XXXVII International Congress of the World
Association for the History of Veterinary Medicine,
HISTORY OF
COMMON ANIMAL HEALTH POLICY OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
V.Kouba
Formerly Chief, Animal Health Service, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Professor of Epizootiology,
University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
Introduction
In 1949 the
countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the most devastated territories by the
Second World War, established a “Council for Mutual Economic Assistance“ (CMEA)
for economic, scientific and technical collaboration. The CMEA started with
following membership:
At the beginning
of 1958 the CMEA meeting in Warszawa, Poland established within its Agriculture
Commission (at the level of the ministers) a „Permanent Veterinary Working
Group“ (PVWG) at the level of Chief Veterinary Officers. Its main task was to
cooperate in animal health domain and to
elaborate respective non-obligatory recommendations for the member country
governments. The main form consisted in annual meetings of Permanent Delegates,
mainly in GDR. Research group for foot-and-mouth disease was meeting according
to the needs and then reporting to the PVWG. Russian and German were used as
working languages. All PVWG documents were available not only to CMEA member
countries but also to observer and cooperation countries.
The paper is
based on CMEA animal health documents elaborated by PVWG, cleared by the CMEA Agriculture
Commission and published by the CMEA Secretariat in Moscow, on FAO/WHO/OIE
Animal Health Yearbooks as well as on personal experience of the author who was
Czechoslovak Permanent Delegate of the
PVWG till 1978 (with exception in 1968-1971).
Agreement on the cooperation in veterinary domain
The 1st meeting of the PVWG was held at „Friedrich
Loeffler Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Institute“, Insel Riems, Greifswald, GDR
from 25 September till 2 October 1958. It was elaborated a text of the
“Agreement on the cooperation in veterinary domain“ creating the framework for
future activities. It was adopted by the
12th Session of the CMEA and signed in
“Participating Countries,
c o n s i d e r i n g
the danger represented by infectious and other animal diseases for
national economy and human health of all countries,
g u i d e d by
the wish to extent the cooperation in the domain of veterinary science and
practice: in the coordination of the measures against animal diseases, in common
elaboration of the rules for export, import and transit of animals, products
and raw material of animal origin and objects
which can be pathogen carriers and also in the coordination of the production
of biological preparations as well as of other means for veterinary use,
b a s e d o
n the interests in mutual protection of the territories
against epizootics, in avoiding disease
threat for human beings and animals by communicable diseases and in the
development of economic and trade relations among all the countries,
d e c i d ed
to conclude following Agreement:
Article I
For the prevention and control of infectious and other
mass animal diseases the Participating Countries will carry out:
1. The coordination of the measures necessary for
avoiding the propagation of infectious diseases and for their eradication; in
indispensable cases the application of common measures, particularly in
frontier zones.
2. Periodical (at least once a month) exchange of
information on the occurrence of infectious diseases.
3. Immediate information of all the others on the
discovery and spread in their territories of diseases with high infectiousness
and mortality as well as on the measures for their eradication.
4. The coordination of
plans for the production of sera, vaccines and other veterinary
preparations as well as the unification of state control of these products.
5. Technical assistance on request of any of
Participating Countries for the study of animal diseases and their control
through providing specialists as well as equipment and veterinary preparations.
6. Help on request of any of Participating Countries
to organize the production or acquisition of vaccines, sera, antibiotics,
diagnostic and pharmaceutical preparations and other means used in veterinary
medicine as well as to assist in projecting
veterinary facility constructions.
7. The cooperation of veterinary scientific institutes
in the research of animal diseases and
in particular of those transmissible to man, in the perfection and application
of the most effective diagnostic methods
and means for the control of infectious diseases of farm animals, as well as the standardization
of vaccines and their control.
Article II
The Participating Countries in order to be mutually
acknowledged with the organization of veterinary activities and the results of
scientific and practical work in this domain will carry out:
1. Exchange of legislation documents, instructions,
guidelines, special literature, methodology of scientific-research
institutions, veterinary school education plans and programmes and of other
material related to veterinary medicine.
2. Mutual information on
the most important veterinary conferences, meetings and postgraduate courses
for veterinary specialists offering the possibility for Participating Countries
to attend them.
3. Mutual exchange of veterinary university teachers,
scientists and practitioners in order to study the novelties in veterinary
science and practice and to exchange the work experience.
Article III
The Participating Countries will take measures for the
bilateral agreements on export, import and transit of animals, products and raw
material of animal origin and objects which can be pathogen carriers.”
Animal health problems
After the Second
World War in the vast territory of the CMEA countries existed almost all known
animal communicable diseases causing enormous losses in livestock production
and threatening human health. Therefore, it was necessary to identify the
priority diseases and other veterinary problems difficult to solve at national
level without international cooperation.
The PVWG was
dealing with many problems requiring common policy. Among the main topics there
were included for example: specialization in vaccine production,
standards of diagnostic tests, food
hygiene, zoonoses - consumers’ health protection, animal hygiene (welfare)
mainly in large-scale livestock enterprises, animal export/import conditions to
avoid disease spread through international trade, public veterinary services
organization and economics, animal health legislation, research, education,
training and other forms of mutual assistance.
The priorities
were given to the coordination of
anti-epizootic strategies and measures for the reduction and eradication
at national levels of major diseases, e.g. foot-and-mouth disease, bovine tuberculosis
and brucellosis, hog cholera, virus respiratory diseases in calves and piglets,
swine transmissible gastroenteritis, poultry mycoplasmosis, pasteurellosis,
bovine leucosis, etc.. A particular attention was given to the protection
against the introduction of exotic diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease of exotic types,
African swine fever and African horse sickness. Also the measures against different
parasitoses such as fascioliasis, dictyocaulosis, echinococcosis, monieziosis, hypodermosis and ticks were
subjects of the negotiations. The attention was paid also to some non-infection
mass disease problems such as animal sterility and to veterinary requirements
for breeding centres and bull stations exporting semen.
The veterinary
conditions for the export/import of animals and their products were of highest importance,
similarly as the measures during their export, import and transit. Recommended import conditions served as the framework for
bilateral agreements. The standardization of diagnostic tests important for
mutual export/import in animals and their products (food of animal origin, semen, meat/bone/fish meal,
etc.) represented other topics of the PVWG meetings elaborating corresponding
recommendations for the member country governments.
Other group of the
problems was dedicated to hygienic requirements (norms) for: inspection of meat
and meat products including wildlife, fish, crabs and snails; inspection of meat
processing industry mainly of those producing for export; construction of facilities
for animals and veterinary-sanitary system in large
animal production units, etc.. In this context, there were dealt also the methods
for disinfection of farm facilities and of transport means as well as the procedures
for rendering of dead animals and abattoir wastes. Other important
PVWG problems were related to
veterinary service organization and to the measures at new rapidly arising
large animal production enterprises prevailing in the member countries.
There were
established international CMEA reference centres for microbial strains and
control sera of the most important diseases. The PVWG was organizing also expeditions
to help member countries as well as international seminars on selected professional
topics.
Examples: The CMEA international expeditions of hundreds
of veterinary specialists to help Mongolia to eradicate the foot-and-mouth
disease in 1964 (Czechoslovak expedition was headed by the author) and to
control glanders, bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis during 1965-1968 (project
proposal was prepared by the author assisted
by some other epizootiologists); for
this purpose, a preparatory meeting of CMEA specialists was held in Ulan-Bator,
Mongolia, 2-14 March 1965. In the whole Mongolian territory of all 16 ajmaks (provinces)
were working during several years long-term international expeditions from five
countries. Together with hundreds of foreign veterinary experts –
epizootiologists and diagnosticians – were working hundreds of Mongolian veterinarians and
thousands persons of Mongolian supporting staff. In the whole country the
number of specific investigations reached several tens of millions. This
size represented a historical record of international diagnostic and control
actions against several very dangerous diseases transmissible to man covering
the whole territory of a developing country. Reached results had multiplying
effect thanks the programme application in a country-wide size with long-term
impact on the development of animal husbandry, production of meat and milk as
well as on the health of the herdsmen and consumers in the whole
In 1980 CMEA countries provided Angola with major free-of
charge veterinary help consisted in enormous number of diagnostic, prophylactic
and treatment actions and of veterinary material for the restoration of
veterinary laboratories’ activities as well as of vaccines and diagnostic
ingrediences’ production; international antiepizootic expeditions carried out vaccinations against CBPP,
blackleg and anthrax as well as tested animals to discover CBPP, tuberculosis,
brucellosis and parasitoses for applying follow-up control actions.
CMEA “Seminar on the epizootiology under the
conditions of industrial large-scale
livestock production” held in
Discussion and conclusion
The common
animal health policy was targeted at improving animal population health and
increasing livestock production to assure the highest possible self-sufficiency
in food of animal origin. Prevention concept to protect health of food
producing animal populations and human health against zoonoses at all
managerial levels represented the main strategy. In this context the priority
was given to animal population health with strongly prevailing protection
measures being reflected in veterinary legislation, field practice, undergraduate
education, postgraduate training and applied research programmes.
The CMEA member
countries gradually established strong centralized public veterinary services,
including dense networks of diagnostic laboratories, facilitating to cope more
effectively with communicable disease control than before, particularly as far
as disease eradication programmes were concerned. Extraordinary attention was
given to epizootiological surveillance through systematic active surveys based
on etiological, i.e. laboratory diagnosis. Preventive, prophylactic and disease
control activities were made for animal owners free-of-charge contributing to disease
detection/reporting in good time and to better implementation of anti-epizootic
programmes than before.
The PVWG recommendations
for anti-epizootic legislation defining rights and duties of government authorities
at all levels and of animal owners, in particular to report new cases of
diseased animals and to participate in the implementation of the respective
measures, proved to be very useful. Public veterinary services were given
necessary authority to apply and control the measures against communicable
diseases, to inspect food chain from farms to distribution network and to
inspect animal trade and export guaranteeing sanitary quality as an objective
institution entirely independent on producers and exporters. The effectivity of
the CMEA in the veterinary domain was reflected in eradication and significant
reduction of many dangerous animal diseases, including those transmissible to
man, and in increasing food supply.
Almost all the
CMEA countries were also the members of the World Health Organization in
The basic principle of the CMEA activities was to elaborate the recommendations to member country governments for particular problem solutions. These documents were not obligatory and every country had full freedom to exploit (apply) them according their needs and conditions without any supervising inspection by CMEA missions. Strict veterinary border control was maintained to avoid eventual disease spreading through international trade. Every country was free to present its opinion during the meetings of international organizations such as the OIE (International Office of Epizootics), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), etc..
Note: CMEA concept was completely different in
comparison with European Union concept based on centrally elaborated documents
as obligatory legislative duties irrespective of different needs and conditions
of individual member countries being under supervising inspection by EU
missions. The nonfulfilment of the EU instructions is punishable by a fine.
Veterinary border control has been abolished (“free trade ?”)
facilitating animal disease spreading through international trade (= europeanization
of infection diseases). During
international organization meetings such as OIE, FAO, etc. the member countries
were obliged to apply the unified EU position agreed centrally in spite of
different opinion and conditions of individual member countries (outvoted by
the major countries).
In 1989 due to
economic and social changes the CMEA common policy was stopped.
References
1. Čapka, M. 1976:
Twenty years of achievement of the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance) Standing Commission for Agriculture. Vet. Med. Prague, 21 (7):
385-392
2. Čiernik, J.
1984: Jubileum kooperácie členských štátov RVHP vo
veterinárstve. Veterinářství, 1984, 34, 4: 145-146
3. Wikipedia Encyclopedia 2005 :
Comecon. www.google.en.wikipedia.org
4. Kouba, V. 1961:
Spolupráce mezi socialistickými státy na úseku
veterinárním. (Collaboration among socialist states in the field of animal
health). Veterinářství, XI, 12: 442-445
5. Kouba, V. 1976:
Programa mezdunarodnogo sotrudniczestva – czlenov SEV po izuczeniu
epizootologii yascura. (International programme of the cooperation of CMEA
countries in the research of foot-and-mouth disease epizootiology). CMEA
Meeting of FMD specialists,
6. Kouba, V. 2004:
History of common strategy of Central and Eastern European countries against
foot-and-mouth disease. Paper for 50th
Anniversary of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth
Disease,
7. CMEA 1962: Member-country
recommendations related to veterinary medicine.
8. CMEA 1965:
Member-country recommendations related to veterinary medicine. II. issue.
Selschozizdat.
9. CMEA 1974:
Member-country recommendations related to veterinary medicine. Selschozizdat.
V. issue.
10. CMEA 1974:
Member-country recommendations related to veterinary medicine. Selschozizdat.
VI. issue.
Table 1.
Human population
and
associate members and countries with cooperation agreement and observer
status
==============================================================
|
Country |
Inhabitants in mil. |
Territory in km2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Founding
Members |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,9 |
28,748 |
|
|
8,9 |
110,912 |
|
|
10,6 |
93,036 |
|
German Dem. Rep. |
16,7 |
108,333 |
|
PDR |
1,7 |
120,538 |
|
|
1,9 |
1,565,000 |
|
|
37,3 |
312,683 |
|
|
22,8 |
237,500 |
|
|
227,0 |
22,400,000 |
|
|
15,5 |
127,903 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
345,3 |
25,104,653 |
|
|
|
|
|
Additionally joint members |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
110,860 |
|
|
58,0 |
329,556 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
68,0 |
440,416 |
|
|
|
|
|
Associate Member |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23,1 |
255,804 |
|
|
|
|
|
Cooperation Agreement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4,8 |
337,127 |
|
|
15,1 |
438,446 |
|
|
78,5 |
1,972,547 |
|
|
3,1 |
148,000 |
|
|
13,6 |
799,380 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
115,1 |
3,695,500 |
|
|
|
|
|
Observer Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8,5 |
1,246,700 |
|
|
42,1 |
1,221,900 |
|
|
3,5 |
236,800 |
|
|
17,6 |
649,969 |
|
|
6,3 |
195,000 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
78,0 |
3,550,369 |
|
|
|
|
|
(Grand Total |
629,5 |
33,046,742) |
|
|
|
|
=========================================================
Table
2.
Animal populations
(in thousands) of CMEA member countries,
FAO Production
Yearbook 1972
==============================================================
|
Country |
Cattle |
Sheep |
Goats |
Pigs |
Horses |
Chicken |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
440 |
1,590 |
1,300 |
154 |
41 |
1,800 |
|
|
1,378 |
10,127 |
318 |
2,806 |
159 |
34,600 |
|
|
1,900 |
2,271 |
36 |
7,353 |
204 |
61,216 |
|
GDR |
5,250 |
1,067 |
113 |
9,000 |
106 |
43,342 |
|
PDR |
765 |
210 |
340 |
2,500 |
28 |
15,500 |
|
|
2,176 |
13,420 |
4,195 |
11 |
2,270 |
80 |
|
|
11,250 |
3,200 |
120 |
16,946 |
2,510 |
155,000 |
|
|
5,528 |
14,070 |
563 |
7,742 |
654 |
61,281 |
|
|
102,434 |
139,916 |
5,417 |
71,434 |
7,320 |
649,000 |
|
|
4,349 |
932 |
241 |
5,935 |
118 |
36,701 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
135,470 |
186,803 |
12,643 |
123,881 |
13,410 |
1,058,520 |
==============================================================
Table 3.
Number of total and government veterinarians and animal
health assistants (AHA)
in CMEA member countries (FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health
Yearbooks, 1972 and 1989)
==================================================================
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Country |
AHY 1972 |
Animal |
Health |
Yearbook 1989 |
|
|
|
--------- |
---------- |
------------------ |
|
|
Total |
Total |
Govern. |
AHA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
250 |
1,634 |
40 |
658 |
|
|
1,448 |
2,855 |
? |
4,949 |
|
|
3,200 |
3,500 |
750 |
273 |
|
GDR |
2,826 |
4,890 |
600 |
2,000 |
|
PDR |
? |
6,200 |
1,870 |
2,400 |
|
|
? |
1,108 |
879 |
2,529 |
|
|
6,283
|
9,185
|
7,270 |
3,785 |
|
|
3,050
|
4,010 |
3,330 |
6,100 |
|
|
80,000 |
80,000 |
? |
? |
|
|
2,500 |
4,150 |
4,150 |
2,600 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
106,865 |
117,532 |
|
|
==================================================================
Table
4.
Attendance of the
1st meeting of the CMEA
Permanent Veterinary Working
Group held in GDR, from 25 September till
==========================================================
Member country Delegations headed by
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PDR
==========================================================
Among the
delegates there were also top level virologists such as Prof.Dr Roehrer,
Director of “Friedrich Loeffler Foot and Mouth Disease Research Institute”, GDR
and Prof.Dr R. Manninger from Hungary. The programme had three items: general
agreement on the cooperation, measures against foot and mouth disease and the
needs and production of veterinary bioproducts.
Table 5
Sessions of CMEA Permanent Veterinary Working
Group, 1958-1977
==================================================
Locality Country Dates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Insel Riems |
GDR |
25/9-2/10/1958 |
|
|
|
26/10-2/11/1959 |
|
|
GDR |
12-19/10/1960 |
|
|
GDR |
29/9-5/10/1961 |
|
|
GDR |
25-30/9/1962 |
|
Kuhlungsborn |
GDR |
7-11/5/1963 |
|
Binz |
GDR |
5-11/10/1964 |
|
|
GDR |
23-30/10/1965 |
|
|
GDR |
20-24/9/1966 |
|
|
GDR |
4-10/4/1967 |
|
|
|
31/5-5/6/1967 |
|
Zellin |
GDR |
24-27/9/1970 |
|
|
|
19-24/4/1971 |
|
|
|
18-21/4/1972 |
|
|
|
8-13/5/1973 |
|
|
GDR |
24-28/11/1974 |
|
Praha |
|
? 1975 |
|
|
|
29/3-2/4/1976 |
|
|
|
26-29/4/1976 |
|
|
|
17-22/4/1977 |
==================================================
Table 6
Sessions of CMEA
Research Group for
Foot and Mouth Disease,
1973-1988
===================================
Locality Country Year
-------------------------------------------------------------
|
Košice |
|
1973 |
|
|
|
1976 |
|
Vladimír |
|
1977 |
|
|
|
1977 |
|
|
|
1978 |
|
Terezín |
|
1978 |
|
Kijev |
|
1979 |
|
Island Riems |
GDR |
1979 |
|
|
|
1980 |
|
|
|
1981 |
|
Island Riems |
GDR |
1981 |
|
|
|
1982 |
|
Pulawy |
|
1983 |
|
Ulan-Bator |
|
1984 |
|
Terezín |
|
1984 |
|
|
|
1984 |
|
|
|
1985 |
|
|
|
1985 |
|
|
|
1986 |
|
|
|
1987 |
|
Bioveta
Terezín |
|
1988 |
|
Island Riems |
GDR |
1988 |
==================================
Table 7.
Examples of the programmes (recommendations) of the
CMEA Permanent Veterinary Working Group Sessions
================================================================================
Year
Programme
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1958 Agreement on the
cooperation in veterinary domain
Control of foot-and-mouth
disease
1959
Specialization of veterinary biologics production
Veterinary-hygienic inspection of meat and meat products
Veterinary conditions for export/import of animals and their products
Rules for veterinary measures during export, import and transit of
animals
and their products
Methods for rendering of dead animals and abattoir wastes
1960
Methods against tuberculosis of domestic animals
Use of antibiotics and biological stimulants in livestock production and
veterinary practice
Methods against the sterility of domestic animals
1961
Further possibility of the specialization of veterinary biologics
production
Methods against brucellosis of domestic animals
Methods against poultry mycoplasmosis (CRD)
New veterinary instruments and means for curative methods
Methods of bacteriological, biochemical and histological investigations
of
meat and meat products
Rules for veterinary inspection of slaughtered wildlife, fish, crabs and
snails
Standardization of production and control of anti-hog cholera vaccine
Standardization of tuberculin
Unification of tests used in international trade in animals and animal
products
1962
Organization of veterinary measures in large animal production ranches
Specialization/standardization of tuberculin and hog cholera vaccine
production
Measures against foot-and-mouth disease introduction
1963
Implementation of recommendations for FMD exotic types measures
Measures against African swine fever and African horse sickness
Methods against fascioliasis, dictyocaulosis, echinococcosis and monieziosis
Unification of methods for investigation of meat and fish cans
Measures against
poultry pasteurellosis
1964
Methods against cutaneous diseases of animals (hypodermosis and ticks)
Disinfection preparations and disinfection of transport means
Experience with the measures against animal tuberculosis and brucellosis
Anthelmintics for fascioliasis, monieziosis, dictyocaulosis and
echinococcosis
Expeditions to
1970
Unified methods for bovine leucosis tests used for mutual export/import
Unified methods for testing meat, bone and fish meals for feeding
animals
Unified methods for testing animal semen used for mutual export/import
Hygiene measures at meat facilities producing for export
1971
Rapid tests for poultry leucosis, African swine fever, virus respiratory
diseases in calves and piglets and swine transmissible
gastroenteritis
Requirements for special veterinary equipments and transport means
Measures at seaports for disinfection of imported fish, meat and bone
meal
Hygienic requirements for meat factories exporting their production
Specialization and cooperation in producing veterinary
preparations
Organization of comparative studies of new anti-parasitic preparations
Coordination of research and technical investigations
1972
Veterinary-sanitary system in large animal production units
Hygienic norms for designing of facilities for animal housing
Reference centres for strains and control sera of the most important
diseases
Requirements for breeding centres and bull stations exporting semen
Results of foot-and-mouth control research
====================================================================
Table 8.
Examples of animal
disease eradication in CMEA member countries during 1958-1989
================================================================================
Country
Disease
Year
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
hog cholera |
1973 |
|
|
Rabies |
1976 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth disease |
1973 |
|
|
hog cholera |
1974 |
|
|
Aujeszky’s
disease |
1985 |
|
|
bovine
brucellosis |
1958 |
|
|
equine
infectious anaemia |
1963 |
|
|
African swine
fever |
1980 |
|
|
hog cholera |
1974 |
|
|
bovine
tuberculosis |
1984 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth
disease |
1975 |
|
|
enterovirus
encephalomyelitis (Teschen disease) |
1973 |
|
|
|
1980 |
|
|
bovine
brucellosis |
1964 |
|
|
bovine
tuberculosis |
1968 |
|
|
equine
infectious anaemia |
1963 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth
disease |
1973 |
|
|
hog cholera |
1972 |
|
|
enterovirus encephalomyelitis
(Teschen disease) |
1963 |
|
|
|
1974 |
|
|
equine
infectious anaemia |
1965 |
|
|
porcine
brucellosis |
1985 |
|
|
transmissible
gastroenteritidis of pigs |
1968 |
|
|
trichinellosis |
1965 |
|
|
duck virus
enteritis |
1978 |
|
|
acariasis of
bees |
1986 |
|
German Democratic
Republic |
fowl plague |
1979 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth
disease |
1964 |
|
|
contagious
bovine pleuropneumonia |
1972 |
|
|
sheep and goat
pox |
1977 |
|
|
hog cholera |
1979 |
|
|
paratuberculosis |
1981 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth
disease |
1971 |
|
|
swine vesicular
disease |
1972 |
|
|
enterovirus
encephalomyelitis (Teschen disease) |
1967 |
|
|
|
1974 |
|
|
Anthrax |
1986 |
|
|
equine
infectious anaemia |
1960 |
|
|
foot-and-mouth
disease |
1973 |
|
|
hog cholera |
1974 |
|
|
|
1985 |
|
|
bovine
brucellosis |
1969 |
|
|
Dourine |
1965 |
|
|
glanders |
1960 |
|
|
contagious
caprine pleuropneumonia |
1958 |
|
|
epizootic
lymphangitis |
1960 |
|
|
equine
encephalomyelitis |
1960 |
|
|
rinderpest |
1977 |
=================================================================================
Source:
FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1989
Table 9
Provinces
allocated to international veterinary expeditions according to individual
countries covering all Mongolian territory
|
Country |
Province |
|
|
Dornod |
|
|
Khentii,
Dornogobi |
|
|
Selenge, |
|
|
Tuv and Dundgobi |
|
|
Arkhangai,
Bayanulgii, Bayankhongor, Gobialtai, Zavkhan, Khovd, Uvs, Khuvsgul |
|
Czecho- |
Bulgan,
Uvurkhangai |
Archive of
Mongolian Veterinary Service
Table 10
Summary
statistical data on the number of international specialists’ teams, groups,
cars and laboratories taking part in the program
|
Countries |
Number of teams |
Number of groups |
Car |
Laboratory set |
|
|
Truck |
Small car |
||||
|
|
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
|
|
2 |
9 |
9 |
18 |
9 |
|
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
|
|
2 |
12 |
- |
38 |
19 |
|
|
8 |
43 |
55 |
112 |
54 |
|
Czecho- |
2 |
7 |
5 |
12 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
16 |
74 |
73 |
189 |
92 |
Archive of
Mongolian Veterinary Service
Table 11
Summary
statistical data on the number of international expedition specialists by
country
|
|
Veterinarians |
College degree
vets |
Technical
employers and drivers |
Total |
||||||||
|
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
|
|
|
10 |
10 |
- |
4 |
4 |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
15 |
15 |
- |
|
|
6 |
11 |
20 |
4 |
9 |
9 |
- |
- |
- |
10 |
20 |
29 |
|
|
4 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
|
|
26 |
26 |
26 |
24 |
12 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
51 |
40 |
40 |
|
|
97 |
97 |
99 |
86 |
43 |
43 |
22 |
9 |
5 |
205 |
149 |
147 |
|
Czecho- |
6 |
22 |
23 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
24 |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
149 |
170 |
172 |
122 |
71 |
67 |
26 |
15 |
10 |
297 |
256 |
249 |
Archive of
Mongolian Veterinary Service
Table 12
Summary table on all investigations of
zoonotic diseases carried out by multi-country international expeditions in
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disease Method T e s
t s Positive results %
|
Glanders |
|
Total |
5,505,714 |
|
241,537 |
4.39 |
|
|
allergical |
Horses |
|
5,460,070 |
241,157 |
4.78 |
|
|
allergical |
Camels |
|
332,684 |
380 |
0.12 |
|
|
serological |
Horses |
|
126,960 |
24,760 |
19.50 |
|
Brucellosis |
serological |
Total |
28,723,006 |
|
660,432 |
2.30 |
|
|
e.g. |
Cattle |
|
2,892,658 |
192,601 |
6.66 |
|
|
e.g. |
Sheep |
|
19,533,637 |
320,709 |
1.64 |
|
|
e.g. |
Goats |
|
5,834,450 |
136,222 |
2.33 |
|
Tuberculosis |
allergical |
Total |
3,408,875 |
|
? |
? |
|
|
e.g. |
Cattle |
|
3,113,115 |
? |
? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total |
|
|
37,657,595 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|