”. Professional car service facilities were absent (e.g. problems with fine-grained sand penetrated into motors) and all reparations were carried out as provisional “self-service”.
*) The expedition being without any
radio-communication tools was completely isolated from the surrounding “world”
and the vaccination groups when working were isolated as well. Missing
radio-communication created managerial problems when organizing the vaccination
and during expedition transfer to new localities.
**) Once a
e) Other problem was with officially reported numbers of animals to be vaccinated and the reality which usually was higher – the farmers brought all animals to be vaccinated being afraid of loosing them due to the FMD (therefore it was necessary to bring vaccine reserve – up to 20% - expecting this factor). The daily working time was sometimes difficult to forecast and some groups returned late evening or even in the night to the expedition camp – signal pistols were often used (distant visibility in Gobi was very good – no clouds and in starlit night there were visible even moving satellites).
f) The vaccination was organized in groups of 2-3 veterinarians working separately in 3-5 herds in different places (farms). Average work load see in Table 3. Working moral and discipline were very good.
g) Every cross-country vehicle served for one group of veterinarians going to vaccinate and was provided by: necessary amount of vaccine (calculated according to expected number of animals + reserve), vaccination equipment, food, beverage, one shotgun with cartridges for hunting along the “road”; signal pistol with cartridges for day signals (colour smokes) and night signals (flares) important for the orientation of disperse vaccination groups in a territory without orientation points in a plane of vast desert; binocular, compass, maps (if available), etc..
h) Every day there
were assigned, applying rotation system, two expedition members to be responsible for preparation of warm and cold
meals (using base kitchen) and other daily needs of the expedition (including
maintenance, reparations). Kitchen regime was as follows: breakfast
preparation, main meal preparation, eventually to prepare meat and other
foodstuff for next day, to assure water for cooking, washing and cleaning. In the
i) All member were accommodated in the expedition base (the first camp was located close to an artesian well) and daily taken to indicated farms and herds by GAZ cars. Work planning depended mainly on organizational arrangement carried out by local authorities, representatives of cooperatives as well as quarantine measures and supply of the vaccine. The main effort was to vaccinate animals in FMD threatened territories as soon as possible. Therefore, there were not respected any weekends or normal daily working hours. On the other hand there were time losses during long transfers to other distant localities or due to deficiencies in the activities organized by local authorities.
j) Sometimes, when making stopover in ajmak or somon centres, the expedition staff was accommodated in local dormitories and exploited the chance to refill food supplies purchasing e.g. meat and milk products. Mongolian counterpart was responsible for taking up propellants.
k) Among the obstacles belonged: extraordinary heat, strong wind and sand storms as well as lack of drinking water in Gobi; frost, snow and river floods (complicating up to preventing cars from crossing the watercourse) in northern part of country; lack of suitable routes; lack of emergency service to repair expedition transport means; lack of suitable maps (there was only one big school map of Mongolia without any details); lack of long distance communication; difficulties with concentrating and fixing animals; etc.
7) Study of Czechoslovak vaccine compatibility with local
Mongolian FMD strains
a) Dr Fedák and
Dr Láznička of Czechoslovak FMD Reference Laboratory worked isolated in Erdene
Somon (the warmest locality in
*) The evaluation was attended by: Dr Sugarraagchaa,
Chief Veterinary Officer, Prof.Dr Baldandaš, Prof. Dr Zana (both from Ulaanbaatar
University), president of the province, president of the region, director of
Salgino biological factory and representant of local authority; Czechoslovak
expedition was represented by Dr Kouba, Dr Láznička a Dr Fedák; Soviet
expedition was represented by Dr Mustafajev a Dr Kozlovski.
b) Therefore,
both Czechoslovak specialists were moved from Erdene to Oenderchan, Chentej
Ajmak where all necessary laboratory facilities (including Czechoslovak mobile
laboratory) for storing of and working with the FMD virus were available.
Repeated experiment on
The official evaluation commission was almost the same as in Erdene
somon. Dr Černovský responsible for the mobile laboratory was supporting the
professional work of Dr Láznička and Dr Fedák.
c) From that
moment the doubts of Mongolian authorities stopped and it was decided to accept
fully Czechoslovak strategy and tactics. Then the vaccine was used as the only
one in all anti-FMD campaign also by national veterinary service and by other
international expeditions. Amount of originally imported vaccine proved to be
insufficient and it was necessary to supplement it by further import from
8) Sanitary assistance:
a) The
expedition was well supplied also with human medicaments from the home country.
Sanitary help was provided to the expedition personal including Mongolian
guides and drivers as well as to somon people where the expedition was working.
Gamaglobuline was three times prophylactically
applied to all expedition members. Sanitary assistance consisted mainly in treatment
of wounds and gastroenteritis cases.
Once all expedition members were affected by diarrhoea, fever and general
clinical symptoms (weakness, headache, muscle ache, etc.). The disease had
infectious character which agent was sensitive to tetracycline antibiotics
(Tetracycline, Oxymycoide). Otherwise sanitary status of all expedition members
was satisfactory during the whole stay in
b) Due to the fact that until then in the majority of somons there were no any medical doctors, sanitary help was provided by the expedition also to local inhabitants. The majority of treated cases were diseases of eyes, of digestive track, of respiratory track and wounds. The expedition treated in total 332 diseased persons (Bajandraga somon – 108 persons, Binder somon – 86 persons, Omnedelger somon – 56 persons and Onderchan state ranch – 82 persons). In Bojanadraga somon, where due to quarantine measures it was impossible to supply the medicaments as before, some medicaments were given to local medical assistant from expedition sources.
Example: There was one case of young Mongolian boy in
agony after being bitten by a venomous snake “effa”. Thanks to rapid
intervention of Dr Jurák applying specific antiserum in major doses the boy’s
life was saved.
9) Conclusion
a) Huge panzootic FMD wave was stopped and remaining
outbreaks were eradicated during only few weeks.
b) The
eradication had also long-term, i.e. multiplying effect: during following 33
years
c) The success of Czechoslovak expedition anti-FMD
strategy was made possible only thanks to perfect cooperation with Mongolian
counterpart, intensive and devoted work of strong, well organized and competent Mongolian public veterinary
service, support and effective participation of farmers and public, full
understandings and involvement of Mongolian national and local authorities with
the aim to save livestock population and production as the backbone of national
economy.
d) The
contribution of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition to saving national livestock
was highly appreciated by Mongolian government.
e) All Czechoslovak anti-FMD assistance was provided free-of-charge.
f) The task of the expedition to help in stopping FMD
panzootic wave and in eradicating existing outbreaks was fulfilled
successfully.
g) This was the most important and the most successful international
expedition of Czechoslovak veterinary service history.
--------------------------
Note: At the
end all material, including transport means and mobile laboratory, was left for
next Czechoslovak expeditions against
brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis and
glanders organized according to detailed project prepared by Dr Kouba
(Czechoslovakia), Prof.Dr Yarympyl and Dr Celendash (Mongolia), Prof. Dr Czenczev (Bulgaria) and Prof.
Karpishov (Soviet Union). The project was cleared by Scientific-methodological
Conference of CMEA member countries’ specialists in
References:
DOMBEK, R. et col. (1955). Očkovací látky proti
slintavce a kulhavce, jejich výroba a kontrola. (Anti-FMD vaccine production).
In
ČERNOVSKÝ, J., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Poznatky z
diagnostických akcí v Mongolsku. (Experience of diagnostic actions in
EXPEDITION STAFF 1964: Zpráva o činnosti
československé veterinární expedice v Mongolské lidové republice. (Report of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition
in
JISL L. 1960, Mongolei. Kunst und Tradition. In
German. Arta Praha. 144 pp
KLOBOUK, A. (1951). Slintavka a kulhavka, její
příznaky, diagnosa a biologická opatření proti jejímu šíření. (FMD symptoms,
diagnosis and biological measures). In
KOUBA, V. 1964: Diary notes of the Chief of
Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition
KOUBA, V. 1964: Zpráva z cesty do Mongolské lidové
republiky. (Report on duty travel in
KOUBA, V. 1964: K veterinární problematice v Mongolské
lidové republice. (Veterinary problems in
KOUBA, V., POSPÍCHAL M., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Zkušenosti s tlumením slintavky v Mongolsku. (Experience of FMD
control in
KOUBA, V. , POSPÍCHAL, M. 1994: Protislintavková
expedice v Mongolsku. (Anti-FMD
expedition in
KOUBA, V. 2005: Food and mouth disease: panzootic wave
in
KOUBA, V. 2006: Double barrier strategy against
foot-and-mouth disease panzootic wave successfully applied under Mongolian
conditions. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica,
POSPÍCHAL, M. 1964: Deník zástupce vedoucího
protislintavkové expedice (Diary of the Vice-chief of anti-FMD expedition)
SUGARRAGCHAA, Ts. 1964: Personal information.
ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Zajímavosti z chovu zvířat v
Mongolsku. (Animal production in
WALDMANN, J. and ZIMMERMAN, N. (1955): Preparation
d’un vaccine anti-aphteux selon la methode de Waldmann et Koebe en employent le
veau comme source d’antigéne. Bull.
OIE, 43:723-730
Annexes:
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Tab. 1 |
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Number of animals vaccinated by
Czechoslovak expedition according to individual somons in Mongolia, 1964 |
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Somon |
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Camels |
Cattle |
Sheep |
Goats |
Pigs |
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Total |
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East-Gobi Ajmak: |
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Erdene |
|
1335 |
377 |
10486 |
2617 |
0 |
|
14815 |
|
Organ |
|
25 |
311 |
8019 |
1776 |
0 |
|
10131 |
|
Delgerech |
|
4443 |
3988 |
54498 |
5455 |
0 |
|
68384 |
|
Altan-širce |
140 |
1601 |
18183 |
1897 |
0 |
|
21821 |
|
|
Ichet |
|
2667 |
688 |
26017 |
2467 |
0 |
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31839 |
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Subtotal |
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8610 |
6965 |
117203 |
14212 |
0 |
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146990 |
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|
|
|
Chentej Ajmak: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Onderchan |
319 |
1986 |
61298 |
115 |
0 |
|
63718 |
|
|
Bajanadraga |
712 |
13177 |
48281 |
6570 |
0 |
|
68740 |
|
|
Binder |
|
838 |
21570 |
53230 |
11,282 |
305 |
|
87225 |
|
Omnedelger |
1550 |
15985 |
54180 |
9392 |
0 |
|
81107 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
|
3419 |
52718 |
216989 |
27359 |
305 |
|
300790 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total |
12029 |
59683 |
334192 |
41571 |
305 |
|
447780 |
|
|
Tab. 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
Work performance of Czechoslovak
expedition during anti-FMD vaccination in East-Gobi |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
and Chentej ajmaks, Mongolia, 1964 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
Number of vaccinations |
Cattle |
Sheep |
Goats |
Camels |
Pigs |
|
Total |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
of 10 veterinarians |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
in 98 working days |
|
59683 |
334192 |
41571 |
12029 |
305 |
|
447780 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
of 10 veterinarians |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
per one working day |
|
609 |
3410 |
424 |
123 |
3 |
|
4569 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
per one veterinarian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
in 98 working days |
|
5968 |
33419 |
4157 |
1203 |
31 |
|
44778 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
per one veterinarian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
in one working day |
|
61 |
341 |
42 |
12 |
0.3 |
|
457 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
Tab. 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Comparison of animal mortality due
to natural and artificial infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus, |
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
Eastern Mongolia, 1964 (data
provided by Mongolian government veterinary service) |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Species |
|
Number |
of |
diseased |
|
Number of dead due to infection |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
naturally |
|
artificially |
|
natural |
% |
artificial |
% |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Cattle |
|
18547 |
|
104033 |
|
1003 |
5.41 |
2618 |
2.52 |
|
|||||||||
|
Sheep |
|
83056 |
|
884470 |
|
760 |
0.92 |
6705 |
0.76 |
|
|||||||||
|
Goats |
|
9295 |
|
108890 |
|
58 |
0.62 |
1953 |
1.79 |
|
|||||||||
|
Camels |
|
1535 |
|
21341 |
|
1 |
0.07 |
127 |
0.59 |
|
|||||||||
|
Pigs |
|
221 |
|
174 |
|
30 |
13.57 |
24 |
13.79 |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Total |
|
112654 |
|
1119908 |
|
1858 |
1.64 |
11427 |
1.02 |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Tab.
4
The time course of the
Czechoslovak expedition against foot and mouth disease in Mongolia
12th April 1964 - departure from Prague
13th April 1964 - arrival in Ulaanbaatar
14th April 1964 - Ulaanbaatar - meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture
15 to 21 April 1964 - Ulaanbaatar - unpacking materials, acceptance of
vehicles, complete preparation for the departure to the Gobi desert
22 to 23 April 1964 - trip to the Gobi desert
24th April - Sayshand - negotiations with ajmak representatives to ensure
conditions for vaccination programme
25th April 1964 - journey through the desert to the Chinese border
26th April 1964 - Erdene Somon - setting up a tent camp and starting
vaccination
27 to 28 April 1964 - Erdene Somon - vaccination
29th April 1964 - move to Delgereg Somon
April 30 - 5 May 1964 - vaccination in Delgereg Somon
6th May 1964 - move to Ichet Somon
7 to 11 May 1964 - vaccination in Ichet Somon
12th May 1964 - move to Bajanmech Somon
13 to 24 May 1964 – vaccination in Bajanmech Somon, preparing to move to
Chentej ajmak, repairing material and vehicles damaged due to complicated
crossing Cherlen river
25th May 1964 - move to and vaccination in Onderchan state ranch
26th May 1964 – maintenance of expedition material and vehicles
27th May - 1 June 1964 – vaccination in Onderchan state ranch
2nd June 1964 - move to the Bajanadraga Somon
3rd - 17 June 1964 – vaccination in Bajanadraga Somon
18 to 19 June 1964 - move to Ulaanbaatar
20 to 25 June 1964 - Ulaanbaatar – completion of the vaccines and other
expedition materials including of necessary repairs
26 to 27 June 1964 - Move to Binder Somon
28.-29 June 1964 – vaccination in Binder Somon; Dr. Ševčík and Mr. Matouš vaccinated
in Bajanadraga Somon
36th June - 8 July 1964 – vaccination in Binder Somon
9th July 1964 - move to Ulaanbaatar
10 to 16 July 1964 - Ulaanbaatar – replenishment of material and receipt of
additional vaccine from Czechoslovakia
17th July 1964 - move to Binder Somon
18 to 31 July 1964 – vaccination in Binder Somon; diagnostic, preventive and
organizational activities in two outbreaks of foot and mouth disease
1st August 1964 - move to Onderchan
2 to 5 August 1964 - Onderchan - negotiations with representatives of the ajmak
about anti-FMD measures and vaccination
6th August 1964 - move to Omnedelger Somon
7 to 15 August 1964 – vaccination in Omnedelger Somon
16th August 1964 - move to Ulaanbaatar
-17-31 August 1964 - Ulaanbaatar - a partial inventory, preparation of material
for diagnostic activities (incl. mobile veterinary laboratory)
1st September 1964 - move to Bulgan ajmak
2nd Second September 1964 - a meeting with
ajmak representatives on expedition activities
3rd September 1964 - move to the Bajan-AGT Somon
4 to 16 September 1964 - Bajan-AGT Somon - diagnostic action: investigation of
brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders
17 to 18 September 1964 - move to Ulaanbaatar
19 to 5 October 1964 - Ulaanbaatar: final inventory, reparation, conservation,
storage of materials and vehicles (incl. mobile laboratory), handover to
Mongolian authorities; preparing final
report
6-11-October - journey back to Czechoslovakia
===