23 June  2010

 

Multinational veterinary expeditions against zoonoses covering all Mongolian territory during 1966-1968 (37.6 million tests)

(historically unique country-wide multi-zoonoses control programme in a  developing country)

 

V.Kouba

Formerly: Vice-Director and Chief Epizootiologist of Czechoslovak State Veterinary Service, Prague; Professor of Epizootiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno; Chief of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition  in Mongolia

 

Introduction

 

Following Mongolian government‘s appeal the Czechoslovak government sent to Mongolia in April 1964 a veterinary expedition against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) rapidly penetrating as a panzootic wave from the eastern borders and Eastern Mongolia to the central territories of the country. The expedition, headed by the author (Czechoslovak Chief Epizootiologist) of this paper, in an extraordinary form helped to block this wave and contributed to the FMD eradication thanks to combining modern anti-epizootic methods and applying Czechoslovak anti-FMD vaccine. More information see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/fmdmongolia.htm.

 

On 30 May 1964 the Chief of Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition in Mongolia was asked by Mr Baldzinjam, Mongolian Minister of Agriculture, being informed about very successful Czechoslovak eradication programme against bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis (under professional responsibility of the author), to prepare a similar multi-zoonoses programme and methodology for future multilateral international expeditions to help Mongolia against glanders, brucellosis and tuberculosis of domestic animals. These diseases were causing big losses in livestock husbandry,  production of food of animal origin and were affecting Mongolian human population, also with fatal outcome. The author was asked to prepare a project document for future mass investigations and control of the mentioned diseases and to test the application of specific diagnostic methods for  national survey organization under Mongolian field conditions. The minister was explained that this type of action was possible only after the eradication of the foot-and-mouth disease in the whole country what was reached by the end of 1964, mainly thanks to successful anti-FMD activities of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition and its vaccine.

 

For this purpose it was created a small group of international specialists under author‘s leadership.  It was elaborated a project proposal (in Russian) containing the methodology for field and laboratory diagnostic procedures and for control and eradication measures against the mentioned three very dangerous diseases. There were accepted Czechoslovak epizootiological principles based on relatively rich practical experience. From the very beginning Dr Ts. Sugaaradza, Mongolian Chief Veterinary Officer (managing effectively nation-wide anti-FMD actions) was collaborating with this group and orientating it in order the proposals to fit to local in Mongolian conditions. The elaborated proposals were first provisionally tested in the field (state farms and cooperatives) by the author and also by Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition after ending its duties, contributing to final eradication of this disease, before leaving Mongolia.

 

 

Summary statistical data on this demanding international programme were provided on 14 January 2010 by  Prof. Dr Zayat Batzukh, Director, Veterinary Institute, Mongolian State Agriculture University, Ulaanbaatar who was able to find them in Mongolian State Archive in Ulaanbaatar.

 

Note: There are very few countries having so excellent veterinary archive making possible to study and evaluate previous results and experience, i.e. in our case being able to provide required information after more than four decades.

 

Preparation of the project document

 

Methodology. The initial task was given to Dr Václav Kouba, CSc., Czechoslovak Chief Epizootiologist (who was that time present in Mongolia heading Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition) after the consolidation of the expedition activities and final convincing Mongolian authorities to accept Czechoslovak anti-FMD strategy, tactics and vaccine (thanks to positive second test of the compatibility of the vaccine strain and Mongolian field virus strain). Following the request of Dr Baldžnjam, Minister of Agriculture, Dr Kouba being assisted by Prof. Dr Yarympyl and Dr Celendash (Mongolia),  Prof. Dr Czenczev (Bulgaria) and Prof. Dr. Karpishov (Soviet Union) elaborated in cooperation with Ts. Sugaaradza, Chief Veterinary Officer of Mongolia a project proposal (in Russian) containing the methodology of field and laboratory diagnostic procedures and of control and eradication of the above mentioned three very dangerous diseases. There were accepted Czechoslovak epizootiological principles and methods such as:

- to discover all affected herds - outbreaks through investigating all ranches/farms of susceptible animals in all ajmaks (provinces) covering all territory of Mongolia using a complex diagnostic methods (serological, allergic, clinical and epizootiological) applying international standards for diagnostic results’ interpretation;

- to mark visibly and permanently all positive animals (i.e. triangle holes in left auricles in case of tuberculosis and in right auricles in case of brucellosis), isolate them without following retesting and cull them as soon as possible (special attention to be given them at the abattoirs); glanders positive horses to be immediately killed and buried;

- to apply measures for specific health protection of countrymen and consumers as well as of non-positive animals considering the local conditions;

- to identify the localization of detected outbreaks (mapping) and forecast their development;

- to identify the priorities for follow-up selected zoonoses control programmes;

- to introduce a particular information system collecting relevant data of the survey (including particular forms for data collection and processing) for the decision making of Mongolian veterinary central and local authorities based on the gained knowledge of specific epizootiological situation in terms of the focality and morbidity of selected zoonoses;

- to develop intensive publicity campaign the rural population to be convinced about the need of the programmes and to support it;

- to introduce practical centralized planning system of horizontal and vertical management of the programme including objectives (in time and place) and responsibilities as well as periodic evaluations (used for necessary amendments and adjustments of the programme).

 

First proposals against  the brucellosis were finished on 4 June, against the tuberculosis on 8 June and against the glanders on 16 June 1964. The suggested disease control/eradication methodology was tested in field practice by Dr V. Kouba being accompanied by a Mongolian epizootiologist: in Zuulacharaa  State farm, Bajangol Cooperative, Darchan State Farm and Darchan Cooperative.

 

Field testing. Further step to test the proposed methodology was to use the present Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition, after finishing their main task, to start testing the procedures of field investigations supported by a mobile laboratory (imported well ahead together with anti-FMD expedition). During three weeks there were investigated in Bajan-agt, Bulgan ajmak (province) on the brucellosis 2,081 animals using serological test and 631 animals using F-allergen, on the tuberculosis 993 animals using PPD tuberculin and on the glanders 30 horses using serological test and 46 horses using allergic test as well as 34 camels using allergic test. More  information, including the tables of results, see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/babmongolia.htm.

 

International clearance of the multilateral project

 

The draft representing the preparation of multinational help in Mongolian veterinary problems was sent to all participating countries’ government for study and comments. Dr Baldžinjam, Mongolian Minister of Agriculture (referring to CMEA agriculture ministers’ recommendation to provide veterinary help to Mongolia on bilateral basis) organized special international scientific-methodological conference to finalize the programme. The conference, held in Ulan-Bator, 4-12 March 1965, was attended by national specialists (epizootiologists and diagnosticians) from Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic  Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Mongolia. Czechoslovakia was represented by Dr Václav Kouba, Vice-Director and Chief Epizootiologist, State Veterinary Service who presented and defended together with Dr Sugaaradza the original proposals to be adjusted according to the comments and experience of other participating countries. The conference objective was to finalize the diagnostic methods and procedures of specific diseases’ anti-epizootic control. Simultaneously, it was programmed to elaborate activities’ norms, list of necessary equipment of international anti-epizootic expeditions as well as the principles for their activities and management.

 

The methodological procedures were based on the proposals elaborated by Czechoslovak specialists in 1964 at the occasion of their assistance in fighting against FMD in Mongolia and on their experience gained during 3 weeks of the proposals testing in Bulgan ajmak. Special excursions to asses the project realization under the conditions of Mongolian Gobi desert, steppe territory and mountains were organized for the conference participants. The proposals’ feasibilities were discussed at different conditions of ranches, farms, brigades and herds.

 

Results of the scientific-methodological conference

 

In order to prepare properly the multinational anti-epizootic assistance, it was decided to start in 1966. Meanwhile during 1965, starting in May, experimental groups composed from specialists of participating countries (if possible the selected animal health specialists to be future leaders of national expeditions) to test in practice all aspects of the project which would help to prepare future national expeditions as well as possible.

 

Analysing the tasks it was decided to increase the number of specialists and assisting staff. (For example according to the suggested norms the Czechoslovak expeditions to have 20 veterinarians and 20 laboratory technicians.) The duration was planned to last always 6 months (from April to October) during 1966, 1967 and 1968. It was decided to allocate Czechoslovak expeditions in Bulgan and Uvurchangaj ajmak in Central Mongolia. Other expeditions were suggested to work in different ajmaks covering all the Mongolian territories: Soviet Union expeditions to cover a half of all ajmaks, Polish expeditions to cover 3 ajmaks, Bulgarian expeditions to cover 2 ajmaks, Hungarian expeditions to cover 2 ajmaks and German Democratic Republic to cover one ajmak.

 

In the final protocols there were included also the norms of material needs. Transport means, such as personal cross-country vehicles GAZ and trucks, to be assured for all the expeditions in Soviet Union as well as the diagnostic preparations to guarantee comparative results and their uniform interpretations. This country was that time the only one able to provide all bio-preparations in necessary quantity.

 

The programme proposals calculated for 108 anti-epizootic units each composed from 15 persons, including 2 veterinarians and 2 laboratory technicians from any participating country and the rest would be Mongolian staff.

 

It was planned to exploit Czechoslovak mobile laboratory, including electricity generator, imported within 1964  anti-FMD expedition,  for preliminary testing at the end of the FMD-expedition activities as well as for the testing in 1965 as well as for using it by Czechoslovak expeditions in 1966, 1967 and 1968. Afterwards, it was given to Mongolian government. The personal cross-country vehicles GAZ and the truck ZIL as well as veterinary material of the anti-FMD  expedition were given to Mongolian site  after finishing the anti-FMD expedition.

 

As follow-up of the mentioned conference the Czechoslovak veterinary service started to prepare the mobile laboratory for the new work including  replenishing stock of necessary material. Simultaneously, there were selected the members of future expeditions and organized special postgraduate training in the National Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education.  The material for the expeditions was prepared according to the norms identified during the conference.

 

Czechoslovak anti-epizootic expeditions started in advance in 1965 under the leadership of experienced Dr Evžen Jurák who had participated in anti-FMD expedition one year before.

 

The diagnostic actions were carried out in all territories of Bulgan and Uvurchangaj ajmaks during 1966 - 1968. The expanded activities required to equip Czechoslovak expedition additionally by new eight cross-road cars GAZ, one truck V3S, seven electro centrals  including  spare parts, many different materials for the expedition member professional activities (laboratory equipment, biological preparations) and for surviving under harsh Mongolian conditions. All material was sent well in advance by the train.

 

The expedition members were divided in seven groups composed by three veterinarians each. In Bulgan ajmak there were three groups and in Uvurchangaj ajmak there four groups.

 

After finishing the international anti-epizootic programme all transport means, mobile laboratory and veterinary equipment were handed over through Czechoslovak embassy to Mongolian veterinary service. All expenses of the four anti-epizootic expeditions were covered by Czechoslovak Ministry of Agriculture and by Czechoslovak State Veterinary Service.

 

Among the positive side effects it is necessary to include also the social factors related with the contact of local livestock workers, even living in very remote territories, with a culture of more advanced countries brought by the foreign specialists working with them and for them.

 

Realization of the project by international expeditions

 

Programme implementation started in full in spring of 1966 in all ajmaks as it had been planned and finished by the end of 1968. All 16 ajmaks were divided to individual country expeditions to cover all Mongolian territory: Bulgaria – one, Hungary – two, Germany – one, Poland – two, Czechoslovakia – two and Soviet Union - eight (see Table V.). In summary during the programme the expeditions were divided in 16 teams with 74 working groups being provided by 73 trucks and 189 small cars as well as 92 laboratory sets (including mobile ones).  More information in Table III.

 

The number of  international expeditions’ specialists reached in 1966 149 veterinarians, 122 laboratory technicians, 26 technical employers and drivers, all together 297 persons. The number of  international expeditions’ specialists reached in 1967 170 veterinarians, 71 laboratory technicians, 15 technical employers and drivers, all together 256 persons. The  number of  international expeditions’ specialists reached in 1968 172 veterinarians, 67 laboratory technicians, 10 technical employers and drivers, all together 249 persons. Summary numbers during the programme duration 1966-1968: 491 veterinarians, 260 laboratory technicians, 51 technical employers and drivers, all together 802 persons (not considering that many of them participated more than one year). More information see in Table IV.

 

Each expedition was given the task in a form of planned number of animals to be tested.

 

The preparatory activities of all international veterinary expeditions were demanding. It was necessary to assure funds for the expedition staff, travel expenses and material. It was necessary to select veterinarian-volunteers having  practical experience with animal tuberculosis and brucellosis diagnosis, epizootiology and measures, being in good health and having  physical condition able to withstand harsh Mongolian nature and if possible to have driving licence. Among material supply belonged laboratory diagnosis facilities (when possible mobile diagnostic laboratories) and equipment, different means of transport, human and veterinary medicaments, etc. The expedition members must pass all necessary preventive vaccinations. The task was the expeditions to be fully prepared and equipped to can work as relatively independent units minimizing requirements for Mongolian institutions.

 

Main results

 

Plan of glanders allergical testing  proposed 4,208,947 horses and 170,005 camels to be tested was fulfilled by 5,046,070 horses, i.e by 120 %, and 332,684 camels investigated. Aditionally 126,960 horses were investigated using complement fixation test Plan of brucellosis testing proposed 28,265,551 animals to be tested was fulfilled by 28,743,006 investigated animals, i.e. by 101.62 %. Plan of tuberculosis testing proposed 3,433,067 animals to be tested was fulfilled by 3,408,875 investigated animals, i.e. by 99.30 %. See Table I.

 

The results of specific testing covering data from all participating expeditions (Table II) were as follows:

 

From the horses allergically investigated on glanders 241,157 were positive, i.e. 4.78 %. From  the camels allergically investigated on glanders 380 were positive, i.e.  0.12 %. From the horses investigated using complement fixation test 24,760 were positive, i.e. 19.50  %.

 

From all  animals of selected species investigated on brucellosis 660,432 were positive, i.e. 2.30 %. From investigated camels 9,987 were positive, i.e. 2.31 %. From investigated cattle 192,601 were positive, i.e. 6.66 %. From investigated sheep 320,709 were positive, i.e. 1.64 %. From investigated goats 136,222 were positive, i.e. 2.33 %. From investigated pigs 126 were positive, i.e. 1.18 %. More  information in Tables VI and VII.

 

Summary data on all tuberculosis survey results are not available to author. It can be mentioned only partial data of three ajmaks: Bulgan ajmak, Uvurkhangai ajmak  and  Tuv (Central). From 688,529 investigated cattle 1,140 were positive, i.e. 0.17 %. From 2,315 investigated pigs 73 were positive, i.e. 3.15 %. From 23,119 investigated poultry 98 were positive, i.e. 0.41 %.

 

The meeting of the Chief Veterinary Officers of participating countries was held in Ulaanbaatar, in October  1968 to evaluate international anti-epizootic help to Mongolia.

 

Discussion and conclusion

 

International programme and methods initially elaborated by above mentioned working group of specialists, adjusted according to the comments of the specialists from participating countries as well of Mongolian veterinarians (headed by Dr Ts. Sugaaradza, Chief Veterinary Officer), proved to be fully feasible and effective.

 

In the whole Mongolian territory of all 16 ajmaks were working during several years long-term international expeditions from five countries. Together with hundreds of foreign veterinary experts – epizootiologists and diagnosticians – were working hundreds  of Mongolian veterinarians and thousands persons of Mongolian supporting staff with active assistance of local countrymen as well as of somon, ajmak and central authorities. All of them must be highly appreciated for the work done, particularly when considering the difficulties to overcome the harsh Mongolian climate, lack of logistics, lack of normal roads, problems with accomodation, catering, medical service and transport of so many persons. Other serious difficulties were represented by catching and fixing free moving animals for testing and marking positive animals. The expeditions’ staff, usually working in very bad hygienic conditions, was continuously exposed to many local infectious and parasitic diseases transmissible from animals.

 

Almost incredible preparatory and managerial work was done by Mongolian authorities to assure: bilateral international agreements with all participating countries; necessary funds for national staff, material and activities; legislation and specific instructions (in Mongolian and Russian); staff to assist international expeditions (interpreting, catching and fixing animals, transport, accommodations and catering, related facilities, communication, medical care, maintenance and reparation of transport means and diagnostic tools, administrative work such as special information system - statistics, etc.); identification of realistic objectives and tasks for each expedition, their supervision; vertical and horizontal coordination and planning; intensive instructive training courses for national staff; convincing nation-wide information campaign; other supporting staff at all levels, mainly of local farmers and of  administrative institutions; etc. Extremely demanding work was carried out also during the whole programme solving almost infinite expected and non-expected operational problems.

 

According to available data the expeditions during 1966-1968 carried out following numbers of  specific investigations: on glanders – 5,505,714,  on brucellosis – 28,723,006 and on tuberculosis – 3,408,875. The follow-up consisted in marking positive animals, their isolation and premature culling simultaneously with the measures for the outbreak elimination and for the protection of local personal and of healthy herds. See concise summary Table VIII.

 

In the whole country the reported number of the investigations reached 37,657,595 specific tests. This size represented a historical record of international diagnostic and control actions against several very dangerous diseases transmissible to man covering the whole territory of a developing country.

 

Czechoslovak expeditions participated (without considering 1964-1965 pilot investigations) by 3,887,885 specific tests.

 

Original programme and methods of international multi-disease investigations and control of major zoonoses in animal populations applied in country size is without parallel in the international history of veterinary medicine !

 

It was a great satisfaction mainly for Czechoslovak epizootiology “school” which was the main professional initiator. Reached results had multiplying effect thanks the programme application in a country-wide size with long-term impact on the development of animal husbandry, production of meat and milk as well as on the health of the herdsmen and consumers in the whole Mongolia. Thanks to effective help of all participating international veterinary expeditions, many thousands of Mongolian countrymen and consumers were saved from being sick and dead due to mentioned very dangerous zoonoses. The results provided bases for further specific zoonoses control actions by national veterinary service which proved to be very effective and well organized.

 

References:

 

BATZUKH ,  Z. 2010: Statistical data of Mongolian State Veterinary Archive

BOHÁČ, J., JEŘÁBEK, J., LÁDR, J. 1968: Kazuistický poznatek o použitelnosti Kolářova F alergenu v diagnostice brucelozy velbloudů. Veterinářství, XVIII: 218-219

ČERNOVSKÝ, J., ŠEVČÍK, B. 1965: Poznatky z diagnostických akcí v Mongolsku. (Experience of diagnostic actions in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinářství XV: 249-252

EXPEDITION STAFF 1964: Zpráva o činnosti československé veterinární expedice v Mongolské lidové republice.  (Report of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinární odbor ministerstva zemědělství, lesního a vodního hospodářství: 38 pp

JEŘÁBEK, J., LÁDR, J., BOHÁČ, J. 1969: Vliv intradermální maleinace koní na tvorbu specifických protilátek. Veterinářství, XIX: 54-55

KOUBA V. 1964: Zpráva z cesty do Mongolské lidové republiky. (Report on duty travel in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinární odbor ministerstva zeměděství. 27 pp

KOUBA V. 1964: K veterinární problematice v Mongolské lidové republice. (Veterinary problems in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinářství, XIV:387-391

LÁDR, J., BOHÁČ, J., JEŘÁBEK, J., 1968: Srovnání účinnosti F alergenu a brucelohydrolyzátu na ovcích. Veterinářství, XVIII:  538-539

ROTHBAUER, V. 2007: Osobní poznámky  - dopisy z 6.dubna  a 14. srpna 2007 (Personal notes – letters of 6 April  and 14 August 2007)

SUGAARADZA, Ts. 1966-1968: Personal notes of Mongolian national manager of the multinational zonoses control programme, Ulaanbaatar

ŠEVČÍK B. 1965: Zajímavosti z chovu zvířat v Mongolsku. (Animal production in Mongolia). In Czech. Veterinářství, XV: 167-169

 

Annexes

 

Table I.

Summary statistical data covering all Mongolian territory: proposed to be tested, number of tested animal, percentage of the fulfilment of the plan) (number of  serological and alergical investigations, number of investigated animals, number of positive findings according to animal species)

Glanders  survey

 

 

Proposed to be tested

         Tested

             %

Horse

Camel

Horse

Camel

Horse

Camel

 

1966

-

 

1,478,294

  96,937

-

-

 

1967

2,127,700

170,005

1,882,530

233,000

  88.4

137.1

 

1968

2,081,274

-

1,685,246

    2,747

  81.2

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

4,208,974

170,005

5,046,070

332,684

 

 

 

Brucellosis survey

Species

years

Proposed to be tested

       Tested

           %

Camel

1966

88,004

75,570

85.9

1967

263,362

189,398

72.1

1968

210,100

165,751

78.9

Cattle

1966

936,305

936,305

100

1967

           1,102,571

1,055,074

95.7

1968

969,612

900,902

92.9

Sheep

1966

           5,411,321

5.411.321

100

1967

           7,648,700

7,458,700

97.5

1968

           6,805,500

6.685,081

98.2

Goat

1966

           1,759,415

1,727,369

98.1

1967

           2,377,229

2,278,200

95.8

1968

           1,908,417

1,830,370

95.9

Pig

1966

     2,573

2,573

100

1967

     2,803

2,803

100

1968

     4,701

4,701

100

Dog

1966

     6,783

6,783

100

1967

    5,715

5,715

100

1968

    5,577

5,577

100

Total

1966

          8,205,214

8,160,734

99.4

1967

11,210,380

10,989,890

99.9

1968

  8,849,957

9,592,382

109.7

 

 

 

 

 

Grand Total

 

28,265,551

28,743,006

101.69

 

Tuberculosis survey

Species

years

Proposed to be tested

Tested

%

Cattle

1966

950250

944920

99.4

1967

1121639

1112639

99.2

1968

1065379

1055556

99.0

Pig

1966

1701

1672

100

1967

2559

2559

100

1968

4655

4655

100

Bird

1966

89399

89399

100

1967

88206

88206

100

1968

109269

109269

100

Total

1966

1041360

1035991

99.4

1967

1212404

1203404

99.2

1968

1179303

1169480

99.2

 

 

 

 

 

Grand Total

 

3,433,067

3,408,875

99.30

 

 

Table II.

Summary statistical data covering all Mongolian territory:  total number of tested animals,  number of positive findings , including their percentage, according to specific zoonosis and animal species – during 1966-1968

Glanders survey results

 

            By skin allergy test

 

Horse

Camel

Tested

Positive

%

Tested

Positive

%

1966

1,478294

102370

6.9

96937

228

0.2

1967

1,882530

81412

4.3

233000

140

0.06

1968

1,685246

57375

3.4

2747

12

0.4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

5,046,070

241,157

4.78

323,684

380

0.12

 

            By CFT

 

Horse

Tested

positive

%

1966

-

-

-

1967

52749

11180

21.2

1968

74211

13580

18.3

 

 

 

 

Total

126,960

24,760

19.50

 

Brucellosis survey results   

Years

All selected species tested

Positive

%

1966

8140195

242128

2.9

1967

10989890

254726

2.5

1968

9993836

163578

1.7

 

 

 

 

Total

28723921

660432

2.30

 

By animals:

 

Camel brucellosis

Years

Camel tested

Positive

%

1966

75770

995

1.3

1967

189398

3619

1.9

1968

167751

5373

3.0

 

 

 

 

Total

432919

9987

2.3

 

Cattle brucellosis

Years

Cattle tested

Positive

%

1966

936677

55569

5.9

1967

1055074

77659

7.3

1968

900902

59378

8.4

 

 

 

 

Total

2892658

192601

6.66

 

Sheep brucellosis

Years

Sheep tested

Positive

%

1966

5389856

137192

2.5

1967

7458700

117333

1.3

1968

6685081

66184

0.8

 

 

 

 

Total

19,533,637

320,709

1.64

 

Goat brucellosis

Years

Goat  tested

Positive

%

1966

1726436

47958

2.7

1967

2278200

55803

2.4

1968

1829814

32461

1.8

 

 

 

 

Total

5,834,450

136,222

2.33

 

Pig brucellosis

Years

Pig tested

Positive

%

1966

3198

68

1.9

1967

2803

58

2.5

1968

4711

-

-

 

 

 

 

Total

10,712

126

0.79

 

 

Table III.

Summary statistical data covering all Mongolian territory on the number of international specialists’ teams, groups, cars and laboratories taking part in the program

Countries

Number of teams

Number of groups

Car

Laboratory set

Truck

Small car

Bulgaria

1

1

2

4

1

Hungary

2

9

9

18

9

Germany

1

2

2

5

2

Poland

2

12

-

38

19

USSR

8

43

55

112

54

Czecho- slovakia

2

7

5

12

7

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

16

74

73

189

92

 

 

Table IV.

Summary statistical data covering all Mongolian territory on the number of international expedition specialists by country

 

Veterinarians

College degree vets

Technical employers and drivers

Total

1966

1967

1968

1966

1967

1968

1966

1967

1968

1966

1967

1968

Bulgaria

10

10

-

4

4

-

1

1

-

15

15

-

Hungary

6

11

20

4

9

9

-

-

-

10

20

29

Germany

4

4

4

3

3

3

1

1

1

8

8

8

Poland

26

26

26

24

12

12

1

2

2

51

40

40

USSR

97

97

99

86

43

43

22

9

5

205

149

147

Czecho- slovakia

6

22

23

1

-

-

1

2

2

8

24

25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

149

170

172

122

71

67

26

15

10

297

256

249

 

 

Table V.

 

Aimaks allocated to international veterinary expeditions according to individual countries

 

Country

Aimak

Bulgaria

Dornod

Hungary

Khentii, Dornogobi

Germany

Selenge,

Poland

Tuv and Dundgobi

USSR

Arkhangai, Bayanulgii, Bayankhongor, Gobialtai, Zavkhan, Khovd, Uvs, Khuvsgul

Czecho- slovakia

Bulgan, Uvurkhangai

 

 

Table VI.

Example of investigation activities in three selected aimaks: Bulgan ajmak,

Uvurkhangai ajmak  and  Tuv (Central) ajmak

 

====================================================================

Animal        Bulgan ajmak                             Uvurkhangai ajmak                        Tuv (Central)

                 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Species   Tested        Positive    %       Tested        Positive      %       Tested          Positive    %

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Brucellosis investigations

Camel

     1,739

     247     

14.20

     25,218

     672

   2.66

     11,274

     499

 4.43

Cattle

 221,647

12,335

  5.57

   114,609

  6,284

   5.48

   230,556

13,402

 5.81

Sheep

 699,084

  7,006

  1.00

1,097,552

14,555

   1.93

1,341,440

25,685

 1.91

Goats

 156,771

     839

  0.54

   271,250

  3,179

   1.17

   239,066

  3,039

 1.27

Pigs

        310

         1

  0.32

          157

         0

         0

       1,620

       11

  2.71

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

1,079,551

20,428

1.89

1,508,786

24,690

   1.64

1,823,956

42,636

2.34

 

Tuberculosis investigations

 

Cattle

224,821

     311

  0.14

   227,760

       116

    0.05

   235,948

     713

  0.30

Pigs

       309

         0

       0

          162

           0

         0

       1,844

       73

  3.96

Poultry

       927

       23

  2.48

       1,225

           0

         0

     21,967

       75

  0.34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

226,057

334

0.15

229,147

116

0.05

259,759

861

0.33

 

Glanders investigations

Horse 

 252,986

15,861      

  6.27

   350,069

     2,212

   0.63

   594,062

17,867

  3.01

Camel

     1,434

         0

       0

     14,429

            2

   0.01

     11,445

       10

  0.09

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

254,420

15,861

6.23

364,498

2,214

0.61

605,507

17,877

2.95

 

 

Tab. VII.

Example of investigation activities carried out by  veterinary expeditions during 1966-1968 in three selected aimaks: Bulgan ajmak, Uvurkhangai ajmak  and  Tuv (Central) ajmak - total number of tests, positive results and percentage of positive findings

 

====================================================================

Animal Species                     Tests                   Positive                    %  

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Brucellosis investigations

Camel

                               38,231

               1,418      

                  3,71

Cattle

                             566,812

             32,021

                  5.65

Sheep

                          3,138,076

             47,246

                  1.50

Goat

                             667,087

               7,057

                  1.06

Pig

                                 2,087

                    49

                  2.35

Dog

                                 2,140

                    74

                  3.46

 

 

 

 

Total

                          4,414,433

             87,865

                  1.99

 

Tuberculosis investigations

Cattle

                           688,529

               1,140

                  0.17

Pig

                               2,315

                    73

                  3.15

Poultry

                             24,119

                    98

                  0.41

 

 

 

 

Total

                           714,963                      

     

        

 

Glanders investigations

Horse

                          1,197,117

             35,940

                  3.00

Camel

                               27,308

                    12

                  0.04

 

 

 

 

Total

                          1,224,425                   

     

        

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table VIII

 

Summary table on all investigations of zoonotic diseases carried out by international expeditions in Mongolia during 1966-1968

=====================================================

Disease              Method                                   T  e  s  t  s             Positive results     %

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Glanders

 

Total

5,505,714

  

   241,537

     4.39

 

allergical

Horses

 

  5,460,070

   241,157

     4.78

 

allergical

Camels

 

     332,684

          380

     0.12

 

serological

Horses

 

     126,960

     24,760

   19.50

Brucellosis

serological

Total

28,723,006

 

   660,432

     2.30

 

            e.g.

Cattle

 

  2,892,658

   192,601

     6.66

 

            e.g.

Sheep

 

19,533,637

   320,709

     1.64

 

            e.g.

Goats

 

  5,834,450

   136,222

     2.33

Tuberculosis

allergical

Total

  3,408,875

 

              ?

          ?

 

            e.g.

Cattle

 

  3,113,115

              ?

          ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grand Total

 

 

37,657,595

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

===============================================================

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photos

 

Participants of special international scientific-methodological conference to finalize the programme. The conference, held in Ulan-Bator, 4-12 March 1965, was attended by national specialists (epizootiologists and diagnosticians) from five participating countries. The  objective was to finalize the diagnostic methods and procedures of specific diseases’ anti-epizootic control. Simultaneously, there were elaborated activities’ norms, list of necessary equipment of international anti-epizootic expeditions as well as the management.

 

Ulaanbaatar airport: Dr Sugaaradza, Mongolian Chief Veterinary Officer (in the center next to Dr V. Kouba) welcoming the delegates of the international conference on zoonoses, Ulaabaatar, Mongolia, 4-12 March 1965

 

Plenary session chaired by Dr Sugaaradza