SUCCESSFUL MULTI-DISEASE CONTROL
AND ERADICATION IN A COUNTRY WITH INTENSIVE
LARGE-SCALE FARMING
Václav Kouba
Former Czechoslovak and Czech Chief Epizootiologist, Vice-Director of
State Veterinary Service,
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Initial epizootiological situation after the Second
World War
3. Environmental and social-economic conditions
4. Epizootiological situation initial development
5. Anti-epizootic concept, strategy and policy
6. Anti-epizootic legislation
7. Anti-epizootic flexible methodology based on
science and field experience
8. Anti-epizootic surveillance and monitoring
9. Anti-epizootic information system
10. Anti-epizootic organization and management
11. Anti-epizootic professional manpower
12. Anti-epizootic education and training
13. Identification of anti-epizootic priorities
14. Anti-epizootic planning (objectives, measures,
activities)
15. Anti-epizootic emergency planning
16. Anti-epizootic programmes implementation
17. Support of anti-epizootic programmes (research,
extension, cooperation)
18. Results of anti-epizootic programmes
19. Methods of the eradication of communicable
diseases of animals
20. Eradication of viral diseases of animals
21. Eradication of bacterial and other microbial diseases
of animals
22. Eradication of parasitic diseases of animals
23. Occurrence reduction of communicable diseases of
animals
24. Public health effect of anti-epizootic programmes
25. Economic and social effects of anti-epizootic
programmes
26. Anti-epizootic protection of the country territory
27. Anti-epizootic sanitation
28. Control of non-communicable (production and
reproduction) diseases of animal populations
29. Assistance to developing countries
30. Conclusion
31. References
32. Annexes
1. Introduction
1.1 In the middle of the fifties of the 20th century Czech government
authorities decided to start programme against major animal diseases to improve animal population
health with the aim to contribute to food production improvement and to human health protection against diseases
transmissible from animals. The
paper deals with the history of successful control and eradication of
communicable diseases of animals in the
1.2 The state veterinary
service spared no effort in exploiting favourable social-economic conditions created/supported
by the government for national-wide communicable diseases’ surveillance,
control and eradication in the interests of animal production increase (in
terms of quantity and quality to reach self-sufficiency in food of animal
origin) and of the protection of country human population against diseases
transmissible from animals. The anti-epizootic objectives and planes were
supported by corresponding concept, strategy, policy, legislation, methodology,
organization, management, staff, funds, education, training, research,
extension, etc.
1.3 The
results consisted in eradication, elimination and reduction of many infectious
and parasitic diseases of animals including those transmissible to man. Disease
outbreaks liquidation methods consisted mainly: in preparatory mass
investigations (using all available forms - from field practice and slaughterhouses
up to complex laboratory etiological investigations) and monitoring of national
animal populations to discover all specific diseases’ outbreaks; in application
“test and slaughter” method; where appropriate - in affected farms depopulation
following by repopulation; and in parasitic diseases using anthelminthics
combined with cleaning up the environment to interrupt parasite life cycles.
The anti-epizootic programmes exploited the advantage of centrally managed
government strong veterinary service being fully independent on the producers
and traders. The anti-epizootic strategy was fully adjusted to the given
social-economic conditions and supported by corresponding legislation.
1.4 Successful eradication almost three tens of viral and
bacterial diseases and about ten parasitic diseases of animals represented the
main contribution of Czech veterinary service to economic and social
development of the country. Among these diseases there were ten zoonoses
transmissible to man. Positive impacts on animal population productivity
conducing to country self-sufficiency in meat and milk, to significant
improvement of sanitary quality of food of animal origin and to incidence
reduction of several zoonoses among human population are commented at the end.
1.5 The paper is based
upon official statistical data, legal documents issued by the government and
instructions of Chief, State Veterinary Service as well as many publications on
prevention, surveillance, control, reduction and eradication of major diseases
in the
2. Initial epizootiological situation
after the Second World War
2.1 Extraordinary
devastation of this country during Second World War left national economy in ruins and the immense war losses, in
spite of the Potsdam Agreement 1945 decision, the Germans were not paying the
war reparations. Also livestock husbandry and production as well as animal
health service infrastructure were left in ruins. The country was affected by almost all known major animal
diseases causing enormous losses in food production and zoonotic epidemics
in human population. The epizootiological situation was extraordinary critical.
Examples
of communicable animal diseases existing
that time in the Czech Republic: foot-and-mouth disease (e.g. in 1952 reported
311,957 affected animals !), hog cholera (e.g. in 1952 reported 2,996 affected
animals in 142 villages), Newcastle disease (e.g. in 1953 reported 71,629
cases); anthrax (e.g. in 1952 reported 100 cases), echinococcosis/hydatidosis,
leptospirosis, Q-fever, rabies (e.g. in 1952 reported 142 cases; in 1967
reported 120 cases among domestic animals and 142 cases among wild animals);
babesiosis, bovine brucellosis (e.g. in 1959 reported 17,064 cases), bovine
tuberculosis (e.g. in 1960 reported 630,838 cases; every third cow was
tuberculous !), bovine genital campylobacteriosis (in 1965 reported in 29
villages), cysticercosis (C. bovis),
IBR/IPV, trichomoniasis, bovine malignant catarrh, trichophytosis (e.g. in 1965
reported 31,153 affected cattle in 2,068 villages), exanthema vesiculosum
coitale bovum (e.g. in 1952 reported 1,025 cases), fasciolosis in cattle (e.g.
in 1963 reported 40,741 affected animals in 2,035 villages); salmonellosis (S. abortus ovis), sheep mange (e.g. in
1952 reported 11,604 cases); dourine (e.g. in 1952 reported 4 cases), equine
influenza, glanders (e.g. in 1955 reported 4 cases), horse mange (e.g. in 1952
reported 88 cases); cysticercosis (C. cellulosae),
porcine brucellosis, trichinellosis, Klobouk’s disease (e.g. in 1953 reported
120,622 cases !); avian infectious bronchitis, avian infectious
laryngotracheitis, avian tuberculosis, duck virus hepatitis (e.g. in 1963
reported 21 cases), fowl cholera (e.g. in 1953 reported 12,953 cases), fowl pox
(e.g. in 1964 reported 93 cases), fowl typhoid, Marek’s disease (e.g. in 1963
reported 322 cases), mycoplasmosis, psittacosis and ornithosis (e.g. in 1961
reported 5 cases), pullorum disease, tularaemia (e.g. in 1962 reported 213
affected villages); acariasis of bees (e.g. in 1952 reported 29,932 cases),
European foul brood (e.g. in 1956 reported 1,712 cases), nosematosis of bees;
listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, blackleg (e.g. in 1955 reported 1,940 cases), actinomycosis,
intestinal Salmonella infections, coccidiosis, distomatosis, filariasis,
mucosal disease, warble infestation, contagious pustular dermatitis, foot-rot,
enterotoxaemia, swine erysipelas (e.g. in 1952 reported 36,234 cases), avian
salmonellosis, avian spirochaetosis, avian leucosis, avian diphtheria (e.g. in
1964 reported 93 cases); canine distemper; etc. Numeric data were mainly
incomplete due to very insufficient information system up to the 1960s.
Beginning by 1963 started
the national collection of more detailed data from slaughterhouses on
post-mortem finding of infectious and parasitic diseases.
Examples:
In Czech Republic in 1963 there were reported: 115,356 cases of fasciolosis
livers in cattle (9.87 %) and 38,365 cases in sheep (14,43 %); 8,377 cases of
cattle taeniasis (0.71 %), 487 cases of
pig teaniasis; 37,898 cases of pulmonal parasitosis in pigs (0.74 %) and 34,969
cases of pulmonal parasitosis in sheep (17,79 %). In 1966 echinococcosis
findings were reported in 58,330 cases in pigs (1,31 %) and 1,647 cases in
sheep (1,58 %). Last case of bovine babesiosis was reported in
August 1957 in Vimperk district.
Note: In
former Czechoslovakia there were reported following outbreaks of anthrax: in
1946 – 332, in 1947 – 534, in 1948 – 470, 1952 – 180, 1953 – 108, 1955 – 136,
1956 – 115, in 1957 – 89, in 1958 – 75, in 1959 – 54, 1960 – 48, 1961 – 40,
1962 – 32 and in 1963 – 33. Almost every year after Morava river floods there
were reported individual cases in cattle related to the import of infected dried hides (in spite if
certificates) from some developing countries
(e.g. India) for local shoe industry; in some consignment there were discovered up to 1% of
Ascoli test positive hides and sometime specific spores. At the beginning of
1960s the author was investigating and solving serious anthrax outbreak along
Bodrog river in Eastern Slovakia where many animals, manly cattle, were dying
due to anthrax and parts of the carcasses were used as food by the gypsies after
days–long submersion in water and then
long-run cooking; about 70 persons were sent to the hospitals – nobody
died.
2.2 That time,
there were many factors facilitating
disease introduction and spread such as: insufficient country protection
against animal disease pathogens’ introduction from abroad, strong dependence
on risky uncontrolled immense import of animals and animal products due to lack
of food self-sufficiency, late new outbreaks’ discovery and application of insufficient intrafocal and
perifocal measures, using out-of-date
methods (e.g. mass aphtization applying local FMD outbreak virus combined with
convalescent blood or serum), dead
animals locally buried (due to lack of rendering facilities), insufficient
intrafocal sanitation (lack of modern disinfection techniques), very weak
public veterinary service unable to cope
effectively with epizootiological situation (in particular with the most dangerous
diseases), decentralized veterinary service without necessary facilities,
material and sufficient budget, weak vertical and horizontal coordination,
missing suitable legislation for anti-epizootic duties of animal owners,
inhabitants and local authorities, missing effective anti-epizootic
instructions and methodology, missing anti-epizootic emergency planning, etc..
Anti-epizootic activities consisted in passive ad hoc monitoring of few communicable diseases, applying “fire brigade
system” when a major disease was accidentally discovered without effective
follow-up eradication measures and country-wide prevention. The unfavourable
epizootiological situation was becoming worse every day.
2.3 National Chief Veterinary Officer was almost in a position as a general with HQs but without “solders” or only with individual separated private veterinarians contracted for participating just in part-time uncoordinated activities. The anti-epizootic programmes without necessary legislation were carried out only ad hoc, based on local individual initiative and on voluntary principle not guaranteeing uniform and territory-wide application and results (= epizootiological mosaic composed from isolated “islands” of specific disease-free localities exposed to specific disease reintroduction from non-controlled infected herds and zones).
2.4 Therefore, it was
necessary as the first step to re-establish
and consolidate veterinary services and anti-epizootic strategy/measures
against the most important animal diseases causing serious losses in critically
insufficient production of food of animal origin and affecting the health of
human population..
3. Environmental and social-economic conditions
3.1 The
Thanks to
post-war help of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) the number of
domestic animals reached in 1948 2,246,000 heads of cattle, 2,299,000 pigs and
1.19 million chickens.
3.2 One of the main post-war task was to assure
sufficient amount of the food of animal origin. Czech public veterinary service
was involved directly in this very demanding objectives. The successful
multi-disease eradication programmes contributed in almost decisive manner in
reaching the self-sufficiency in 1975.
Example: In
1989 the meat production reached 1,288,000 Mt, milk production 4,893,000,000
litres and 3,643,000,000 eggs. (See Tab. 3.2).
3.3 Very important role
had public veterinary service in the food
chain starting from the farm level through the slaughterhouses up to
storing and distribution of the food of animal origin. On one side it was
extremely useful source of information on sanitary and epizootiological
situation and on the other side it represented very important food hygiene inspection by fully
independent service on the food producers, processing industry and trade. The
food control was carried out also at the level of the farms during traditional
home slaughter of the food animals.
Example
of the slaughterhouse inspection size see in Tab. 3.3.
3.3 After the Second World
War gradually started increasing
concentration of food producing animals and the introduction of new modern
technology for intensive large-scale farming. Large-scale animal production
system gradually reached 98 % of cattle population, 93 % of pig population and
78 % of poultry population. Average number of animals per one ranch reached,
for example in 1985 (taking into account all 1,200 ranches - mainly
cooperatives), 2,800 heads of cattle and 3,300 pigs. Specialized establishment capacities were
much higher, for example: usual number of cows up to 2,000, calves up to 2,400,
heifers up to 1,500, cattle in feedlots up to 1,500; sows up to 3,200, pigs in
feedlots up to 40,000; laying hens up to 80,000, young hens up to 140,000 and
broilers up to 300,000.
Examples:
Large-scale animal production system was
applied by Unified Agriculture Cooperatives (UAC) and by State Ranches (SR). The
numbers of UAC were as follows: in 1952 – 4,157, in 1960 – 8,133, in 1970 –
4,298, 1980 – 1,084 and in 1989 – 1,024 reflecting the grade of livestock
industry concentration. Simultaneously the numbers of SR were as follows: in 1952 – 153, in 1960 –
270, in 1970 – 247, in 1980 – 136 and in 1989 – 174.
In
1968 the major concentration of pigs was in “Giant Hodonín”,
Main obstacles to
livestock husbandry development were represented by many dangerous and widely
spread diseases.
3.4 High concentration of animals in a limited number of ranches, farms
and premises and their inter-connections made diseases’ propagation much easier
and their liquidation much more demanding than under traditional conditions of
small isolated farms. On the other hand these conditions facilitated the surveillance,
monitoring, planning and implementation of control as well as eradication of
the diseases at the population/territorial level.
3.5 Very important
condition was that the overwhelming majority of food producing animals was
concentrated in the farms and ranches belonging to Unified Agriculture Cooperatives
and the rest to state sector (private sector played minor role). Thanks to
central planning it was possible to deal
with country food producing animal populations as a whole and to influence
the production and reproduction process at all managerial levels from the farms
up to national territory applying uniform principles and methods being adjusted
to local conditions. This was valid also for animal population health protection
and recovery programmes at all levels. State veterinary service exploited this
chance for eradication of major communicable animal diseases. One of the most
important form there was influencing food animal production and reproduction
planning to support disease eradication
programmes.
4. Epizootiological situation
initial development
4.1 After the
Second World War among the major animal
population health problems in the former
4.2 Up to
1958-1960 the post-war disastrous epizootiological situation continued to worsen due to lack of effective preventive and control
anti-epizootic measures. The situation was made more difficult thanks to
intensive concentration of food producing animals from small farms to major
farms and ranches, not always sufficiently controlled by very weak public
veterinary service. As the consequence, original elevated number of small
isolated outbreaks was reduced however into minor number of big outbreaks (with
many interlinked facilities of affected ranches) of communicable diseases.
These circumstances required quite different approach to control and eradicate these
diseases of animals in comparison with small farms’ conditions.
4.3 General epizootiological
principles require that preventive, control, reduction and eradication
programmes against major animal mass diseases must (should) be implemented
under any social-economic, environmental and farming conditions, i.e. also
under above mentioned particular circumstances in former
4.4 Thanks to the
selection and consequent implementation of priority animal health programmes
applying effective feasible methods and to enormous effort of public veterinary
service supported by government authorities, animal owners, producers and
public, there were achieved extraordinary results. When considering available
data in the world literature than the number
of eradicated animal diseases could be understood as international record.
4.5 New concept (priority given to population preventive
medicine), strategy, legislation (veterinary law and government
resolution), methods, organization and management to fit for the anti-epizootic
programmes were introduced during 1959-1961. Unified state veterinary service
manpower, material (equipment, supplies) and budget were significantly strengthened.
A dense network of well staffed and
equipped diagnostic laboratories (one central, 14 provincial and 35 district
ones) was developed. New institutes for research, postgraduate education,
production and control of diagnostics and vaccines, for veterinary extension as
well as a network of rendering plants were built during initial stages.
Priority diseases with success probability
were selected considering disease occurrence, economic consequences,
public health impact, social and biological importance, solution feasibility,
availability of effective methods (proved through pilot tests) and of necessary
inputs. The highest priority was initially given to the eradication (to reach
zero prevalence and incidence) of bovine brucellosis by 1964 and elimination
(to reach zero prevalence) of bovine tuberculosis by 1968. Selected diseases'
reference laboratories and advisory groups of the best specialists were set up.
Particular reporting, information, supervision and analyses systems were
established. Veterinary extension helped
to attract farmers' and public support.
5. Anti-epizootic concept,
strategy and policy
5.1 At the beginning,
after many complex studies and analyses, there were defined general animal population health objectives
contributing:
- to achieve country self-sufficiency in
production of food of animal origin
- to increase animal productivity and
reproduction
- to increase meat and milk production
- to improve food sanitary and biological
quality
- to increase food production efficiency
- to create sanitary conditions for
uninterrupted production process in large-scale units.
5.2 Public veterinary service was given following country level
objectives:
- to protect country territory against
introduction of communicable diseases from abroad
- to protect healthy parts of domestic animal
populations
- to eradicate the most dangerous animal
diseases
- to eliminate selected diseases of
importance
- to
reduce significantly other major infectious and parasitic diseases.
- to reduce significantly zoonoses incidence
in man
- to create and promote animal population specific
health.
5.3 In order to achieve the above mentioned
objectives, it was necessary to elaborate new concept, policy, strategy,
methods and programmes and to developed corresponding structure and management.
In this context previous general theoretical and practical concept was changed:
Priority was shifted from traditional
curative to modern preventive medicine, from individual to population medicine,
without underestimating curative and individual medicine.
“One gram
of the prevention is better than one kilogram of the treatment.”
5.4 Public
veterinary service was made indirectly co-responsible for national livestock
health, production and reproduction which facilitated to deal with national
animal populations also as a whole implementing disease control and
eradication programmes in the entire country. Basic multi-disease
control/eradication programmes were simultaneously combined with
extraordinary planned complex actions against individual specific communicable
diseases of major importance such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis.
5.5 In chronic diseases accelerated reproduction
process of local up to national animal populations was used to replace
in natural way the old animal generation (often diseased - culled) by
new generation usually born healthy – without pathogens. This was the
chance for better isolation of different
generations to reach animal population health status improvement in natural way.
The large scale animal units made possible to organize the production process
isolating different age and performance categories to avoid eventual pathogens
to be spread between them.
Therefore, the basic
precondition was to improve animal population reproduction performance and
weaning rate of newborn animals isolating them as soon as possible from
their parents (often pathogens’ carriers) !
5.6 Other anti-epizootic principle was to avoid, as much as
possible, mixing in large scale units animals originated from different
farms (risk of provoking conditionally pathogen agents due to mixing different
“microflora” of animals).
5.7 In large feedlots
there was applied a replacement system
when all animals of the batch, ready for slaughter, were sent en bloc and
before introducing a new batch of animals careful cleaning and disinfection
were carried; eventually the facility was left unoccupied for certain period.
This assured full isolation of
individual batchs and thus avoiding eventual transmission of pathogens between
them. Similar principles was applied when moving groups of particular
category of animals from one farm to other one.
5.8 There were elaborated programme principles such as:
a) minimizing import of
animals and their products to reduce the risk of disease pathogens introduction
b) using only the methods
proved to be most suitable according to field experience and pilot testing
c) strictly aiming of all
anti-epizootic actions and inputs at the
programme objectives
d) combining protective
and recovery activities, general and specific measures, territory/population
and local/herds actions
e) step-wise reduction of
affected territory, population and herds
f) offensive approach
giving priority to radical methods when
and where possible
g) when eradicating
diseases to avoid the reduction of:
- country animal production
- producers' income (providing subsidies,
specific actions made free of charge)
h) accelerating population
reproduction cycles for speedier replacement of diseased by healthy herds and
animals
i) achieving the
objectives in time and with minimum input, etc.
5.9 Action-oriented
measures supporting anti-epizootic programmes pointed at specific disease
objectives consisted in:
a) intensive active field
investigations of animal populations supported by laboratory etiological tests
and by abattoir findings to discover
real epizootiological situation and
identify a l l specific disease outbreaks, their
localization and trend
b) epizootiological
surveillance considering all relevant influencing factors to forecast future health/disease
development and eventual emergency situation
c) new information and
monitoring/analysis systems targeted at the needs of follow-up anti-epizootic
actions
d) identification of uniform
epizootiological indicators for anti-epizootic goals and programmes’ fulfilment
e) careful planning (perspective, annual and operational)
of anti-epizootic programmes as well as public veterinary service activities
interlinking national, provincial and district targets and tasks
f) supporting legislation,
standardization and methodological instructions
g) publication of
informative and instructive documents supporting anti-epizootic programmes and
measures
h) intensive action-oriented
postgraduate training directed at anti-epizootic programmes’ uniform
implementation
i) establishment of a network
of provincial and district epizootiologists being methodologically managed by
the national Chief Epizootiologist
j) establishment of a
network of national reference laboratories (centres) according to animal
species and major diseases
k) research solving
problems facilitating anti-epizootic programmes’ implementation
l) intensive convincing
extension among public and farmers to be informed about anti-epizootic
programmes and to support them consciously
m) national production and
state control of veterinary diagnostic ingredients, vaccines, sera and drugs
n) sanitation arrangement
supported by specialized agency of public veterinary service
o) undergraduate
curriculum adjustment including strong subject of general and special
epizootiology
p) intensive regular action-oriented
postgraduate training preparing veterinary staff for particular anti-epizootic
programmes
q) coordination of
activities of participating organizations and institutions
r) getting public, farmers
and government authorities support (obligating
local governments, allocating funds for veterinary services and
actions), etc.
5.10 It was established a
system of National Surveillance of Anthropozoonoses
common to veterinary anti-epizootic and human anti-epidemic services. One of
the form was the common National Committee for Anthropozoonoses chaired
alternately by National Chief Epidemiologist
and National Chief Epizootiologist . Every year it was issued a
particular yearbook “Surveillance of Anthropozoonoses” containing summary
statistics and comments provided by both services and their specialised reference
laboratories. Regularly, there were published data and commentaries on rabies,
ornithosis, psittacosis and mammal chlamydioses, anthrax, brucellosis, bovine
and avian tuberculosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, tularaemia, dermatophytosis, leptospirosis,
toxoplasmosis and helmintho-zoonoses (taeniasis-cysticercosis).
5.11 The basis for any anti-epizootic action there were active mass
etiological and epizootiological investigations and the analyses of their
results to know specific epizootiological situation as best as possible, i.e.
to discover all outbreaks and to identify their areas (herds, ranches,
villages, districts, etc.), limits of perifocal zones, territories under risk and specific
disease-free parts of national animal populations. These investigations had
similar importance for post-eradication surveillance consisted mainly in large
systematic active etiological monitoring for many following years up decades
(in some diseases even up today) to confirm specific disease-free status and to
control protective measures.
Examples: Ratios of tests reflecting the intensity of
specific investigations, reached very high levels. For example annual ratio tests/population in bovine
brucellosis in 1959 was 0.53 (i.e. 1.5 millions of laboratory serological
tests), in bovine tuberculosis in 1967 was even 2.01 (i.e. more than 6 millions
of neck skin tuberculin tests which signifies that in average every head of
cattle was tested twice in that year), in leucosis in 1987 was 0.48 (i.e. 1.5
millions of serological tests), in
Aujeszky's disease in 1985 was 0.13 (i.e. half a million of serological
tests), etc. Other indicator of specific investigations frequency was
represented by ratio specific tests/diseased animals. For example its value in
bovine brucellosis in 1960 was 91.89, in bovine tuberculosis in 1966 was 37.56
and in enzootic bovine leucosis was in 1985 110.41. Ratio specific
tests/intrafocal animals, e.g. in Aujeszky’s disease in pigs was 7.86 (in
1987).
More information on
surveillance system supporting zoonoses prevention, reduction and eradication
see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/
surveillancemethod.htm.
5.12 Different serological diagnostic methods were
used, respecting available international standards, mainly for population mass
surveys, for preventive, control, focal, perifocal and post-eradication
investigations. For the diagnosis the confirmation of the specific agent
identification was decisive.
Examples:
For foot-and-mouth disease – virus neutralization, complement fixation,
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; for hog cholera – neutralization
peroxidase-linked assay, fluorescent antibody virus neutralization, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay; Newcastle disease – haemagglutination inhibition;
Aujeszky’s disease – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization; for
leptospirosis – microscopic agglutination test;
for rabies – fluorescent antibody
virus neutralization; for paratuberculosis – complement fixation, delayed-type
sensitivity, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; for bovine brucellosis – tube agglutination
test, Coombs test – modified by Hajdu,
complement fixation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, buffered Brucella antigen test; for enzootic
bovine leukosis – agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; for IBR/IPV – virus neutralization, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay; for porcine brucellosis – agglutination tests, buffered Brucella antigen test; for enterovirus encephalomyelitis – virus
neutralization; transmissible gastroenteritis – virus neutralization, enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay; for Q-fever – complement
fixation; etc.
5.13 Prophylactic
vaccinations represented important component of some diseases’ prevention
and control. All vaccines were produced at national BIOVETA plants and were for
animal owners free-of-charge (exception for diseases not included in
anti-epizootic programmes). Vaccinations were carried out by public service
veterinarians and animal health assistants according to annual plans or
operational needs in case of changed epizootiological situation. (Tab. 5.13). Prophylactic
vaccination was not used during final stage of eradication programmes not to complicate
the differentiation of post-vaccination and post-infection serological
reactions.
5.14 The programme against selected animal parasitoses was organized similarly as
the programmes against infectious diseases. Basis for anti-parasitic actions
were systematic investigations (coprological, etc.) and mapping of parasitic
diseases’ localization. Mass and epizootiologically pointed prophylactic use of
specific anti-parasitics was usually combined with specific treatment, eventual
vaccination, pasture rotation and cleaning up the environment to interrupt the
parasite life cycle. Examples see in Tab. 5.14.
5.15 Country protection against the introduction of communicable diseases
(see also chapter 27)
a) The protection of the country territory against the introduction
of communicable diseases and in particular of exotic ones (not existing in the
country) was the priority of disease
prevention strategy. The main objective
was to maintain exotic diseases free
status of the country territory
and to create favourable external
conditions for livestock husbandry and contra-epizootic programmes.
b) Very bad experience with
the legal import of non-pathogen-free animals (in spite of official international
certificates) was the reason why the
tendency of State Veterinary Service was to minimized import of animals and
food of animal origin as far as possible and to impose very demanding
veterinary conditions much more restrictive than international recommendations.
Examples of imported animal diseases: enzootic bovine leucosis, bovine
tuberculosis, bovine brucellosis, hog cholera, atrophic rhinitis,
c) The best measure against the introduction of diseases through the
animals and their products was understood the self-sufficiency in production of food of animal origin facilitating
to minimize or avoid risky import.
d) There was a need for
reducing this import as much as possible and under very strict protective
veterinary conditions regarding the commodity identification, origin,
investigation results, veterinary certificates and quarantine.
e) It was established a practice to permit the import only after careful analysis of all available
information documents and visits of exporting countries by top level
specialists to suggest to the Chief Veterinary Officer zero or minimal risk
solution.
f) The decision on import of animals and animal products and on veterinary
import conditions was the duty of the
central veterinary authority responsible for the protection of the country.
g) The decision depended on diseases introduction risk assessment,
i.e. on evaluation of epizootiological
situation in exporting and in transit countries, comparing with the own
situation, of exporting country veterinary services level (ability of early
detection of animal diseases, diseases’ control/eradication intensity and
results, laboratory diagnostic standards), past experience with the export from
the given country, risk of illegal re-export, etc.
h) Measures in destination
place. The veterinarians of the receiving units (the number to be minimal possible)
first examined the animals and their certificates. Only when no any adverse
problem was found then the animals may be unloaded.
i) All the animals were quarantined for adequate periods according to local conditions and
epizootiological situation before they joined local herd(s). During the quarantine,
the animals' health was controlled regularly
complementing clinical and epizootiological methods by laboratory
testing.
j) Very strict measures
were applied in post-import quarantines: all required pre-export tests were
repeated and according to the circumstances complemented by additional tests;
duration of quarantine was in animals for reproduction usually one month as
minimum, sometimes even year or life-time. The investigations during the post-import
quarantine period included at least the tests
required by the importing conditions, i.e. to
repeat them in order to reconfirm the negativity.
k) Imported animals were under special surveillance during the post-quarantine period to detect in time eventual latent carries not reacting positively during quarantine.
Example: Cases of Brucella abortus
detected 2-3 years after the importation of pregnant heifers, from so called
“officially recognized as brucellosis-free herd”, when all previous pre- and
post-import serological tests were negative.
m) Protective measures were applied also in the border zones to avoid the introduction of animal diseases from
neighbouring countries (e.g. during common pasture).
6. Anti-epizootic legislation
6.1 There were different forms of new development
of anti-epizootic activities based mainly on new legislation documents on veterinary care such as:
a) “Act
No. 66/1961 of Veterinary Care” cleared
by the Czechoslovak parliament on
b) “Ordinance No. 154/1961 of Ministry of
Agriculture, Forestry and Waters for the implementation of some provisions of
the law of veterinary care” dated
c) “Instructions for veterinary care in animal
breeding” - issued by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Waters under No. 60.400/62-43 in
6.2 Very
important novelty was represented by the legal documents imposing the
main responsibility of anti-epizootic actions on animal owners, local and
district government authorities (including
anti-epizootic inter-sector commissions) and not only on veterinary service. This service was made responsible
for professional activities, i.e. methodology (measures identification),
investigations, vaccinations, inspections, etc.
6.3 For practical implementations of the above legal documents the Chief Veterinary Officer issued a series of detailed instructions for all components of the State Veterinary Service.
6.4 National obligatory zoohygienic norms for the new constructions in livestock industry represented important component of anti-epizootic complex legislation creating necessary “animal welfare” conditions as required and controlled by the State Veterinary Service. In all livestock ranches there were constructed new buildings and facilities to modernize production and reproduction processes under high concentration of animals. Zoohygiene became very important preventive measure against infectious and non-infectious (production) diseases. The norms identified in details e.g. livestock breeding technology systems, minimal distances from other buildings and farms, optimal size of animal herds/flocks, minimal floor space and room size for individual animals, optimal temperature and relative humidity, hygienic facilities, etc.
Examples: Czechoslovak Norms issued in 1965: basic
norm for livestock facilities projection (ON 734545), for the constructions of
buildings/facilities for cattle including individual categories (ON 734516),
for pigs including individual categories (ON 734517), for poultry including
individual categories (ON 734519), etc.. For the disinfection, disinsectization
and disinfestation to protect animal health and for disease control was issued
special instruction of the Director, State Veterinary Service. From 1988 there
were used translated instructions of World Health Organization. These documents
were complemented by a particular textbook (J. Zeman: “Zoohygiena” issued by ÚVO Pardubice in 1990 and distributed free of
charge in the whole country).
7. Anti-epizootic flexible methodology
based on science and field experience
7.1 The identification of anti-epizootic
priorities, strategy and detailed methodology for all components of State
Veterinary Service was very important. For this purpose there were used all
available national and international scientific information (considering also
the recommendations of relevant international organizations), results of
national research carried out in Veterinary Research Institute, in Veterinary
Faculties, in Central and Provincial diagnostic laboratories and reference
centres. Similarly, it was exploited rich experience of field veterinarians and
veterinary service managers.
7.2 The selection of the
methods to be used in the entire country was based usually on the results of
pilot comparative test. This facilitated to select the most suitable and feasible
procedures. For this purpose there were used some form of modelling.
7.3 In order to prepare
the best possible recommendations for anti-epizootic programmes it was
established an Professional Council (the author was the initiator and
Vice-Chairman) as a consultative body for the Chief Veterinary Officer, Directorate
of State Veterinary Service. The Council consisted in a network of professional
commissions of the best specialists for particular animal species and
diseases. The terms of reference of these advisory commissions were as follows:
to analyse specific epizootiological situation, to evaluate results of previous
anti-epizootic programmes including mass diagnostic and vaccination activities
and to recommend to the Directorate of State Veterinary Service the adjustments
of actual national anti-epizootic programmes and the instructions for
preventive investigations and vaccinations in the year to come.
Examples
of the Commissions: for cattle diseases, for pig diseases, for poultry
diseases, for sheep and goat diseases, for horse diseases, for carnivore and
fur diseases, for wild life and zoo animals’ diseases, for fish diseases, for
bees diseases and for laboratory animal diseases.
7.4 Exploiting the knowledge and experience of
the best national specialists started in 1960 when preparing new veterinary instructions
to be available at the moment of the approval of new veterinary law and government ordinance
in 1961. First task of the above mentioned professional commissions was to
elaborate drafts of detailed regulations and instructions (working at the
Institute for Veterinary Postgraduate Education in
7.5 This organization arrangement exploiting national professional capacity
proved to be extremely important for successful anti-epizootic programme in the
country.
7.6 The approved anti-epizootic instructions were
supported by intensive postgraduate training to assure uniform application in
the whole country. The implementation of the anti-epizootic programmes and
measures required flexible epizootiological approach respecting particular
local conditions (every case was different).
8. Anti-epizootic surveillance
and monitoring
8.1 Anti-epizootic
surveillance aim was in diseases planned to be eradicated or eliminated to discover all not yet registered affected herds, in
diseases planned to be reduced to discover new affected herds and in the others
to reconfirm specific diseases free status. Among common tasks there were
monitoring disease trend, surveying risk of their introduction from abroad,
providing data for programs evaluation, managerial operation and strategic
decision and identifying research and resources needs.
8.2 It was
necessary to develop effective and flexible surveillance procedures linked with
field control measures for different situations and conditions. Particular information system (data
collection, collation and interpretation) for situation analyses, tendency analyses
and early warning about critical problems was
introduced. Quantitative
indicators such as ratio of tests/population (RTP) were used. Data collected
from field, laboratories, slaughterhouses, clinics etc. were used for
operational response and later published
in the “State Veterinary Service Statistics”
yearbooks and in "Anthropozoonoses
surveillance" yearbooks (written by specialists for individual
zoonoses of veterinarian and public
health services).
Example:
Following zoonoses were selected: bovine
brucellosis and tuberculosis, rabies,
salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis,
listeriosis, tularemia, ornithosis, trichophytosis, anthrax and zoonotic helminthiases
(taeniasis-cysticercosis, hydatidosis- echinococcosis and trichinellosis).
8.3 The new
system required new legislation defining obligation to report new cases, apply
control measures, etc.. Forms, indications and frequencies of
specific preventive investigations as well as standard field and laboratory diagnostic methods for individual diseases
in different animal species under different conditions were elaborated and made obligatory.
Particular attention was given to exposed animals in critical places, periods
and moments (e.g. related with trade, import). So called "Prevention
days" consisting in regular visits (maximal interval of one month) by public
service veterinarians of all larger farms (to detect in time the signs of
livestock diseases and to control anti-epizootic measures) were included into
the system. For veterinary and public health services there were issued special
instructions for activities at field, laboratory and management levels
following surveillance findings.
8.4 For the
uniform procedures and interpretation of laboratory diagnostic methods, there
was issued in 1975 a particular manual “Veterinary laboratory diagnostic methods”
as obligatory national standards, including deadlines for results’
announcement, (in a form of a book with exchangeable 614 pages for their
updating and with plastic washable cover page) to be available to all
veterinary laboratories. Simultaneously particular postgraduate intensive
free-of-charge training courses were organized.and the laboratories were
provided by uniform equipments and ingredients.
8.5 Laboratory
serological tests supported by
microbiological investigations represented the most used diagnostic methods.
Tuberculosis surveillance consisted mainly in PPD tuberculin tests (neck skin)
and slaughterhouse inspections. All suspect cases were investigated using
complexes of available methods to clarify the etiology (including types).
8.6 A dense
network of well equipped and staffed diagnostic
laboratories were built during initial stages. Reference laboratories within both services (human
medical and veterinary) and inter-sector
national, provincial and district coordination committees were established.
8.7 Instructions
(indications) and number of preventive
investigations, as priority component of the surveillance, were planned every year. Major frequency of
tests was in diseases to be eradicated or eliminated to discover all affected
herds.
8.8
Action oriented
multi-disease surveillance and monitoring system to
support communicable diseases prevention, reduction and eradication was
developed. The system ascertained
specific health/diseases status, early detected new outbreaks and important
changes of influencing factors and thus enabled
appropriate follow-up actions. The system
contributed significantly to anti-epizootic programmes as their integral parts
providing them information about specific
disease risk and discovering new or not yet registered cases for early
follow-up measures, evaluation and correction of particular program operation
and strategy as well as reconfirming disease free status (e.g. for trade purposes).
8.9 Key surveillance actions consisted in active preventive diagnostic tests.
During four decades several hundred
millions of preventive tests were carried out to discover diseases reality and
risks. Without very good knowledge of specific disease epizootiological
situation it was impossible to eradicate any major chronic disease. Therefore, the
public veterinary service was investigating the relevant populations very
intensively using the best available and feasible diagnostic methods. One of
the criteria was the indicator – ratio of tests to population size (RTP).
Examples: Maximal annual value of ratio tests/population was in bovine
tuberculosis 2.01 (6,109,595 tuberculin tests in 1967) and in bovine brucellosis 0.52 (1,568,021 serological tests
in 1959).
__________________________________________________
Zoonoses Stage Period Tests RTP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bov.brucellosis Eradication 1959-64 1385320 0.45
Post-eradic. 1965-75 751886 0.25
1976-98 569747 0.19
Bov.tuberculosis Elimination 1959-68 5030449 1.65.
Post-elimin. 1969-88 5269568 1.59
1989-98 1994992 0.84
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More information in Tab. 18.1
8.10 The majority of communicable diseases have sub-clinical
forms and their discovery requires
active search using field investigations supported by laboratory
etiological diagnosis. Therefore, the previous superficial “paper surveillance” based upon
ad hoc reporting of manifest
cases only, serving mainly for "statistics" and overloading
administration, was replaced. The most
effective proved to be action-oriented surveillance based upon mass, active,
systematic and intensive etiological investigations linked with feasible
corrective practical response. Very important there were clear targets and
motivations declaring that main criterion
was how far the surveillance was contributing to improve health situation in
animal and human populations. Strong vertically organized government veterinary
service, able to cope with so immense tasks, had the key role in implementation
of this highly demanding system. The study has showed that epizootiological
surveillance can be effective only when applying
corresponding follow-up practical measures and when it represents integral
component of diseases control programmes.
Note: Modified multi-disease surveillance system has continued also
after recent reorganization of veterinary services when planned preventive
investigations, financed by government, have been carried out by private
veterinarians.
8.11 Enormous numbers of surveillance investigations of country animal populations by public veterinary service represented the main source of data on epizootiological situation required for effective planning and execution of specific diseases’ control/eradication programmes.
Examples: The numbers of surveillance investigations
of selected cattle diseases in 1988 see in table 8.1; of selected pig disease
se in table 8.2, of selected poultry diseases see in table 8.3; of selected
wildlife diseases see in table 8.4; numbers of different types of laboratory
investigations in State Veterinary Institutes see in table 8.5.
8.12 An important component of epizootiological surveillance and monitoring represented slaughterhouse inspection of culled animals by public veterinary service.
Example: Public veterinary service e.g. in 1988
inspected 1,072,775 slaughtered cattle,
112,899 slaughtered calves and 5,271,051 slaughtered pigs.
8.13 Other component of epizootiological surveillance was represented by public service inspection of imported animals and animal products.
Examples: In 1988
was inspected 6,461 cattle, 180
horses, 2,391 sheep, 73,761 pigs ,
451,260 poultry and many imported animals of other domestic species and
wildlife. In the same year it was inspected 1,980,549 kg of imported beef, 4,588,200 kg of imported pork, 32,796 kg of poultry meat and many other products
of animal origin.
8.14 The basis of
epizootiological surveillance was represented by systematic etiological
investigations supported by laboratory findings. Therefore, from the very
beginning the State Veterinary Service Directorate cared about rapid
development of a network of well equipped
and staffed diagnostic laboratories at central, provincial and district
levels. Central State Veterinary Institute was established in the middle of
fifties concentrating all relatively small diagnostic laboratories. It was gradually
developed a network of diagnostic laboratories in all provinces. This central
diagnostic institute was provisionally located in
Examples: In 1968 the number of State Veterinary
Institutes (central and provincial) reached 15. The amount of investigated
specimen reached in 1970 2,146,331, in
1980 3,394,366 and 1988 5,859,981. Additional laboratory
investigations were carried out in District Diagnostic Laboratories, at the
8.15 Mass laboratory etiological investigations
played a key role in eradication of many
communicable diseases in the
During 1961-1980 (20 years) there were investigated
19,573,217 blood samples on brucellosis.
During 1981-1992 (12 years) there were investigated 12,741,792 blood samples on
enzootic bovine leucosis. During 1976-1990 (15 years) there were investigated
5,936.323 samples on Aujeszky’s disease.
8.16 One of the components of active investigations were represented also by obligatory testing all the workers in food processing industry (e.g. entrance and periodic investigations on salmonella-carriers) to avoid the contamination of the commodity. Preventive medical investigations were applied also in large-scale animal production units.
9. Anti-epizootic information
system
9.1 For any anti-epizootic programme a particular objective-oriented information system is absolutely indispensable. The information system provided the basis for priority disease’ selection, for planning of animal population disease control, reduction and eradication, for planning of mass anti-epizootic actions in field and laboratories, for anti-epizootic surveillance and monitoring, for evaluation of the implementation of planned activities and objectives, for decision-making on emergency actions, on animal imports, for economic analyses, for evaluation of the anti-epizootic impacts on economy, public health, trade, social aspects, staff and investment planning, etc.
9.2 It was developed a complex system covering all
above mentioned aspects forming integral
information pyramid from grass-root level up to Central State Veterinary
Examples of monthly
statistical forms (1970):
Monthly
report on veterinary activities:
tuberculosis programme; diagnostic and prophylactic actions;
curative activities; anti-sterility actions in cattle; laboratory
investigations in district laboratories; andrological investigations.
Monthly
report on communicable diseases
situation:
disease, districts, villages, situation at the end of the month: affected –
villages, outbreaks, number of animal of susceptible species, number of diseased
animals in outbreaks;
during the month: number of new affected
villages, outbreaks, disease declared as eradicated – villages, outbreaks, number
of new discovered diseased animals, dead diseased animals, slaughtered diseased
animals, sanitary slaughtered suspect animals.
For the most
important programmes such as bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication
there were used particular statistical
forms to can evaluate the programmes process and economic cost/benefit.
For slaughterhouses
findings’ reporting there were issued separate statistical forms, similarly
as for the diagnostic laboratory investigations – both sources represented very important data for
the evaluation of epizootiological situation and for the monitoring of
anti-epizootic programmes implementation and results.
9.3 The information system was strictly action-oriented, i.e. not for shelves but for follow-up actions to improve the results of anti-epizootic activities avoiding detected deficiencies. Epizootiological information system was linked with livestock husbandry and public health information systems.
Example: Every year during 1971-1988 there was
published “Surveillance of anthropozoonoses”
yearbook providing number data and detailed commented analyses on selected zoonoses
using information from human epidemiological network and reference laboratories
and from epizootiological network and reference laboratories.
9.4 The advantage of centralized public veterinary service facilitated disease reporting in terms of professionally quality and avoiding delay in reporting suspicions of emergency diseases. Anamnesis data were always verified by public service veterinarians before being reported to higher managerial level body. Therefore, published statistical data were of high reliability what had very positive influence on anti-epizootic programmes and actions.
9.5 Reporting system on communicable diseases combined always the specific situation at the beginning of the period (initial point prevalence, changes during the period (incidence) and situation at the end of the period (final point prevalence) in absolute values of affected herds (outbreaks) and animals. As complementary data there were used the indicators of specific disease mortality. The system provided necessary continuous information on epizootiological situation and dynamics. For comparison purposes there were used also relative data in the form of rates, ratios and %.
9.6 State Veterinary Service was issuing Veterinary Statistical Yearbook containing all important information on: animal population health and diseases’ situation; numbers and results of all types of investigations (field, slaughterhouses, laboratories); detailed results of the main eradication programmes; preventive, vaccination, anti-parasitic actions, treatment and inspection/control activities; food hygiene activities; public veterinary service plans implementation; cost/income of all components of state veterinary service structure, etc. The yearbook contained also data on livestock situation (numbers of food producing animals, their production and reproduction).
Example: First complex Veterinary Statistical Yearbook of 385 pages was covering the
period 1961-1967. Chief Editor: Ivo Kubín; text prepared by Ladislav Polák, Štefan
Haladej, Jaroslav Král, 0ndřej Andrle, Josef Janíček and Pavel Rabas; the tables
were prepared by Adolf Štrejl, Ladislav Moravčík, Jana Hartmanová and Ivo
Kubín; lectors: Zdeněk. Duben and Antonín
Tesař. Issued by the Institute for Veterinary Extension,
9.7 Statistical
data were processed initially using current calculation techniques, during the
sixties started the data computerization (first using punch-card system)
continuously being modernized according to actual data processing international
development. There was established special statistical data processing
department at the Central State Veterinary Institute in
9.8 A comprehensive system of epizootiological indicators was developed by the author and tested under real field conditions. These indicators based on reliable data on epizootiological situations were then used as the backbone of the EPIZOO software.
10.
Anti-epizootic organizational and management
10.1 Organization and management of public
veterinary services were gradually adjusted and necessary input ensured
(manpower, diagnostics, equipment, premises, transport, funds, etc.). Up to 2,5
thousand public service veterinarians were involved in the anti-epizootic
programmes.
10.2 For effective implementation of veterinary
care and in particular of anti-epizootic programmes it was necessary to
reorganize the structure of veterinary
service.
10.3 In 1951 according
to the “Act for the improvement of livestock production” (No. 187 dated 21
December 1950) all field, slaughterhouse and diagnostics laboratory veterinary
services were unified into government organization structure as
government public service responsible for animal health in the country, i.e.
for animal population health protection, treatment of diseased animals and
control of mass diseases including those transmissible to man. New veterinary
service became indirectly and partially co-responsible for national livestock
development and production.
10.4 In 1960 the
structure of veterinary service was changed from originally horizontal
management (included into district and provincial government authority
structure and budget) methodically supervised by Veterinary Department of the
Ministry of Agriculture into more effective vertical one, i.e. centrally
organized. The direct vertical management of the service was implemented
through independent Provincial and District Veterinary Directorates, i.e.
without any intermediary bodies. This organizational arrangement facilitated
relatively easy communication and logistic between different strata of
anti-epizootic programmes management. The same principle of vertical management
was applied also for budgetary policy of the unified, centralized and
relatively independent State Veterinary Service under the Ministry of
Agriculture.
10.5 Inter-sector
anti-epizootic commissions were established at all managerial levels to
coordinate the implementation of the anti-epizootic activities among different
sectors and territories. Beside of the central national anti-epizootic
commission, the analogical commissions established in all provinces and
districts were involved in the solutions of local anti-epizootic problems, i.e.
at horizontal level.
Example: Czechoslovak government resolution No
781 of
The high level inter-sector commissions in all provinces and districts
where as the Chairmen were Deputy Presidents of the local governments and
as the Secretaries were nominated provincial and district Chief Veterinary
Officers. These commissions were composed of the highest decision-competent
empowered representatives of sectors and
institutions involved in the campaign. These commissions had analogical purpose
as the central one. The main purpose of these commission was to monitor
anti-epizootic programmes, to coordinate related inter-sector activities, to
apply decisions being out of veterinary service competence, power and
resources, to advise national and local governments on the implementation of
these programmes
The commissions played very important role due to the fact that the power
and resources of State Veterinary Service couldn’t assure themselves many
duties and measures required by the anti-epizootic programmes. Beside
management, material and financial support the commissions had also
indirect role consisting in psychological support of the campaign and of
veterinary services providing them encouragement to fulfill extraordinary
demanding and long-term professional and management duties.
10.6 Centrally organized
and vertically managed veterinary organization proved to be extraordinary
important arrangement facilitating uniform and well coordinated approach to and implementation of
anti-epizootic programmes.
10.7 Director, Veterinary
Service Department, Ministry of Agriculture administered also several,
mostly newly established (1959-1961) and gradually developed, institutions and
facilities supporting anti-epizootic activities.
10.8 At central (ÚSVÚ,
later SVÚ) and all new provincial diagnostic laboratories there were
established well equipped and staffed
units for communicable diseases diagnosis (replacing former State Diagnostic and
Serum-therapeutic Institute in Ivanovice na Hané founded before the war - 1922).
Post-war provisional location of the central diagnostic institute was in
During 1963-1988
there were built 10 new modern and well equipped diagnostic institutes (Brno,
Jihlava, České Budějovice, Plzen, Olomouc, Ostrava, Praha, Opava, Liberec) and
4 diagnostic institutes were reconstructed and expanded (Hradec Králové,
Pardubice, Terezín and Český Brod). Nation-wide anti-epizootic programmes based
on etiological surveys results required enormous number of samples to be
investigated in the laboratories.
Example:
In 1988 above mention diagnostic institutes investigated 5,859,981 samples; for
the programme against bovine brucellosis during 1961-1980 there were
investigated 19,573,217 blood samples; for the programme against enzootic
bovine leukosis during 1981-1992 there were investigated 12,741,792 blood
samples; for the programme against Aujeszky’s disease during 1976-1990 there
were investigated 5,936,323 blood samples.
10.9 For
difficult-to-solved field problems there were established reference laboratories
within State Veterinary Diagnostic Institutes (SVÚ) to help on the spot where
provincial or district services were not able to clarify epizootiological
situation .
Examples
of reference laboratories:
Central
State Veterinary Institute (ÚSVÚ), Prague for cattle diseases, tuberculosis and
mycobacteria, salmonelloses, milk bacteriology, enzootic leucosis, brucellosis,
immunology, milk industry, meat industry, foodstuff chemistry and mycology;
State
Veterinary Institute, České Budějovice
for fish diseases;
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute, Terezín for animal
dietetics and nutrition;
State
Veterinary Institute, Hradec Králové
for sheep and goats diseases;
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute, Zlín (
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute, Opava for horse diseases;
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute, Jihlava for hog
cholera and chromatography;
State
Veterinary Institute,
State
Veterinary Institute, Český Brod for detection of inhibitory substances in
foodstuffs;
Biofactory
BIOVETA Terezín for foot-and-mouth disease.
Similar
rapid development of provincial modern veterinary diagnostic institutions was
also in
10.10 Factories
for veterinary biologics production (BIOVETA Ivanovice na Hané, new BIOVETA
Terezín and new BIOVETA Nitra) were producing diagnostic ingredients, vaccines
and sera needed for anti-epizootic
programmes were meeting all requirements in terms of quality and quantity.
BIOVETA
Ivanovice na Hané was established in 1951 as the continuation of previous State
Institute for Animal Disease Diagnosis and Vaccine Production founded in 1918
(directors: František Pfaff – 1918-1921, Karel Macek – 1921-1934, Jan Černovský
– 1934-1939 and
10.11 New Institute
for State Control of Veterinary Biologics and Drugs (ÚSKVBL) in
10.12 New Central of Veterinary Sanitation Institutes
(ÚVAÚ), HQs in Prague, with a network
of rendering plants and fleets of
special camions, was made responsible for collecting and processing dead and
confiscated sanitary slaughtered animals as well as non-consumable animal
products; its role was also to carry out demanding intrafocal and post-focal
disinfection (current and final sanitation)
by specially trained staff provided with modern equipment.
10.13 New Institute
for Postgraduate Veterinary Education (ÚDVVL) in Pardubice was made
responsible for organizing postgraduate training courses for all categories of
professional and supporting staff according to veterinary service needs giving
the priority to key national animal programmes. The courses were for the
participants obligatory or voluntary covered by the Institute budget for
travel, accommodation and catering (i.e. the normal salary of the participants
was maintained). This training played extraordinary role in managing all
anti-epizootic programmes. The postgraduate training system and concept based
on target-wise objectives, linked closely with country animal health
programmes, unifying the application of animal health measures, covering all
components of state veterinary service staff, using the best specialists of the
country as the teachers, combining theoretical teaching with strong practical
training (including uniform field and laboratory procedures and diagnostic
results evaluation), providing the opportunity for necessary information,
exchange of experience and opinions etc.
In the institute
there were also stored data on all country veterinarians facilitating qualitative
and quantitative analyses of national veterinary manpower development and
identifying the future needs as far as undergraduate education and postgraduate
training were concerned.
Within the ÚDVVL it
was established in 1971 a Section for the History of Veterinary Medicine
together with the veterinary museum and archive.
The
Section was headed by Jaroslav Nejezchleba, Ladislav Pivník, by Jiří Šindlář
and later Pavel Brauner. Similar Section was established also in Košice headed
by Karol Fried.
In 1992 the postgraduate training as well as
the Section for the History of Veterinary Medicine (incl. the museum) were
transferred to the
The
responsible officers for the postgraduate training at the university were Dana
Foitová and later Mirko Treu. Jiří
Šindlář (from 2007 Pavel Brauner junior) was responsible for the historical section.
Important role in the development of veterinary university historical studies
had Rudolf Boehm.
10.14 New Institute
for Veterinary Extension (ÚVO) in
Pardubice was producing materials in sufficient numbers for public information
and education to support animal health programmes and publishing copies of all
relevant legislation documents, regulations, methodical instructions and
information to be available to all veterinarians and to all units of veterinary
service organization. It produced many textbooks and brochures for postgraduate
training of veterinarians and animal health assistants as well as statistical
booklets, yearbooks, instructions, national standards and other documents
related with national veterinary service activities. The distribution of these
publications was free-of-charge.
Among other ÚVO activities
belonged the preparation of different veterinary exhibitions to support major
national animal health programmes (such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis
eradiation programmes).
Important
anti-epizootic information role had national veterinary journal “Veterinářství” for all veterinarians. It
was founded in 1951.
Editors:
Oldřich Svoboda, Jan Čarvaš, Mirko Treu
Other
veterinary journals were “Veterinární
medicina” (first editor - Vincenc Jelínek) and “Veterinarský časopis” (first editor - Ivan Brauner).
The research
results were published by the
10.15a Directors of Czech State Veterinary Service: Václav
Doleček (?), Richard Novický
(1952-1956), Antonín Hrstka (1956-1958),
Ladislav Polák (1959-1985), Josef Křeček (1985-1990); Jiří Ládr (1990-1992), Ondřej Rychlík
(1992-1993), Antonín Kozák (1993-1998),
Josef Holejšovský (1998-2005),
Milan Malena (2005-).
A man of great
merit for the creation of necessary organizational, managerial, manpower,
material and financial conditions for the anti-epizootic activities was Prof.
Dr Ladislav Polák, Chief Veterinary Officer, Czechoslovak and Czech
State Veterinary Service (1959-1985).
10.15b Directors
of national veterinary institutions
ÚSVÚ (SVÚ) –
Antonín Klauz (1945-1962), Ladislav Zima (1962-1963), Štefan Haladěj
(1963-1969), Jaroslav Král (1969-1976), Antonín Tesař (1976-1979), Josef Straka (1979-1985), Radomír Hromádko
(1985-1992), Jiří Bischof (1990-1992),
BIOVETA Ivanovice na Hané –
BIOVETA
Terezín – Rudolf Dombek, Vojtěch
Mádr, Václav Kolář, Rudolf Hubík, Petr
Flachsel;
ÚSKVBL
– Zdeněk Malhocký, Alfred Hera;
ÚVAÚ
– Adolf Štrejl (1960-1967), Antonín Jašek (1976-1982, Jiří Ohlídal
(1982-1992);
ÚDVVL
– Jan Hiller, Antonín Liška, Zdeněk Forman, Antonín Kubíček, Mirko Treu;
ÚVO
– Vladimír Fiedler.
In
Slovakia Central State Veterinary Institute (ÚŠVÚ) located in
10.16 Material
supply
a) The
anti-epizootic campaigns were supplied with necessary amount of ingredients, vaccines,
sera and drugs as well as veterinary instruments and equipments.
b) Public veterinary
service was gradually supplied with necessary number of cars for field
veterinarians and special transport means: for the collection of the samples
for laboratory investigations; for collection
of dead and confiscated slaughtered animals and confiscated animal
products to be transferred into
rendering plants and for diagnostic mobile laboratories.
c) Private cars
used for public service purposes represented important component of
transportation of veterinary practitioners.
Example:
In 1988 the number of personal cars reached 2,218. Expenses on personal
transport by official cars reached 38 million Kčs (Czechoslovak crowns), by
private cars 38 million Kčs and by
service camions reached 88 million Kčs. In average one service car did 15,400
km while one private car did 10,900 km. The average of gasoline consumption
per 1 km reached 5.20 Kčs.
c) Special mobile
equipments for cleansing and disinfection in outbreak areas were made available
as well. It was assured necessary amount of anti-epizootic disinfections
preparations.
d) Public veterinary service was provided by
necessary protective clothing and
footwear.
e) All above mentioned material was of national
provenience.
10.17 Financial support
a) The budget for public veterinary service was significantly
strengthened and the allocation of the funds was giving priorities to
the activities and investments linked with anti-epizootic campaigns.
b) The government
allocated funds for subsidies to cover the losses of livestock
producers due to anti-epizootic programme, e.g. to pay the price difference between normal and
slaughter value of prematurely culled diseased or suspect animals.
c) All
anti-epizootic actions carried out by public services were for animal owners
and for participating non-governmental organizations free of charge
being financed by the state.
d) All education
at veterinary faculties as well as all postgraduate training courses in
the Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education were fully financed by
the government (through Ministry of Education and Veterinary Department of
the Ministry of Agriculture), i.e. free-of-charge for the participants
(including travel expenses, accommodation and catering).
e) Some anti-epizootic programmes were stimulated by financial motivation (premiums) and by different forms of competition supported also by National Insurance Agency (NIA). This Agency was helping veterinary service also in mobilizing private and cooperative farmers as well as using its insurance funds for covering a part of losses.
NIA Officers in charge of the animal losses’
prevention: Václav Famfule, Dr Václav Hudeček, Dr Vladimír Plhal.
f) The cost of public veterinary services and of the anti-epizootic measures was corresponding to the results of control and eradication of selected major diseases reflecting positive impact on livestock production and protection of human health against animal diseases transmissible to man. During the evaluated period the ratio of cumulative cost of public veterinary service to cumulative livestock output value was less than 1 % ! If the value of national food producing animal populations protected by anti-epizootic measures is added than this indicator is even much lower. In other words, the economic effectivity of Czech public veterinary service was during of evaluated period very high. This fact was facilitating to get enough funds in government budget which supported only effective programmes and services.
Examples:
- Cumulative livestock output value reached 1,867,687 million Kčs (annual average was 62,256 milion. Kčs) during 1959-1988;
comparing with cumulative veterinary service cost following results were received:
- Ratio
cumulative vet. service gross cost / cumulative livestock output
= 0.0081
- Ratio
cumulative vet. service net cost / cumulative livestock output
= 0.0041.
- In 1988 national agriculture output was 79,371 million Kčs, i.e. 9.48 % of gross
national output. Livestock output was 46,611 million Kčs, i.e. 58.73 % of
agriculture output. For comparing of public veterinary service cost with livestock output and value (about 50,000 million
Kčs of protected food animal populations) following indicators were used:
- Ratio
vet. service gross cost / livestock output
= 0.0148
- Ratio
vet. service net cost / livestock output
= 0.0054
- Ratio
vet. service gross cost / livestock output + value =
0.0071
- Ratio
vet. service net cost / livestock output + value =
0.0026.
g) The budget of public veterinary service was
covering preventive, control, curative and inspection activities as well as
facility constructions. During 1959-1988 the average annual budget was 502 million
Kčs (average exchange rate was 10 Kčs = 1
On the
other hand, public veterinary service income for curative activities (in field, veterinary
clinics and hospitals), preventive
measures (carried out in all ranches according to annual contracts), etc. was
reaching in average 246 million Kčs
annually, i.e. during the evaluated period the income was 7,370 million Kčs.
Maximum income was reached in 1988 (435 million Kčs). Hence net cost of the veterinary service was in average 256 million
Kčs annually (in 1988 - 253 million Kčs), i.e. total was 7, 680 million Kčs.
h) For the emergency (e.g., FMD) a special fund was available. Selected specific programmes were supported also from other part of government budget as the subsidies.
Examples: Special funds for the elimination of cattle tuberculosis
reached 695 mil. Kčs during 1960-1968, for eradication of Aujeszky's disease in
pigs - 215 million Kčs during 1981-1987,
etc. Insurance agency supported programmes against bovine brucellosis, bovine
tuberculosis and Aujeszky's disease in pigs with about 400 million Kčs. See also
Tab.10.1
Considering the cost and effectiveness of
Czech public veterinary service it can be stated that it was during evaluated
period relatively very cheap with extraordinary high return.
Note:
The case of Czech public veterinary service disproves the opinion that
government veterinary services are very expensive as one of the arguments for
its privatization. It depends always on
cost/effectiveness. It is obvious that weak public service staff sitting mostly
in the offices cannot reach desirable results and follow-up government major
support.
11. Anti-epizootic
professional staff
11.1 To fill the gap, due to closed Czech universities by the German occupants during the 1939-1945 world war and due to killed many veterinarians in the battlefronts and Nazi “concentration death camps”, it was necessary to increase post-war number of new students of veterinary medicine in existing veterinary faculty in Brno founded in 1918 (law No. 76 dated 12 December1918) . For example maximum number of students was reached in 1948/49 academic year – 1,235). Increasing number of new veterinarians is documented by the number of new graduates: in 1945 – 68, in 1946 – 85, 1947 – 82, 1948 – 40, 1949 – 117, 1950 – 175, 1951 – 210, 1952 – 246 and in 1953 – 231.
In 1949 it was founded a new
veterinary faculty in Košice,
This facilitated to cover gradually by professional veterinary staff all country territory including after war repopulated country borders territories. Without necessary number of qualified staff adequately distributed it would be impossible to start and implement so demanding anti-epizootic programmes such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis eradication in the whole country.
11.2 After very devastated World War
II under new economic and social conditions, a new educational system different
from previous traditional one (preparation of veterinarians mainly for private curative
work) was established. In 1951 private veterinary practice was terminated by
law concentrating all veterinary
practitioners under unified government service.
11.3 All public
service veterinarians (more than two thousand) and veterinary institutions
at all managerial levels were involved in the anti-epizootic programmes
having clearly identified their role and responsibility following the
particular plans. The field practitioners represented the main
executive “stratum” implementing the programmes at the farms/ranches level
– animal population level.
11.4 The anti-epizootic management pyramid started
by the Chief Veterinary Officer and his First Deputy – Chief Epizootiologist, Directorate
of State Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agriculture. The Directorate was supervising directly (methodologically and
financially) the Provincial Departments of Veterinary Service headed by
Provincial Chief Veterinary Officers with several specialists, first of all
with Provincial Epizootiologists and Food Hygienists.
Veterinary specialists of the Directorate of State Veterinary Service
involved directly in anti-epizootic programmes: Václav Kouba, Karel Nebeský, František
Nádvorník, Jiří Dvořák, Ondřej Andrle, Josef Straka, Oto Dobšinský , Jiří
Bischof, Oldřich Sochor, Eduard Slanec, Josef Hofman, František Pouska,
Vladimír Plhal, Josef Janíček, Pavel Titěra, Blahoslav Šeplavý, Miroslav Čapka,
Miroslav Potoček, Vladimír Rothbauer, etc.
Chief Epizootiologists following the author who was in
charge during 1956-1978: Václav Růžička, Vladimír Plhal, Jaroslav Veleba, Jan
Bažant, Josef Holejšovský, Josef Vitásek and Zbyněk Semerád.
Important
role had Provincial Chief Veterinary Officers such as: Antonín Černošek,
Richard Sovjak, Antonín Kozák (Praha - City), Karel Pavlík, Pavel Rabas and
Václav Růžička (Central Bohemia), Jan Janák (South Bohemia), František Vacek
(West Bohemia), Bohumil Vychytil and Karel Rýpar (North Bohemia), Evžen Jurák
(East Bohemia), Miroslav Pospíchal (Jihlava Province), Jan Čarvaš (South Moravia) and Miroslav Knesl
(North Bohemia).
11.5 In 1959 the
author as National Chief Epizootiologist initiated the establishment of a network
of provincial and district epizootiologists within provincial and district
veterinary service directorates. All epizootiologists were subordinated
methodologically to National Chief Epizootiologist (Deputy Director General of State Veterinary
Service) who was professionally responsible for the country anti-epizootic
programmes and their results. This resulted in an
uniform professional approach, programme preparation, management,
co-ordination, supervision and evaluation. In some
provinces with very high bovine tuberculosis morbidity there were temporarily
established so called veterinary phtiseologists dedicating his activity
only to anti-tuberculosis programme. Epizootiologist duty was also helping local veterinary service, mainly in final epizootiological
diagnosis identifying affected and non affected animals and herds and in the
selection of the best procedure of specific disease control and eradication. The
epizootiologists’ network has been used up today for anti-epizootic programmes
exploiting the experience gained during previous periods.
The work of the epizootiologists was mainly
in the field solving practical epizootiological problems.
Prof.
MUDr Karel Raška, the leading Czechoslovak epidemiologist, was stressing that
the right epidemiologist should have his “shoes worn-out”, i.e. to work mainly
at grass-root level..
Provincial Epizootiologists: Stanislav Řanda, Central Bohemia;
Antonín Nezval, South Bohemia; Bedřich Kárník, West Bohemia; Josef Jelínek and Zdeněk Truhlář, North Bohemia; Jan Kmošek, Eduard Rejthar and
Rudolf Klimša, South Moravia; Jindřich Svoboda, East Bohemia; Karel Koštanský and Jan Vyvlečka, North Moravia; etc. Provincial Veterinary Phtiseologist :
e.g. Ivo Kubín in
11.6 Unreplaceable
role had the staff of central and provincial diagnostic laboratories.
Beside
the directors (mentioned above) of the Central State Veterinary Institute in
Prague, the appreciation merits also following specialists: Jan Křivinka, Jan
Černovský, Miloslav Baštář, Miroslav Ryšánek, Stanislav Beneš, Zdeněk Kožušník,
Jaromír Trunkát, Oldřich Matouch, Jan Kolář,
Karel Kovařík, Karel Macek, Josef Marek, Jiří Srna, Dalibor Zajíček, etc.
11.7 Besides the mentioned
specialists of the Directorate of State Veterinary Service, Directors of
National veterinary Institutions, Provincial Chief Veterinary Officers and Provincial
Epizootiologists there were many other veterinary specialists at
national, provincial and district levels who contributed to successful
anti-epizootic programmes.
Examples:
Josef Šonka, Miloš Hatina, Karel Blažek, Jan Pinc, Milan Šamánek, Břetislav
Černý, Vítězslav Šebek, Jaroslav Jirásek, , Rastislav Dvořák, Jiří Linek, Jan
Hůlka, Václav Soukup, František Liška, Zdeněk Záhoř, Jiří Šíp, Karel Beníšek,
Jindřich Baláš, Miroslav Křikava, Miroslav Komenda, Vilém Manaska, Jan Macák,
Václav Zich, Jiří Lacina, Jaroslav Vít, František Knotek, Milan Šnoflák,
Jaromír Horák, František Sedlák, Miroslav Vyněchal, Josef Macůrek, Bořivoj
Čech, Zdeněk Strouhal, Stanislav Haltmar, Otakar Václavík, Zdeněk Klega,
František Chytil, Jaromír Vyvozil, Pavel Řezníček, Milan Smejkal, Josef Šimon,
Karel Had, Ivo Jouza, Josef Grabowski, Emanuel Krejcar, Miroslav Bohdanecký,
Jan Pípal, Václav Šaloun, Jiří Radoš, Ladislav Zámostný, Antonn Šnobl, Karel
Mour, Václav Strnad, Jiří Řezníček, Stanislav Kovář, František Bronec, Václav Zich,, Václav
Vančura, Jaroslav Víšek, Jaromír Hládek, Josef Frantík, Jaromír Faltejsek, Karel Šubrt, Rostislav Bláhovec, Ivan Štětina, František Plechatý, Pavel Fousek, Milan
Roubal, Václav Walter, Vlastimil Řáha, Stanislav Plášil, Jan Grambal, Josef
Nový, Jaroslav Šeps,Vladimír Lát, Boleslav Pilous, Ladislav Dvořáček, Josef
Hodonský, Vladimír Šanda, Zdeněk Bacík, Jan Štastný, Rudolf Tošner, Karel
Klika, Bohumil Řehák, Jaroslav Bauer, František Mikuláš, Josef Jelínek,
Vítězslav Šebek, Petr Schneeveis, Miroslav Urban, Bohumil Pantůček, Josef
Prášil, Vladimír Škubica, Albert Zrůnek, Karel Heřman, František Mládek,
Stanislav Otruba, Josef Hrabice, Ivo Pospíšil, Miroslav Kavka, Bohuslav Klimeš,
František Gurka, Vladimír Suchomel, Václav Trnka, Miroslav Vyněchal, Miroslav
Volejníček, Vladimír Samec, František Popelka,
Adolf Stančo, Bohumil Ševčík, Jaroslav
Červenka, Jiří Korýdek, Václav Vančák, Jan Podaný, Theodor Medek, Karel
Koudela, Václav Mezřický, Jiří Kraut, etc.
11.8 Also many
specialists of the
Examples:
Antonín Klobouk, Jaroslav Dražan, Richard Harnach, Milan Pavlas, Karel
Hejlíček, Leopold Rossi, Václav Dyk, Oldřich Svoboda, Tibor Lax, Vojtěch Mádr, Slavomír Dokoupil, Jaromír
Menšík, Miloslav Zendulka, Rudolf Hubík, Karel Chroust, Jan Jeřábek, Vladimír
Dubanský, Bedřich Klimeš, Jaroslav Konrád, Zdeněk Matyáš, Ludvík Černý, Miloslav
Pařízek, Antonín Holub, Evžen Jurák, Karel Hruška, Zdeněk Pospíšil, Jiří
Hojovec, Karel Chroust, František Treml, Bohumír Hofírek, Lubomír Holý, Josef
Drábek, Karel Neuman, Milan Goiš, Eduard Salajka, Květa Jurmanová, Přemysl Jagoš, Václav Dyk, Jaroslav
Kozumplík, Emil Přibyl, Jaroslav Zeman, Jan Černohous, Václav Kouba, etc.
Rectors and Deans: Oldřich Vilém Hykeš (1945-1946), Antonín Klobouk (1946-1949), Vincenc
Jelínek (1949-1952), Antonín Janeček (1952-1954), Evžen Novotný (1954-1959),
Miloslav Zendulka (1959-1964), Bedřich Klimeš (1964-1968), Evžen Novotný
(1968-1971), Miloslav Zendulka (1971-1974), Jaroslav Dražan (1975-1987), Jaroslav Neumann (1987-1992), Jaroslav Konrád
(1992-1994), Stanislav Zima (1994-2000), Václav Suchý (2000-2006) and Vladimír
Večerek (2006-).
Important
role in anti-epizootic undergraduate education had the Heads of
Epizootiology Department: Antonín Klobouk – founder (1952-1956), Jaroslav
Dražan (1956-1972, Karel Hejlíček (1972-1989), Vladimír Celer (1990), Zdeněk
Pospíšil (1990-2003) and František Treml
(2004-). External teachers: Rudolf Hubík, Jaroslav Král, Jaromír Menšík, Václav
Kouba and others.
Directors of the Veterinary
Research Institute in
11.9 The
anti-epizootic programmes in the former
Examples:
Chief Veterinary Officers – Laurenčik, Vítězslav
Scherer, Ján Pleva, Štefan Arway, Štefan
Haladěj, Dušan Hlinka, Jozef Sokol, Dušan Magic, Jozef Bíreš; Slovak Chief
Epizootiologists – Jan Kladný, Jaroslav Krušpán, Karol Laktiš, Ján Zubaj; others
– Ivan Brauner, Alojz Žuffa, Štefan Hajdú, Oto Dobšinský, Michal Kováč, Pavol
Kanka, Miloš Halaša, František Nižnanský, Vojtech Augustinský, Miloš Hrdina, Michal
Vasil, Milan Szabo, Jozef Sokol, Julius Melčický, Juraj Salaj, Milan Šuba,
Juraj Havrila, Štefan Spiesz, František Šulík, Branibor Gregor, František
Rosival, Mikuláš Beseda, Bohuslav Kapitančik, Ladislav Popluhár, Zoltán Koppel,
Štefan Švrček, Augustin Sokol, Ludovit
Slanina, Michal Breza, Richard Hojer,
Koloman Boda, Leopold Vrzgula, Jozef Sokol, Juraj Čiernik, Albín Mráz, Imrich Tepper, Ján
Ursíny, Štefan Tkáčík, etc..
Important
role played also the
11.10 The strength
of Czech public veterinary service can be expressed also in the number of total
staff and numbers of employees at
different levels and in different veterinary public organizations.
Examples:
In
the
In
the
11.11 Certain criterion of the responsibility of Czech public veterinary service for national animal health, incl. production and reproduction, and its ability grade of anti-epizootic multi-disease problem solutions and programmes as well as the ability grade of controlling food production hygiene and animal national and international trade, can be expressed in terms of average values of different criteria per one public service veterinarian (total 2,165 in 1975). For this purpose there were selected the values of the year 1975, i.e. of the middle of the evaluated second half of 20th century. National average values per one public service veterinarian in 1975 were as follows: 4,648 inhabitants; 36.43 km2 of land, 2,052 ha of agriculture land and 1,532 ha of arable land; 1,472 cattle, 16 horses, 115 sheep, 1,989 pigs and 12,149 chickens; 1,556 livestock units *); slaughtered 423 cattle (without calves), 117 calves, 2,378 pigs, 28 sheep and goats, 28,387 chickens and 2,429 waterfowls; production of 492 Mt meat (beef - 209 Mt, pork - 235 Mt, poultry meat - 55 Mt), 1,556,774 lit cow milk and 1,441,100 hen eggs.
After the
veterinary services reorganization in 1990 reducing government role the above
average values per one public service veterinarian were significantly
increased. For example in the year 2000
(930 public service veterinarians) the average
reached 1,167 Mt of meat (beef – 224 Mt, pork – 628 Mt, poultry meat – 314 Mt), 2,911,000 lit of cow
milk and 3,294,636 hen eggs. The private veterinary service values of this
indicator were lower, i.e. 496 Mt of
meat (beef - 95 Mt, pork - 267 Mt, poultry meat - 134 Mt), 1,238,225 lit cow
milk, and 1,401,000 hen eggs. Average ratio private/public veterinarians was 2.3516
and average ratio public/private veterinarians was 0.4252.
Global example for comparison: World average values per public service veterinarian in 2000 were as follows: 31,522 inhabitants,
13,368 people depending for their livelihood on agriculture and 6,867 people
economically active in agriculture; 680 km2 of land and 71 km2 of
arable land; 6,923 cattle, 870 buffaloes, 313 horses, 5,421 sheep, 3,719 goats,
4,711 pigs and 74,581 chickens; 9,221 livestock units *); slaughtered 1,445
cattle, 2,517 sheep, 1,024 goats and 6,026 pigs; production of 1,211 t meat, 2,551 t cow milk and 267 t hen eggs;
internationally traded 43 cattle, 83 sheep, 80 pigs, 2 horses, 3,910 chickens
and 120 t total meat. Average ratio private/public veterinarians was 1.7850 and
average ratio public/private veterinarians was 0.5602. Average ratio private/public veterinarians
was 1.7850 and average ratio public/private veterinarians was 0.5602.
*) Livestock units – rates: cattle -0.7, buffaloes –
1, horse – 1, sheep – 0.1, goat – 0.1, pig – 0.25 and chicken – 0.01.
11.12 Important role played also animal health assistants (technical personnel) supporting the veterinarians, mainly at the field veterinary practice, carrying out the work which did not require university level professionals. Data on the numbers of the animal health assistants see in Tab. 11.3 and Tab. 11.4. In 1966 the average ratio animal health assistants/veterinarians was 0.7775 and average ratio veterinarians/animal health assistants was 1.2862 (1,802 veterinarians and 1,401 animal health assistants). In 1975 these values were 0.7187 and 1.3913 (2,165 veterinarians and 1,556 animal health assistants). In the year 2000 these values were 0.3118 and 3.2068 (3,117 public and private veterinarians; 972 animal health assistants including 621 food hygiene technical assistants).
11.13 The structure of professional veterinary staff
reported in the year 2000 was as follows: 21.42 % public veterinarians, 50.38 %
private veterinarians, 5.85 % veterinarians working in the laboratories, veterinary
education and training institutions and 22.58 % other veterinarians. Absolute
data see in Tab. 11.4.
12. Anti-epizootic education
and training
12.1 The curricula of veterinary faculties in
Heads of the Department of Epizootiology: Antonín
Klobouk (1952-1956), Jaroslav Dražan (1952-1972), Karel Hejlíček (1972-1990), Zdeněk
Pospíšil (1990-2005), František Treml (2006-). The author of this paper was the
assistant to prof. Dr. A. Klobouk.
12.2 An Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education within the framework of State Veterinary Service was established. During 1959-1962 almost all veterinarians passed special postgraduate courses on bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis eradication with the aim the trainees to be able to carry out correctly and uniformly all instructions and tasks related to particular eradication campaign. (E.g., two weeks courses for field veterinarians were concluded by the examinations, including practical performance and interpretation of tuberculin tests). Similar training supporting anti-tuberculosis programme was organized also for veterinarians working in slaughterhouses and diagnostic laboratories.
12.3 Every year, usually in January,
there were organized 2 weeks courses for
all provincial and district epizootiologists to be informed about critical
evaluation of previous year results, acquainted in details with new
instructions, annual plan tasks, their funding, material as well as other
inputs’ availability, problems expected in the coming year and ways of their
solution. The courses also offered the chance for open discussion with
programme leaders, for experience exchange and for critics of central institutions steps.
12.4 The training courses proved to be
a key factor to unify anti-epizootic
measures in the whole country avoiding misinterpretation, conflicts between
veterinarians and animal owner and doubts about the programme and its
performance. The course teachers were national leaders of the campaign and selected specialists, the best of the
country, having practical field experience.
12.5 The basic veterinary education in
12.6 The strategy and the basic principles of
the new professional veterinary education system were determined by:
a) education for the social and public
requirements and interests
b) basic priority
orientation at the protection of animal population health particularly in large
scale animal production units
c) orientation at the methods of active
veterinary assistance to the production of healthy (wholesome – pathogen-free)
foodstuffs of high biological value for public supply;
d) orientation at
the methods of active veterinary help in improvement of livestock productivity
(livestock productivity was considered as the main symptom of the health status
of farm animal population) and reproduction;
e) preparation
for the fulfilment of major programmes related to the long-term plans and other
requirements of the State Veterinary Service reflected in the „profile“ of
graduates;
f) substantial
strengthening practical training at University School Ranches and within a wide
network of training posts in the field practice;
g) combination
of traditional structure of „analytic“ subjects (according to the structure of
science branches) with „synthetic“ subjects (according to animal species or
kinds of foodstuffs);
h) progressing
specialization according to the changes in the structure of agro-food
industrial complex (specialization training during the postgraduate period);
i) planning and
effective regulation of the numbers of graduates in relation to their distribution
in practice (with assurance of their full employment and corresponding income);
j) continuity of
training during the whole occupational life (system of a complex postgraduate
training programme);
k) availability of the whole professional education system, up to postgraduate training, free of charge and with wide support of students by scholarships.
Example: For practical field training of students the University
of Veterinary Medicine in Brno had
available from 1945 a School Farm in Nový Dvůr (210 ha of agriculture
land including 181 ha of arable land)
and from 1970 also a School Ranch Nový Jičín (about 7,000 ha of
agriculture land including 5,500 ha of arable land with corresponding number of
domestic animals, training facilities for the students - including
accommodation and catering - and with necessary number of employees - in 1993
their number reached 789). Prof. Dr Jaroslav Dražan, former Rector, was
instrumental in establishing and developing this kind of field practical
training facilities used also for scientific field experiments. Also the
12.7 The
successful completion of high school level with final certificate, and an
entrance examination were required for admission to the University of Veterinary Medicine. The entrance examinations
consisted in a written test in biology and chemistry and an oral test in
general knowledge. Numbers of full-time teaching staff were generally about 130
at each
12.8 During the evaluation period there were several reorganizations of the education programme (curriculum) and university structure according to the subjects and number of the students. One of the major experiment consisted in the division of the pre-graduate education in two branches: Faculty of General Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – Food Hygiene (unique in the world) from 1991 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – Food Hygiene and Ecology. The first was educating veterinarians for field practice in animal populations and the latter veterinarians for food hygiene. Both ended by the title MVDr – Medicinae Veterinariae Doctor. The specialization based on both faculties still exist. The second one is today called Faculty of Food Hygiene and Ecology.
In 1985 it was established a third faculty - Faculty for Tropical Veterinary Medicine
and an Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, both headed by the author
(assisted by MVDr Jiří Minsk, CSc.). After his departure to the FAO HQs in 1988
and a new reorganization of the University in 1990 both institutions serving to
the students from developing countries stopped
existing.
12.9 In 1975 the duration of the General Veterinary Medicine curriculum was 5.5 years : 2,055 hours of lectures and 2,755 hours of exercises. Beside these exercises it was organized practical training: 2 weeks in agro-complex, 3 weeks in diagnostic laboratory, 3 weeks in animal production and one week of professional excursion. Subjects for the final state examination: veterinary care in large-scale cattle production, veterinary care in large-scale pig production, veterinary care in large-scale poultry production and food production.
12.10 In 1975 the duration of the Veterinary Medicine – Food Hygiene curriculum was 5 years : 1,864 hours of lectures and 2,407 hours of exercises. Beside these exercises it was organized practical training: 2 weeks in agro-complex, 3 weeks in diagnostic laboratory, 3 weeks in abattoirs (meat inspection) and one week of professional excursion. Subject for the final state examination: veterinary hygiene control and sanitation, slaughter animal inspection, hygiene of meat, milk and eggs and animal diseases diagnostic and prevention.
12.11 Very
important for close cooperation between
the
12.12 There were
founded two Institutes for Postgradual
Veterinary Education,
Examples:
In
In
12.13 There
were carried out different forms of postgraduate training such as:
one-year entrance training for new graduates, cyclic (refresher) courses for
all public veterinarians, annual two-weeks courses for district and provincial
specialists (e.g. epizootiologists), selected subjects courses for narrow
specialists, short-term special instruction courses, I Attestation courses, II
Attestation courses, fellowships, individual study programme for perspective
veterinarians selected for leading posts and courses preparing veterinarians as
experts for developing countries. More see in Tab. 12.13.
All postgraduate courses were for the participants free of charge (no any impact on normal salaries). The courses ended by tests and the participants received certificates or diplomas.
Note: According to the
author knowledge in no country in the world had existed so complex and
effective goal-directed postgraduate training of animal health service staff
contributing in decisive manner to fulfilling of extraordinary successful
national anti-epizootic programmes.
12.14 Particular attention was given to the postgraduate training of the provincial and district epizootiologists. Every January were organized for them special courses preparing anti-epizootic actions for the new year when specific programmes, methodology, funds and other necessary conditions had already been cleared and known. For the preparation and management of these courses was responsible the Chief Epizootiologist.
Similar annual courses were organized also for other
provincial and district specialists such as for food hygiene, animal
reproduction, etc.
12.15 Very important role played university textbooks dealing with anti-epizootic problems.
Examples:
Klobouk A. (1953): Klinická propedeutika
Raška K. (1959): Obecná epidemiologie
Dražan J, et. col. (1962): Tuberkuloza hospodářských
zvířat
Stryszak A. (1962): Obecná epizootologie
Vrtiak J.O. et col. (1965): Nakazlivé choroby
hospodárskych zvierat
Gdovín T.,
Kouba V. (1966): Nemoci prasat
Dražan J. et col. (1968) : Nakažlivé choroby
hospodářských zvířat
Kouba V. (1968): Veterinární statistika a základní
ukazatele zdravotního stavu zvířat
Kouba V., Dražan J, and J.O. Vrtiak (1971):
Všeobecná epizootologie
Hejlíček K, Vrtiak J.O. et col. (1982): Speciální
epizootologie
Vrtiak J.O., Hejlíček K. et col. (1986): Špeciálna
epizootologia
Jaký V, Haladej Š., Kouba V. (1988): Ilustrovaná príručka
pre diagnostiku vybraných nákaz zvierat
Sokol J, Kouba V. et col. (1994): Ilustrovaná
príručka pre diagnostiku vybraných nákaz zvierat
Hejlíček K., Kouba V, Vrtiak J.O. (1991) Všeobecná
epizootologie
13. Identification of
anti-epizootic priorities
(To be
elaborated)
13.1 For selection of
priority diseases following criteria were
used: disease occurrence (morbidity and nidality - focality), stage, trend
and territorial distribution in animal
and human populations, public health, economical and social importance, program
feasibility, availability of necessary inputs and success probability.
13.2 The highest priority was given to mass killing diseases such as
foot and mouth disease, hog cholera,
14. Anti-epizootic planning
(objectives, measures, activities)
14.1
Anti-epizootic planning had two basic
approaches: either to fix the year of final eradication at the country
level of a specific disease and to adjust annual objective accordingly or to
plan only annually trying to achieve the final eradication as soon as possible,
i.e. without any fixed deadline.
Examples: In 1959 there were fixed the deadlines for bovine brucellosis
eradication by the end of 1964 and for the bovine tuberculosis eradication by
the end of 1968. On the
other hand for bovine enzootic leucosis, Aujeszky’s disease, etc. there was not fixed any deadline for their
eradication and the tasks of disease
reduction were identified every year after evaluating actual epizootiological
situation and disease trend.
The eradication was understood as reaching zero prevalence and incidence while the elimination was understood as reaching only zero prevalence value (minimal incidence value was temporally admitted).
14.2 There were
different forms of anti-epizootic planning
identification. In case of having available reliable data on a specific
disease epizootiological situation, i.e. knowing well the number of diseased
and threatened animals, affected herds/flocks and status of specific immunity
in animals of susceptible species, the objectives were formulated in the numbers of specifically diseased animals
and herds/flocks to be reduced during a particular period - annual
objectives and final objectives reaching zero value of specifically diseased
animals and herds/flocks.
14.3 In the case of not having available reliable data on a specific disease epizootiological situation, the objectives were formulated in the number of specific disease-free animals and hers/flocks to be increased during a particular period - annual objectives and final objectives = reaching 100 % value of specifically healthy animals and herds/flocks. In other words, to reach zero value of incidence and prevalence of specifically diseased animals and affected herds/flocks.
14.4 The types of anti-epizootic planning were as follows:
- planning of specific disease morbidity reduction in linear values
- planning of specific disease morbidity reduction in sinusoid
curve values
- planning of reducing specific disease nidality, mortality or losses in linear
values
- planning of reducing specific disease nidality,
mortality or losses in sinusoid curve values
- planning of reducing number of herds/flocks affected by specific disease in linear values
- planning of reducing number of herds/flock affected
by specific disease in sinusoid curve values
- planning of reducing territory affected by specific disease in linear values
- planning of reducing territory affected by specific
disease in sinusoid curve values
- planning of animal population specific health recovery in linear values
- planning of animal population specific health
recovery in sinusoid curve values
- planning of expanding number of specific disease free herds/flock in linear values
- planning of expanding number of specific disease
free herds/flock in sinusoid curve values.
- planning of expanding specific disease free territory in linear values
- planning of expanding specific disease free
territory in sinusoid curve values.
Planning in linear values was easier than planning in curve values. In case of having enough information it was used logical consideration of new disease cases and new extinct cases expected in the coming year or period.
The
practice has confirmed that the planning in sinusoid curve was more close to
the reality than planning in linear values.
Example see in
Table 14.1 showing the plan of bovine
tuberculosis eradication in the
14.5 The objective numbers were itemized to reach national task as the summary of provincial, district and local objectives. Therefore, it was very demanding to coordinate the “planning pyramid” assuring mutual vertical and horizontal relations. Annual objectives were regularly revised and eventually adjusted to react to new conditions and problems.
14.6 The intention was that all public veterinarians and veterinary institutions at all managerial levels had clear cut controllable tasks. This facilitated to distribute necessary material, investment and financial sources according to the size and demandingness of particular objectives = target-wise distributions and support.
14.7 The anti-epizootic plans were formulated in terms of numeric tasks to be understandable and controllable, e.g. absolute number of specifically diseased animals or herds/flock at certain date (usually at the end of the year). Objectives in relative data such as % or rates (incidence rate, prevalence rate, focality rate, etc.) were usually not used due to their inexactitude admitting different understandings.
14.8 The anti-epizootic planning against individual selected diseases usually distinguished following phases: experimental phase, initial phase, preparatory (pre-eradication) phase, attack (eradication) phase and post-eradication phase.
14.9 Public veterinary service, as a government agency indirectly co-responsible for livestock development and production in the country was planning also annual objectives in terms of animal population natality, mortality, reproduction indicators; production performance was understood as population symptoms of collective health. These objectives belonged among the criteria for public veterinary service evaluation of its effectiveness and impact. These plans were identical with the plans of livestock industry.
Extraordinary role in managing animal population reproduction processes, meat/milk purchasing policy, transferring healthy animals to replace the diseased ones, supporting of all animal infection eradication programmes, etc. played specialists in animal production – zootechnicians. Their close cooperation was carried out at all managerial levels, from central, provincial, district up to local ones (cooperatives and state ranches). The same appreciation merited administrative managers at all levels up to local thousands of chairmen of agriculture cooperatives and directors of state ranches.
Examples of chief animal breeding/production
specialists collaborating with the State veterinary service at the central
level: Ing Karel Lamberk, Ing Vlastimil Herčík, Ing Josef Žáček, etc.
14.10 As important components of anti-epizootic planning there were the annual tasks of specific disease’ investigations, mass vaccination, mass anti-parasitic and mass curative treatments. This kind of planning represented the basis for veterinary biologics production planning, their distribution and allocating of funds to individual provincial, district and local public veterinary service.
14.11 The above mentioned forms of anti-epizootic planning reflected the complexity of particular diseases’ problems requiring not only one planning indicator but a series of them. The priority had always the final results in protecting animal populations and reducing the prevalence of specific diseases and not the number of actions.
14.12 Every
year, usually in June, the State
Veterinary
a) Free-of-charge prophylactic and diagnostic actions identifying the methodology in cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, wildlife, dogs, cats and rabbits according to individual diseases. This part contained exact indications of the frequency, when, where and how to vaccinate and investigate the animals of relevant species.
b) Free-of-charge laboratory diagnostic actions identifying the indications and methodology for laboratory tests according to relevant animal diseases, control programme, specific surveillance and monitoring needs, i.e. the frequency and types of serological, bacteriological, virological, haematological, coprological, rentgenological and other laboratory investigations.
c) Paid prophylactic and curative actions identifying their purpose, localization, frequency and methods.
d) Centrally monitored activities consisted also in controlling reproduction process in cattle, pigs, poultry and horses, in the inspection of food and other products of animal origin, in the inspection of food processing industry and feed production facilities as well as in controlling national trade, export and import together with the veterinary control/inspection of territory borders to avoid animal diseases/pathogens’ introduction.
14.13 Planning tables were prepared every year as an annex of the instructions called “Principles for veterinary activity planning in the next year”. The tables had following columns: numeric code; action (subdivided according to animal species and diseases); number of actions – reality in previous year, proposal for the year to come; block of material to be used : type of material (vaccine, diagnostics, etc.), average dosis per one action, basic quantity measure unit (litres, 1,000 doses, etc.), number of basic quantity measure units; block of cost of planned amount of material - cost of one basic quantity measure unit and total cost.
14.14 The annual anti-epizootic plans were components of perspective 5-year plans identifying the objectives to be reached after five year period (respecting 5-year country economic development plans).
15. Anti-epizootic emergency
planning
15.1 From the
exotic animal diseases the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was considered as the
most dangerous one threatening the country. For immediate response to the FMD
or other exotic disease suspicion were prepared at all managerial levels
thorough anti-epizootic emergency plans. To have everything needed ready in
advance and not to waste time in the emergency, at all managerial levels (i.e.
national, provincial, district, municipal and large livestock units) there were
elaborated “anti-FMD emergency plans”
assured by staff, material and budget, regularly updated and usually verified
through simulation exercises. The first emergency anti-epizootic plans were
prepared in 1959 based on the experience with FMD control.
15.2 Among the main components of emergency plans belonged: very detailed procedures of clinical and epizootiological investigations, elaborated texts of intrafocal, perifocal and protective zones’ measures; pre-printed information texts, texts of public notices (quarantine orders), different questionnaires and forms to be filled (for specimen shipment to laboratory, for registration of and reporting on emergency disease situation, for vaccine provision order, etc.); lists of addresses and telephones of: veterinary service responsible officers and exotic disease emergency specialists (in the districts also of all veterinarians), members of anti-epizootic committee, Reference Laboratories, Chief Veterinary Officer, Chief Epizootiologist, facilities of local up to national importance (e.g. slaughterhouses, rendering plants, sources of and stores with material needed for anti-exotic disease actions); list of villages and large ranches with the numbers of animals according to their species and categories; local and territorial maps, etc.
Example: “Model
of Emergency Plan for the case of foot-and-mouth disease or other dangerous
infections” issued by Czech State Veterinary Service for District
Veterinary Directorates, 1974, 74 pp.: Contents: emergency plan –
anti-epizootic alert measures, measures in case of infection suspicion, 24
hours preparedness; the most important addresses and telephones of district,
provincial and national importance; principles of clinical investigations of
animals suspect of being affected by the FMD; contents of emergency case; instructions
for veterinary care in FMD outbreak; equipment of veterinarian detached to work
inside the outbreak area; contents of emergency bag; instruction for the
collection and sending of specimen for laboratory investigation on FMD , including
special order form; model for recording FMD investigations; veterinary measures
in FMD farm; model of final report on FMD at affected ranch (farm); model of
diary recording FMD course in an outbreak; methods of clinical investigations
in affected village; measures in affected village (including demands on medical
service); model of final report on FMD course in affected village; text of an order
of District Veterinary Service Chief for anti-FMD prophylactic vaccinations;
model for recording ( list) of animal owners and number of anti-FMD vaccinated
animals; emergency plan of Central of Veterinary Sanitation Institutes and its
branches; abattoir certificates; instructions for meat processing industry; principles
for meat treatment in FMD outbreak; and model for daily reporting of FMD course
in the outbreak. Documents to be filled by the District Veterinary Service
Chief: list of veterinarians of the district according to individual working
places together with exact addresses and telephone numbers; list of district anti-epizootic commission members, including
addresses and telephone numbers; list of provincial diagnostic groups including
addresses and telephone numbers; list of villages in the district including
numbers of animals according to species and categories; list of neighbouring District
Veterinary Directorates, including addresses and telephones of District
Veterinary Service Chiefs; list of mechanized equipments and technical
facilities for DDD (disinfection, deratization and disinfestation) according to
individual organizations; district map for plotting outbreaks and identification
of I. and II. protection zones. Total:
26 components and 19 annexes.
15.3 All the above mentioned information and documents for the emergency there were deposited in “emergency envelopes” ready to be used immediately in case of need. They were submitted to regular revisions and updating. The plans were guarded in sealed envelopes being available at any moment.
15.4 Anti-epizootic emergency plans were interlinked vertically creating a pyramid system from district up to national levels.
15.5
Preparations for emergency situations were verified by simulation exercises at all managerial levels combining practical
field and theoretical in-door components.
15.6 Permanent readiness (24 hours-a-day) was organized at FMD Reference Laboratory and
at all levels of public veterinary service from local to national, i.e. to be
at any moment available for immediate anti-FMD action at least one responsible
officer whose address and telephone
number were known to veterinary staff. Similar arrangement was made to reach in
any time National Chief Veterinary Officer and the Chief Epizootiologist (also
telephones at home).
16. Anti-epizootic programmes
implementation
(To be
elaborated)
16.1 In all ranches, districts and provinces
objective-oriented anti-epizootic programmes were elaborated and carried out
according to the government decision and national veterinary directorate
instructions. High level inter-resort national, provincial and district committees were coordinating anti-epizootic
activities. Epizootiologists (national, provincial and district) were in charge of professional
management, supervision and major problems' solution. Public service
veterinarians working in the field practice had the key part in programme
implementation. Intensive field and
abattoir investigations to discover all diseased herds were largely supported
by laboratory tests. Particular attention was given to critical moments (e.g., transfer of
animals) and places (e.g., quarantines, markets, genetic herds).
16.2 Early discovery of diseased herds and animals was providing opportunity for prompt and effective application of the measures. Public service veterinarians working daily among farm animals and systematically testing healthy herds as well as veterinarians in abattoirs played decisive role in finding out population health/disease reality.
16.3 Postgraduate training contributed to the uniformity in application of diagnostic and control methods.
16.4 Programmes
and methods were periodically evaluated, adjusted and updated according to
new experience and research results.
17. Support of anti-epizootic
programmes (research, extension, cooperation)
17.1 Research
a) The main
institutions dealing with the research of communicable animal diseases were:
Universities of Veterinary Sciences in
b) Also all
central and provincial diagnostic institutes were involved in applied research
linked with anti-epizootic practical needs. The research programmes were
coordinated and targeted mainly to develop or test new methods for practical
field application within particular anti-epizootic projects.
17.2 Extension
– publications
a) For supporting
anti-epizootic programmes there were used different forms of national and local
mass information media such as
newspapers, radio, television and films.
b) There was
produced enormous number of different extension material for public,
farmers and consumers.
c) There were
published different documents informing about communicable diseases,
their control methods, importance for livestock development and human health supporting
national anti-epizootic programmes.
The
majority of extension materials were produced in Veterinary Extension Institute
in
d) The extension activities and lectures for workers and managers in animal production and food industries represented an important component of veterinary education system.
17.3 Collaboration with epidemiological service
a) The campaign
against zoonoses represented an integral
component of common national programmes of veterinary and human medicine
services.
b) Very close cooperation between veterinary and human medicine at all managerial and laboratory diagnostic levels represented important factor in timely detecting new cases of zoonoses and tracing their sources. The veterinary and public health services played a key role in undertaking intensive zoonoses surveillance with adequate follow-up response.
c) Important role had above mentioned common National Commission for Anthropozoonoses, composed of top level specialists of both services, established for anti-zoonoses programmes coordination.
d) The network of epizootiologists was linked with a similar network of epidemiologists in the public health service. Their collaboration at central, provincial and district levels, during zoonoses field investigations and measures as well as in diagnostic laboratory testing, was outstanding.
Among many epidemiological specialists involved in
anti-epizootic programmes belonged e.g.
Karel Raška, Vilém Škovránek (National Hygienist), František Patočka, Antonín
Kazmar (National Chief Epidemiologist), Bohumír Kříž, Vladimír Šerý, Zdeněk
Ježek, František Suntych, Rudolf Křivinka, Ladislav Šula, Jiřina Jindřichová, Gustav
Walter, Milan Kubín, Ctirad John, Oto Jírovec, D. Matějovská, Lubomír Syrůček, Eva
Švandová, Čestmír Beneš etc. .
18. Results of anti-epizootic
programmes
18.1 The results of
anti-epizootic programmes were projected in the improvement of animal population productivity and reproduction, in
significant increase of production and consumption of food of animal origin
positively influencing national economy, in reduction of human morbidity due to diseases transmissible from
animals, in the increase of producers’ income improving their social conditions
and standard of living, etc.
18.2 The anti-epizootic
programme contributed as the main factor
to national animal production output, productivity and reproducibility
improvement.
Examples comparing
1959 and 1988 values: gross livestock output increased from 23,915 mil. Kčs to 46,611 mil. Kčs, i.e. by
94.90 %; meat total from 621,000 MT to 1,273,000 MT, i.e. by 104.99 %; beef
from 236,000 MT to 515,000 MT, i.e. by 118.22 %; pork from 361,000 MT to 750,000
MT, i.e. by 107.75 %; poultry meat from
43,000 MT to 194,000 MT, i.e. by 351.16
%; milk from 2,563 to 4,763 mil. litres, i.e. by 85.84 %; eggs from 1,606 to 3,643
mil. pieces, i.e. by 126.84 %, milk/cow/year from 1,790 to 3,847 litres, i.e.
by 114.91 %; eggs/hen from 108 to 248, i.e. by 129.63 % and calves/cow/year
from 0.81 to 1.03, i.e. by 27.16 %.
18.3 Country self-sufficiency in production of food of
animal origin (meat, milk and eggs) was reached in 1975. Import of animals
and their products could be reduced almost to zero under very strict conditions
improving protection against the introduction of animal diseases from abroad
through trade.
18.4 During the evaluated period the occurrence of zoonoses in human population was reduced significantly. Values of saved human lives and health cannot be expressed in monetary terms.
Examples:
a) The major result was zero
incidence of human brucellosis caused by
Brucella abortus after eradication of
this disease in cattle in 1964. It was estimated saving at least 1,750 persons from this zoonosis during
following 25 years (cumulative benefit avoiding
at least new 70 cases reported annually before starting the programme)
not considering further spread in case of non-eradication. New fresh cases of
bovine brucellosis in man stopped after its eradication in cattle population.
Afterwards only some old human cases were additionally discovered. More information in www.oie.int/eng/publicat/RT/2203A_R22319.htm.
b) Elimination of bovine
tuberculosis (in 1960 every third cow was tuberculous !) conduced to reduction
of reported cases of bovine tuberculosis
in humans. This number was reduced
from thousands at the beginning to 8
very old cases (infected decades ago)
discovered in 1988. No more new
cases in children were reported after 1970. Tuberculosis occurrence in cows
and milk production show inverse correlation. When started bovine tuberculosis
elimination programme 32.26% of cows were affected, i.e. every third cow. Cumulative benefit/cost ratio of bovine
tuberculosis programme reached value 6:1 when evaluated including 20 years of
post-elimination period. This ratio was not positive before the final period of
elimination programme. More information in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/tuberculosis.htm.
c) Reduction of cattle trichophytosis (Trichophyton verrucosum) to zero prevalence in almost
all infected herds caused that the
number of reported new cases of all
human trichophytoses fell from 1,316 in 1965 to 110 in 1985, i.e. twelve times.
d) Improvement
of zoonoses situation in animals was followed also by stopping incidence of
other zoonoses in human population such
as rabies, anthrax, trichinellosis and hydatidosis.
18.5 It is obvious that in case of
no-eradication the epizootiological and epidemiological situation and negative consequences due to further spread of the diseases would be much worse than at the
beginning.
18.6 The animal
disease eradication impacts of saving specific health were increasing by
time due to multiplying positive effect maintaining specific diseases-free
situation and avoiding their further horizontal and vertical spread among many
following generations of animal and human populations.
Note: Animal and human health
cannot be understood as a “good” being measured by monetary criteria applying pure economic
methods. Discounting of eradication
effect in improving population health would mean that during relatively short
after-eradication period the effect would reach almost zero. E.g. if the
initial effect = 100, then using discount rate of 0.1 the effect would decrease
after 10 years to the value = 38.55, after 20 years to the value = 14.86, after 30 years
to the value = 5.73, after 40 years to the value = 2.21 and after 50 years to
the value = 0.85. Then is the question why to eradicate animal diseases ? Which
government would finance eradication programmes ending with almost zero effect
? Unfortunately, this very false philosophy is supported by so called
“veterinary economists” forgetting that the population health cannot be
measured in monetary terms. These “specialists” are de facto killing animal population medicine at national and
international levels. In reality, on the
contrary, any eradication has multiplying, i.e. increasing and not decreasing
positive effect by time !
19. Eradication of
communicable diseases of animals
19.1 Thanks to
successful implementation of the anti-epizootic
programmes, disease-free status (OIE
standard) was reached in bovine
brucellosis (eradicated by 1964 using radical method and intensive serological
testing after prohibition of the vaccination), bovine tuberculosis (eliminated
by 1968 using radical method and intensive allergic testing), foot-and-mouth disease (1975), enzootic bovine leucosis (1996), etc. Many other
mass diseases, infectious and non-infectious, were reduced.
Note: Official Journal of the European
Union, L 102/75 dated 7.4.2004: COMMISSION DECISION of
“(8)
The Czech Republic as regards its territory submitted to the Commission documentation
demonstrating compliance with all requirements laid down in Annex A(I)(4) to
Directive 64/432/EEC in order that the whole territory of the Czech Republic
may be declared officially free of tuberculosis as regards bovine herds.
(13)
Following evaluation of the documentation submitted by
According to CD 2001/ 618/EC amended by CD
2005/768/EC the
(The European Commission is the executive
branch of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing
legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the
19.2 Radical
method proved to be the most effective in several communicable diseases. During
the anti-epizootic programme 1,136,913 heads of cattle (78 % were cows)
affected by tuberculosis, 790 herds (ranches) affected by bovine brucellosis
with 150,000 heads of cattle, 640 herds affected by
Aujeszky's disease with 900,000 pigs, etc. were replaced by healthy herds and animals.
19.3 National eradication
programmes had similar pattern of
individual stages. After selecting specific animal disease to be included
into priority anti-epizootic policy following steps were carried out:
convincing veterinarians on eradication
feasibility, elaborating detailed control/eradication methods feasible at local
and national population levels (after preliminary pilot testing), assuring government,
legal, economic and farmers’ support, intensifying surveillance system based
mainly on mass etiological laboratory investigations to discover a l l specific disease outbreaks, elaborating
measurable and controllable objectives to achieve during individual years and at
the end, elaborating detailed plans at all managerial levels, implementing the
programme in all affected herds, villages, districts and provinces, starting
long-term post-eradication programme consisting mainly in intensive
surveillance and monitoring to confirmed specific disease-free status in the
country.
19.4 Disease detection in time. Intensive
anti-epizootic surveillance facilitated to shorten the period between virus introduction and disease diagnosis and timely application of anti-epizooti
measures (full compensation of losses due epizootics and all anti-epizootic measures being free-of-charge motivated animal owners to report suspect
cases in time).
From 1957 every
primary and almost all secondary outbreaks were investigated without any delay on-the-spot also by National Chief
Epizootiologist and FMD Reference Laboratory specialists to confirm
or reject initial diagnosis, to identify infected and suspected herds
(premises), to adjust provisional measures (every case was different requiring
different application of anti-FMD principles), to trace ways of virus
introduction and of eventual further propagation and to collect samples for
laboratory investigation. National FMD specialists were usually using
antichemical protective wearing being
easy disinfected (avoiding risk of eventual FMD virus transmission into other
localities of next investigations, sometimes in very distant farms. Similar
approach was applied also in all primary outbreaks of other dangerous diseases.
19.5
Extraordinary attention was paid to epizootiological investigations to demarcate as exactly as possible the limits of outbreaks, perifocal areas and
threatened zones (bases for well adjusted measures) requiring systematic
physically very demanding and time consuming clinical investigation of specific
disease susceptible species animals to determine epizootiological diagnosis.
During this investigations there were searched the first, i.e. the eldest symptoms to assess the moment of
virus introduction and the risk of possible further spreading. Simultaneously,
there were searched the most suitable specimen for laboratory test (sometimes,
it was necessary to collect this material from different sick animals).
Identification of outbreak limits was further measures usually much more
important than exact number of specific diseased animals changing almost
continuously. Other objective of the field investigation was to assess the form
of the disease from virulence point of
view (e.g. abortive, mild up to severe killing course). Very important was
always the trace the origin and the ways of virus introduction and potential
follow-up spread helping to discover eventual other outbreaks or suspect
contact-animals and herds for following investigations.
19.6
Extraordinary measures were applied to isolate
farms and villages with FMD animals prohibiting to abandon outbreak area,
to abandon and entry affected village for animals and persons (supply of
foodstuff and other necessary commodities from outside was arranged) and
animals under the patrols of police and local guard’s staff (utilizing also
temporarily stay-home-persons). In all FMD
outbreaks it was detached during the
critical period at least one public
service veterinarian to investigate daily the animals and report on disease
development, to control anti-FMD measures and to advise on the solution of
local problems related to the measures. There were carried out daily
epizootiological controls of all
protection zone herds searching for suspect cases, systematic inspections
of all anti-FMD measures and their timely adjustment to changing situation.
19.7 “Stamping out” was usually used in primary outbreaks of the most dangerous diseases, sporadic cases, in small farms, in pig facilities, in fattening farms, etc., only after confirming specific disease-free-status in perifocal and protective zones, providing that this method was expected to conduce to rapid territorial eradication; this radical approach became normal in all cases during last eradication period.
19.8 Some diseases
eradicated during second half of the 20th century were later again
introduced from abroad (e.g. hog cholera,
20. Eradication of viral diseases of animals
(To be elaborated)
20.1 The eradication was
understood when specific disease was reduced to zero prevalence and incidence,
i.e. when it was registered the last case of the disease in the country confirmed
by specific investigations being followed by post-eradication surveillance
supported by etiological testing.
20.2 Following viral diseases were declared as
eradicated:
- imported sheep pox was immediately eradicated
in 1950
- malignant catarrhal fever was eradicated in
1962
- equine infectious anaemia was eradicated in
1964
- foot-and-mouth disease was eradicated in 1975
- Klobouk’s disease (enterovirus
encephalomyelitis, Teschen disease) was eradicated in 1973
- hog cholera was eradicated in 1979
-
- imported virus gastroenteritis of pigs was
eradicated in 1981
- imported Aujeszky's disease was eradicated in
1987
- imported equine rhinopneumonitis was
eradicated in 1989
- imported ovine pulmonary adematosis was
eradicated in 1995
- imported enzootic bovine leucosis was
eradicated in 1996
- imported duck virus hepatitis was eradicated
in 1998
- rabies was eradicated in 2002
More information on foot-and-mouth
disease eradication in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/FMDeradica.htm.
Notes:
Rabies in foxes was widespread in
During 14-23/9/1960 the author of this paper as Czechoslovak
epizootiologist was solving serious
problem of rabies in Eastern Slovakia,
Medzilaborce, district Carpathian mountains and forests where rabies wolves coming
from Poland were attacking domestic animals and men (one child was killed)
provoking panic among local population. Dead rabies animals were burnt and buried
on the spot. All 37 bitten cows and heifers with different forms of rabies from
aggressive to «sleeping.» ones were concentrated in a close-border isolated
village Čertižná into local cooperative cowshed and were liquidated on
23/9/1960 through shooting, burning (using fuel oil and tires) and burring in
an artificial excavation of 20x4x5 m. The rabies wolves were liquidated through
poisonous baits. The author was there accompanied by Dr Miroslav Zendulka, Dr
Karol Fried, Dr Ľudovít Roško, Dr Karel Rašín, Dr Ján Pleva and Dr Vojtěch
Augustinský.
21. Eradication of bacterial
and other microbial diseases of animals
(To be elaborated)
21.1 The eradication was
understood when specific disease was reduced to zero prevalence and incidence,
i.e. when it was registered the last case of the disease in the country
confirmed by mass specific investigations being followed by extensive post-eradication
surveillance supported by etiological testing and clinical/epizootiological
analyses.
21.2 Following bacterial and other microbial
diseases were declared as eradicated:
- imported ovine epididymitis was eradicated in
1951
- glanders was eradicated in 1955
- bovine brucellosis was eradicated in 1964
- bovine tuberculosis was eliminated in 1968
- salmonellosis (S. abortus ovis) eradicated in 1976
- anthrax was eradicated in 1977
- bovine genital campylobacteriosis was
eradicated in 1978
- salmonellosis (S. abortus equi) was eradicated in 1986
- Q-fever was eradicated in 1987
- enterotoxaemia of sheep was eradicated in
1988
- swine brucellosis was eradicated in 1985
- blackleg was eradicated in 1989
- European foulbrood was eradicated in 1992
- sheep enzootic abortion (chlamydiosis) was
eradicated in 1999
- pullorum disease was eradicated in 1999
More
information on bovine brucellosis in
http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/RT/2203/A_R22319.htm.
More information
on bovine tuberculosis in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/tuberculosis.htm.
22. Eradication of parasitic
diseases of animals
(To be elaborated)
22.1 The eradication was
understood when specific disease was reduced to zero prevalence and incidence,
i.e. when it was registered the last case of the disease in the country
confirmed by specific investigations being followed by post-eradication
surveillance supported by etiological testing and clinical/epizootiological
analyses.
22.2 Following parasitic diseases were declared as
eradicated:
- dourine was eradicated in 1952
- bovine babesiosis was eradicated in 1960
- trichinellosis was eradicated in 1974
- sheep mange was eradicated in 1975
- horse mange was eradicated in 1975
- bovine trichomoniasis was eradicated in 1976
- hypodermosis was eradicated in 1978
- cattle mange was eradicated in 1985
- porcine cysticercosis was eradicated in 1990
- nosemosis of bees was eradicated in 1993
- bovine cysticercosis was eradicated in 1998
The elimination during second half of the 20th
century was achieved also in some other parasitic diseases such as dictyocaulosis, paramphistomosis, etc.
23. Occurrence reduction of
communicable diseases of animals
(To be elaborated)
23.1 In some communicable diseases the anti-epizootic programme objectives consisted in avoiding worsening of specific diseases situation and gradually to reduce their occurrence and particular losses.
23.2 Bovine trichophytosis was significantly
reduced – minimum occurrence in 1984 when the disease was reported only in one
outbreak affecting 24 animals. Maximum of outbreaks was reported in 1965 –
2,068 and maximum of affected animals
was reported in 1966 – 20,850. Specific surveillance, intensive treatment and mainly
effective mass vaccination against Trichophyton
verrucosum and Trichophyton
mentagrophytes were the basic methods. Significant improvement of the
specific epizootiological situation reflected in the substantial reduction of
the trichophytosis cases in human population. See Table 24.1.
23.3 Fascioliasis, taeniasis
and pulmonary helminthiases in cattle and sheep were reduced as well thanks to
systematic application of specific anthelmintics and pasture regulations.
23.4 Among significantly
reduced diseases is also rabies (thanks
to systematic vaccination of foxes –aerial application, dogs and other exposed
animals combined with laboratory investigation of all diseased and suspect
animals). Rabies-free status was reached in 2002.
23.5 Extraordinary
attention was given to cow mastitis
in order to improve milk quality and sanitary innocuousness (there were
organized mass investigations of all milking cows using different methods such
as clinical investigations, biochemical
NK-test, bacteriological examinations, tank test – number of cellular
elements, biotechnological investigations, etc.).
Example: In
the
24. Public health effects of anti-epizootic
programmes
(To be
elaborated)
a) The anti-epizootic
programmes contributed to substantial
reduction of the zoonoses. In animal populations there were eradicated
bovine brucellosis (in 1964) and anthrax (in 1977), bovine tuberculosis was eliminated (in 1968)
as well as trichinellosis, hydatidosis and
rabies, while trichophytosis, taeniasis, etc. were significantly reduced. The improvement
of zoonoses situation in animal populations was followed by the reduction of the
zoonoses in human population: incidence of brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus and tuberculosis caused
by Mycobacterium bovis, rabies,
anthrax, trichinellosis and hydatidosis stopped and of the others zoonoses was reduced.
b) Successful programme
against trichophytosis in cattle
reduced its incidence in human population about twelve times (n 1965 there were
reported 1,316 cases and in 1985 only 110 cases).
Unfortunately, the last years of the 20th century the
incidence inceased due to affected cattle import from Western Europa (e.g.
b) The data on human zoonoses as reported by
the Ministry of Health during the second half of the 20th century
see in Tab. 24.1. Number of zoonoses cases in human population reported as
occupational diseases see in Tab. 24.2.
25. Economic and social
effects of anti-epizootic programmes
25.1 Animal population production and reproduction performances
were significantly improved. Data on production performance of cattle, pigs
and poultry see in Tab. 27.1. Data on production of meat, milk and eggs see in
Tab. 27.2. Data on annual consumption per capita of food of animal origin see
in Tab. 27.3. Producers' income increased accordingly.
Examples comparing
initial (1959) and final (1988) values: gross livestock output increased
from 23915 million Kčs to 46611 million Kčs,
i.e. by 94.90 %; meat total from 621000 MT to 1273000 MT, i.e. by 104.99 %;
beef from 236000 MT to 515000 MT, i.e. by 118.22 %; pork from 361000 MT to
750000 MT, i.e. by 107.75 %; poultry
meat from 43000 MT to 194000 MT, i.e. by
351.16 %; milk from 2563 to 4763 million litres, i.e. by 85.84 %; eggs from
1606 to 3643 million pieces, i.e. by 126.84 %, milk/cow/year from 1790 to 3847
litres, i.e. by 114.91 %; eggs/hen from 108 to 248, i.e. by 129.63 % and
calves/cow/year from 0.81 to 1.03, i.e. by 27.16 %.
Particularly the dramatic increase in meat and milk production
would be impossible without cattle population full recovery from brucellosis
and tuberculosis.
25.2 Economic aspects of territorial animal health programme contribution
to food production and zoonoses reduction see in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/ecovetservice.htm.
25.3 Animal health programmes results made
possible to double country meat
production and to double country milk
production contributing to full
self-sufficiency in meat and milk supply (in 1975). Import of animals and their products could be reduced almost to zero
under very strict conditions improving protection against introduction of diseases from abroad.
25.4 Concentration
of cattle in ranches started a new rapid increase only after reaching brucellosis and
tuberculosis free status. Similarly, the high concentration of pigs and poultry
was made possible thank to the eradication of killing diseases, mass
prophylactic vaccination, strict anti-epizootic isolation/protective measures
and intensive systematic surveillance and monitoring.
25.5 The result of the eradications had long-term consequences, i.e. specific disease-free status, in overwhelming majority of eradicated diseases, has continued up today.
25.6 Ratio
of veterinary service net cost to livestock output was minor than 0.01.
Specific programmes' benefit/cost (B/C)>1 was reached only after certain
period of B/C<1. Benefit of saved animal lives and health was increasing being transferred, due to the
reproduction, to new generations avoiding previous negative consequences. Therefore, it was used
benefit cumulation and not discount applicable for inanimate values.
Considering B/C also after several periods provided more objective evaluation
of animal health programme efficiency. Monetary criteria are not suitable for evaluation of saved human lives
and health values.
25.7 The natural delay of the
benefit against the cost was a serious
problem for benefit/cost (B/C) evaluation of animal health programmes. It took
time to reach B/C>1. It was not easy to convince decision-makers on input effect (return) when during initial
stages B/C was minor than 1.0.
Example: In case of bovine tuberculosis
annual B/C>1 was reached after 2 years and
cumulative B/C>1 after 3 years. However, successful programme
benefit was increasing every year.
Examples (values in million Kčs):
Disease
P r o g r a m m e
Initial Annual Cumulative
B e n e f i t Cum.
Benefit/Cost Ratio
Period Cost Loss at end after 5y
after 10y at end after 5y
after 10years
Bovine tbc 1959-68 1489 1039 4799 9994 15189 3.22 6.71
10.20
Aujeszky's
d. 1981-87 650 250 1750 3000 4200 2.69 4.62 6.46
Cumulative benefit
was applied for saved lives and health being reproduced, i.e. transferred to new generations avoiding previous losses. B/C would be even much higher if the cost, as inanimate input value, were discounted.
25.8 The anti-epizootic programmes’ effect was only in terms of improved production and reproduction of food producing animal species, in reduced zoonoses incidence in human population and in monetary terms saving milliards but also in avoiding further spreading of relevant communicable diseases.
26. Anti-epizootic protection
of the country territory
(see also chapter 5, paragraph 12)
26.1 The basic precondition for successful control and eradication of communicable diseases was to avoid the introduction of foreign diseases’ pathogens, first of all exotic ones. It was necessary also to avoid the introduction (i.e. super-infection) of the pathogens causing the same diseases already existing in the country, particularly diseases under intensive eradication process.
26.2 The protection of the country territory against the
introduction of animal diseases and in particular of exotic ones (not existing
in the country) was the priority of
disease prevention strategy. The
main objective was to maintain exotic
diseases free status of the country territory and to
create favourable external conditions for livestock husbandry and anti-epizootic
programmes. As the best measure against the introduction of diseases through
the animals and their products was understood the self-sufficiency in production of food of animal origin facilitating
to minimize or avoid risky import. In
other cases there was a need for reducing
this import as much as possible and under very strict protective veterinary conditions regarding the
commodity identification, origin, health investigation results, veterinary
certificates and quarantine.
26.3 The protection consisted in border territory epizootiological control combined in some diseases by prophylactic vaccination of susceptible species animals and in very strict and demanding veterinary conditions for the import of animals, animal products and subjects which could be carriers of animal disease pathogens. In the belt along the borders (10-20 km) all cattle was systematically vaccinated against the FMD.
Example: The strictness of country protection against
the introduction of the FMD from abroad can be documented also by closing the border with
26.4 Unfortunately, in the post-war years the country territory protection was close to zero. Due to lack of self-sufficiency in meat and milk it was necessary to import enormous number of animals, mainly cattle from countries with the overproduction. That time there were imported many ten thousands of affected animals without necessary investigations and quarantines.
26.5 Very bad experience with the legal import of animals (in spite of “official” international certificates) was the reason why the tendency of State Veterinary Service was to minimized, as far as possible, the import of animals and of food of animal origin and impose very demanding veterinary conditions much more restrictive than international recommendations not avoiding the export at the expense of importing countries.
Examples of imported animal diseases: enzootic bovine leucosis, bovine
tuberculosis, bovine brucellosis, hog cholera, atrophic rhinitis, Aujeszky’s
disease,
26.6 The decision on the import of animals and animal products and
on epizootiological import conditions was the duty of the central veterinary authority responsible for the protection of the
country. The decision depended on diseases introduction risk assessment, i.e.
on evaluation of epizootiological
situation in exporting and transit countries, comparing with the own situation,
exporting country veterinary services level (ability of early detection of
animal diseases, effectivity of their control, laboratory diagnostic standard),
past experience with the export from the given country, risk of illegal re-export,
etc. It was established a practice to permit the import only after careful
analysis of all available information documents and visits of exporting
countries by top level specialists to suggest to the Chief Veterinary Officer
zero or minimal risk solution and the distribution in minimal number of
localities covering minimal territory.
Note. Author of
this paper was sent to analyze epizootiological situation before giving import
permission in: Canada 1971: Holstein semen bulls in Ontario – problems with
bovine leucosis and Hereford cattle in Alberta – problems with IBR/IPV);
Denmark 1960: Red Danish heifers – problems with avian tuberculosis); Netherlands
1960: Holstein heifers; Denmark June 1961: pork – problem due to foot-and-mouth
disease in the country (local outbreak measures visits); Hungary March 1964 - Babolna
breeding chicken – risk of respiratory complex diseases, night listening together
with Dr Zdeněk Duben to the chicken breathing); Italy July 1985: sheep hides - initial
import prohibition due to the risk of foot-and-mouth disease existing in this
country, conflict with Prof. Luigino Bellani, Chief Veterinary Officer who was
threatening to bring this case before International court against
Czechoslovakia and after a longer excited negotiation (in Italian) it was
agreed to permit the author first to
visit and analyze epizootiological situation in FMD affected territories and
measures and then to decide about this import.
26.7 Measures in
destination place. The veterinarians of the receiving units (the number to
be minimal possible) first examined the
animals and their certificates. Only when no any adverse problem was found
then the animals may be unloaded.
26.8 Very strict measures were applied in post-import quarantines: all
animals were quarantined for
adequate periods (in animals for reproduction usually one or several months)
according to local conditions and epizootiological situation before they joined
the local herd/flock or herds/flocks; all required pre-export tests were
repeated and according to the circumstances complemented by additional tests;
duration of quarantine was minimal of one months, sometimes even year or
life-time (e.g. risky zoo animals from exotic
Note: In the middle of the
1960s State Veterinary Service in
26.9 Imported animals were under special surveillance during the post-quarantine period to detect in time eventual latent carries not reacting positively during quarantine.
Example: A case of Brucella abortus
detected 2 years after the importation of pregnant heifers when all previous serological
tests had been negative.
26.10 Every import of animals
and animal products is a risk. Therefore, it was necessary to be very
careful when deciding on import conditions and very demanding in applying
epizootiological control. The practice has shown that the export veterinary
certificates (issued mainly by private – accredited veterinarians – due to lack
of sufficient number public service veterinarians), even from those known as
the most developed, not always corresponded with declared sanitary status, i.e.
there were imported diseased animals and non-pathogen-free food of animal
origin.
Examples of disease
introduction:
After the war UNRRA (United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency) programme was helping devastated
countries also by sending them cattle, mainly milking cows. That time the
veterinary service was very weak unable to control all imported animals. A lot
of them were affected by brucellosis and
tuberculosis. The situation in meat and milk supply was so critical, that
great numbers of culled cows imported for slaughter were selected and used for
reproduction and milk production in local livestock facilities. It is obvious
that mixing these animals with local ones caused serious spreading of these
diseases.
Enzootic
bovine leucosis was internationally reported firstly during the fifties in
In the sixties
During second half of the fifties
26.11 Thanks to increasing self-sufficiency and significantly improving veterinary service and its ability to control the situation combined with more demanding conditions for above mentioned import, the epizootiological “filter” became more effective.
26.12 Consistent application of anti-epizootic country protection conduced to many conflicts with exporting countries when imported animals or animal products were not disease/pathogen-free in spite of official international veterinary certificate.
Examples:
Among imported Red Danish
cattle (pregnant heifers, cows, semen bulls, etc.) in
In 1964 there were imported
semen bulls from
26.13 Important components of country
protection against the introduction of animal disease pathogens were the memberships of international organizations
dealing with veterinary problems, such as International Office of Epizootics (OIE),
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), European Commission for the
Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO-UN) and bilateral inter-governmental
agreements on the cooperation in the field of veterinary medicine with individual
countries of the CMEA (e.g. with Poland on 14 November 1960) as well with other
countries such as Yugoslavia (27 June 1957), France (April 1966), Italy,
Netherlands, Austria, etc. Other form
was represented by border meetings dealing with frontier measures and international
animal trade, e.g. with Chief Veterinary Officer of GDR in
Some kind of international recognition of
anti-epizootic programmes’ results was represented by the fact that prof.Dr
Ladislav Polák, Czechoslovak and Czech Chief Veterinary Officer, was in 1974 elected
as the President of European Commission of the International Office of Epizootics in Paris (during more than one decade) and
that one of the meeting of all European Chief Veterinary Officers (OIE Regional
Commission for Europe) was
held in Prague, Czechoslovakia in
September 1971 and other one in September 1998. First
official
visit of Director General, OIE (Dr René Vittoz) was made
during 1-7 July 1965.
Czechoslovak and later Czech
delegates (from 1993) to the OIE were as follows: J. Hamr (1927-1929), František Voráček (1930-1933 and 1938), Jeronym Růžička (1934-1936 and 1946), Jan
Černovský (1937), Karel Hruška (1947), Antonín Hrstka (1956), Ladislav Polák
(1960-1985), Miroslav Čapka (1986),
Josef Křeček (1987-1990), František Fejfar
(1991-1992), Leoš Čeleda (1993-1998), Josef Holejšovský (1999-2005), Josef Vitásek (2006-2007), Milan Malena (2008-).
Note: As an example of veterinary delegations visiting
26.14 In spite of very limited animal import the
activities of Border Veterinary Posts were quite intensive. E.g. in 1979 there
were investigated in Czech Republic
30,292 consignments and for laboratory etiological investigations were
sent 3,846 samples and in Slovak
Republic 11,933 consignments and for laboratory etiological investigations were
sent 611 samples E.g. the Czechoslovak
border veterinary inspection in 1979 covered also the transit of 826,868
animals (horses, cattle, pigs and sheep).
27. Anti-epizootic sanitation
27.1 Anti-epizootic
sanitation played very important role in animal communicable disease
prevention, control and eradication. It consisted in disinfection, disinsectization,
disinfestation (DDD) and rendering.
These activities were under full control of public veterinary service. Leading
position had the Central of Veterinary Sanitation Institutions as an integral
very important anti-epizootic component of the State Veterinary Service.
27.2 Preventive
disinfection was carried out by all livestock breeding and production units as
well as by all animal product processing industry facilities in a systematic
manner following the instructions of public veterinary service. The role of
this service was also to inspect and control the effectiveness of this
activities, including microbiological control.
27.3 Intrafocal
and perifocal disinfection was carried out also by livestock industry units and
in case of dangerous infectious diseases by well equipped and trained special
groups belonging to the Central of Veterinary Sanitation Institutions.
Particular attention was given to closing disinfection before declaring the end
of the outbreak and calling off the isolation measures.
27.4 Similarly
the disinsectization and disinfestation were very often carried out by special
professional DDD units belonging to the Central of Veterinary Sanitation
Institutions.
27.5 The rendering represented an important component of the anti-epizootic sanitation. It consisted in safe collection and disposal of dead animals, condemned meat, other offal and wastes of animal origin. The rendering system was initially based on traditional burial and incineration at local level. Later it was established a dense network of veterinary rendering plants processing materials transported by specially adjusted camions from veterinary rendering collection centres located at all large-scale livestock units and at all slaughterhouses. Rendering materials were collected usually within 24 to 48 hours after notification. Materials contaminated with highly dangerous pathogens were transported without any delay from the place of its occurrence directly to the rendering plants. The anti-epizootic control was assured by the public veterinarians-specialists nominated as the directors of the rendering plants. The standard temperature for effective sterilization of introduced material was 135oC under the pressure of 0.3 MPa (megapascal) during 30 minutes. The sterilized end-products were examined on the absence of easy-to-detect microorganisms that were relatively resistant to heat treatment (e.g. some spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria). The collection of the material for rendering plants was for the producers free-of-charge.
Examples: The Czech State
Veterinary Service Directorate built following new rendering plants in: Tišice,
České Budějovice, Podbořany, Mimon, Žichlínek, Havlíčkův Brod, Otrokovice,
Medlov, Blatec and Mankovice. In 1961 38,644 tons (in 1989 289,133 tons) of collected dead animals and condemned meat and
other wastes of animal origin were processed; amount of produced meat-bones
meal reached 8,388 MT for feeding animals. The camions of the rendering plants did
1,520,344 km.
Note: The
whole rendering plants’ system was privatized in 1992.
28. Control of
non-communicable (production and reproduction) diseases of animal populations
28.1 As
mentioned above, the public veterinary service was made co-responsible for the
health of food producing animal populations which was understood not only to be
free of communicable diseases but also with minimal possible losses due to
non-communicable diseases. Among the main “symptoms” of population health were
understood the best possible production and reproduction performances.
28.2 At all
managerial level of public veterinary service there were identified the main
criteria reflecting the situation in production and reproduction indicators.
These indicators were used in annual planning of public veterinary service
activities as well as in the evaluation of this service secondary effectivity,
in spite of the fact that the main responsibility was for livestock facilities
management.
28.3 Among the
indicators measuring livestock productivity and reproductivity were included: number
of born and weaned calves per 100 cows, % of dead from born calves, average daily milk yield
per cow (in lit) , feedlot cattle growth per animal and day (in kg), number of
piglets born and weaned per sow, % of dead from born piglets, feedlot pig
growth per animal and day (in kg), average number of eggs per hen-layer and
average consumption of feed-concentrate per one kg of body weight gain.
28.4 The results
of common efforts of livestock industry and public veterinary service were
reflected in the improvement of the above mentioned indicators: livestock
performance of cattle, pigs and poultry in Tab.27.1; production of meat, milk
and eggs in Tab. 27.2 and annual consumption per capita of food of animal
origin inTab.27.3.
Examples: Feedlot cattle growth per animal and day
increased during the period of 1960 to 1989
from 0.50 kg to 0.77 kg (in 1980 – 0.71 kg).
Feedlot pigs growth per animal and day increased during the period of 1976
to 1989 from 0.54 kg to 0.62
kg. In 1976 the average consumption of feed-concentrate per one kg of
body weight gain was in cattle 3.18 kg (in 1989 – 2.33 kg), in pigs 3.76 kg (in
1989 – 3.51 kg) and in poultry 3.24 kg (in 1989 – 2.51 kg); the average
consumption per one litre of milk was 0.33 kg (in 1989 – 0.23 kg) and per one
kg of eggs was 0.18 kg (in 1989 – 0.16 kg).
28.5 A particular programme helping to increase animal population disease resistance called “Control of health heredity” was established for cattle and pigs populations.
Example: In 1988 under the programme “Control of
health heredity” were included: 4,082 breeding bulls, 24,624 breeding
dams, 262,434 primiparas; 7,140 breeding
boars and 26,685 breeding sows. Number of clinical investigations reached in
breeding bulls 14,737 and in breeding boars 21,173. Number of complex
andrologically tested breeding bulls: in
29. Assistance to developing
countries
29.1 Czech and
Slovak public veterinary services during the evaluated period were assisting
to many developing countries to control communicable diseases and to
established, strengthen and develop national public veterinary services and
veterinary education/training facilities. Many hundreds of Czechoslovak
veterinary experts were working in different countries of
During
1960-1987 68 students from 40 countries of
29.2 Czechoslovak
government established by its regulations No. 33 dated 29 May 1986 on new system of university
specializations (faculties) in the country a new specialization –Tropical and Subtropical Veterinary Medicine
(code 43-29-9) at the University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno complementing existing two faculties – General Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine – Food Hygiene. Minister
of Education,
29.3 Many Czechoslovak
veterinary experts were working in different countries and continents in
the world. The major number were working in Cuba, Algeria, Mongolia and Angola (incomplete
lists - to be amended):
In
Cuba there were working Czechoslovak veterinarians at different
institutions such as Havana university, veterinary diagnostic laboratories and
veterinary service directorate (as the experts of Polytechna): Oto Dobšinský,
Eva Dobšinská, Václav Kouba, Luboš
Holý, Pavol Bartko, Viliam Jurášek, Boris Skalka,
Vladimír Hamšík, Vladimír
Dubanský, Michal Štěrbinský, Milan
Pavlas, Miloš Halaša, Jiří Boháč,
In
Algeria there were working following Czechoslovak veterinarians (as the
experts of Polytechna): Antonín Fišer,
Josef Holejšovský, Vladimír
Dubanský, Ondřej Zapletal, Jan Jeřábek,
Jiří Kacerovský, Marek Soph, Jiří
Hybášek, Bořivoj Sobek, Rudolf
Rademacher, Vladimír Meissner, Jan Korba, Miroslav Kužel, Miroslav Krejčí, Vladimír Dvořák, Jan Černovský, Jaroslav Moravec,
Jaroslav Stříž, Josef Šteiner, Vladimír Celer, Josef Hora, Jaroslav Bronec,
Vladimír Vopat, Jaroslav Pastyřík, Salava, Miroslav Hadáček, Jaromír Svobodník,
Josef Šafařík, Mirko Treu, Karel Ždánský, etc.Tesařík, Miklučišár,
Mišík, Donič, Mašek, Pačenovský, Ondrejka, Kozák, and others.
The
participants of successful Czechoslovak anti-FMD expedition in Mongolia in
1964 were: Chief: Václav
Kouba; Deputy Chief: Miroslav Pospíchal; Members: Jaroslav Bukovský, Evžen
Jurák, Václav Maršálek, Štefan Marton, Karel Peštál, Bohumil Ševčík, Alfons
Urbanec; Jan Černovský. Supporting staff: Ondrej Kolesár, Miroslav Matouš,
Josef Ruban and Arnošt Smutný. The expedition for
saving Mongolian livestock husbandry vaccinated 447,780 animals (cattle,
camels, sheep, goats and yaks).
More
information in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/fmdMongolia.htm
The
participants of Czechoslovak expeditions against bovine tuberculosis,
brucellosis and glanders in
In
Zambia were working following Czechoslovak veterinary experts: Richard Sovjak, Pavel Hraběta, Jan Dubský, Gustav Buš, Pavel
Gašpar, Josef Holejšovský, Ivan Horák, etc.. Václav Kouba founded in 1980 a new regional veterinary faculty in
Lusaka,
In
Angola were working in 1980 following experts of Czechoslovak veterinary expedition:
veterinarians - Jiří Ašmera, Andreij Baláž, Gustav Jonášek, Bohuslav Klimeš,
Josef Koudela a Karel Seidl; veterinary technicians - Vlastimil Vokurka,
Vítězslav Muller, Jan Krouský, Imrich Korem, Jan Klepetek and Andrej Andrejčák.
In
Mozabique were working following Czechoslovak veterinary experts: Jan Petržík, Bohuslav Klimeš, Oto Dobšinský,
Eva Dobšinská, Ladislav Prokeš, Pavol Bartko, Viliam Jurášek, Bibiana Hájovská,
Danko Ludovít and Pavol Gašpar.
In
In
In
Somalia were working following Czechoslovak veterinary experts: Oto
Dobšinský, Eva Dobšinská,
In
the United Nations Organization were working following Czechoslovak
veterinarians:
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO):
Václav Kouba (Animal Health Officer – Research and Education, Animal Health
Officer – Veterinary Intelligence, Senior Officer – Veterinary Services Group
and Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO HQs), Oto Dobšinský (Chief Technical
Adviser in Somalia, Vietnam and Mozambique), Václav Rozkošný (virologist –
Libya and Somalia),
World Health Organization
(WHO): Zdeněk Matyáš (Chief, Veterinary Public
Health), Jan Kolář (Consultant –
European
Union (EU): Josef Vitásek
29.4 All
Czechoslovak veterinary experts represented with dignity the
30. Conclusion
30.1 In order to eradicate major animal communicable
diseases in a territory with intensive large-scale production, original
theoretical study and system complexes of biological methods, sanitary,
economic and social measures were elaborated and tested at a country population
level. The implementation of very
demanding anti-epizootic programmes required
a set of legal, methodological, manpower, material, financial and organizational
arrangements.
30.2 Basic preconditions
for the success were as follows: preventive and recovery methodology fitting to given tasks and conditions, intensive investigations
conducing to a good knowledge of all specifically diseased and healthy herds,
complex analyses systems for decision making on follow-up actions based upon
special legislation as well as strong and competent veterinary service.
30.3 Offensive, target-oriented, demanding but feasible programmes,
thoroughly implemented, assured by corresponding inputs in terms of manpower,
facilities, material, funds and management and supported by farmers and public
made possible to achieve in a cost effective way the economic and public health
objectives such as: country
self-sufficiency in food of animal origin and significantly reduced zoonoses
incidence in human population.
30.4 Extraordinary
important and demanding anti-epizootic programmes, such as campaign against
bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis starting under very difficult conditions
caused by foot-and-mouth disease epizootics, provided an opportunity to
significantly strengthen public veterinary service thanks to unusual
support by the government and public opinion. This chance was exploited to get
necessary funds for veterinary service, its staff, investment policy, material
provisions, transport, etc. It was established a strong centrally
organized and competent action oriented veterinary
service having high social prestige. The support continued during next
decades thanks to good results of anti-epizootic activities of target-oriented
veterinary service.
30.5 It was eradicated about
twenty viral and bacterial diseases and about ten parasitic diseases of animals
during second half of 20th century in a country with intensive
large-scale farming. Ten zoonoses transmissible to man were among eradicated
diseases. From international point of view the extraordinary number of eradicated animal communicable
diseases was unique.
30.6 Strong public veterinary service in
terms of manpower, material, facilities and budget proved to be the key factor
for successful territorial animal population health
programme eradicating and reducing major diseases. The results contributed
decisively to reach country self-sufficiency in food of animal origin and to
reduce zoonoses incidence in human population. Cost of unified and centrally managed state veterinary service was relatively very low in comparison with
increasing national livestock output and with the value of protected food animal populations.
30.7 The recognition of the merits for the achieved results must be addressed mainly to thousands of public service veterinarians, their supportive staff, participating farmers, collaborating organizations and public, veterinary education, training and research institutions’ staff. Extraordinary merit had our teacher – academician Prof.Dr. Antonín Klobouk who had educated in theoretical and practical epizootiology several generations of veterinarians.
31. References (incomplete)
Documents:
- KUBÍN,
- ZAJÍČEK, D. (Editor) – (1971-1988) Surveillance
Anthropozoonoz v České republice. (Surveillance of anthropozoonoses in the
- POLÁK, L. a KŘEČEK, J. (Editors) – (1972-1989)
Komplexní technicko-ekonomické rozbory Státní veterinární služby, (Complex
technical-economical analyses of State Veterinary Service),
- Směrnice o ochraně zvířat před nákazami a o zdolání
nákaz zvířat. (Instructions for the protection of animals against infections and
their eradication). Ministry of Agriculture, č.j. 78.650-X-3/51,
- Zákon č. 66 ze dne 26. června 1961 o veterinární
péči (Law No. 66/1961 of veterinary care)
-Vyhláška č.
154 ministerstva zemědělství, lesního a vodního hospodářství ze dne 30. prosince 1961, kterou se provádějí
některá ustanovení zákona o veterinární péči
(Ordinance No. 154/1961 of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Waters
for the implementation of some provisions of the law of veterinary care dated
30 December 1961)
- Směrnice o veterinární péči v chovech zvířat
ministerstva zemědělství, lesního a
vodního hospodářství č.j. 60.400/62-43 – v Praze dne 1. července 1962.
(Instruction for veterinary care in animal breeding - issued by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Waters under No.
60.400/62-43 in Prague, 1 July 1962)
- Výnos federálního ministerstva zemědělství a výživy,
jimž se stanoví veterinární podmínky pro dovoz,průvoz a vývoz zvířat, potravin
a surovin živočišného původu a krmiv, popřípadě předmětů, které mohou být
nositeli původců nákaz. Věstník ministerstva zemědělství a výživy České
socialistické republiky, částka 8, 1977
- Směrnice federálního ministerstva zemědělství a
výživy o veterinární péči v chovech zvířat. Věstník ministerstva zemědělství a
výživy České socialistické republiky, částka 4, 1980
- KOUBA,
V. – Editor (1962): Sborník veterinárních předpisů. (Collection of veterinary
legislation documents). Ministerstvo zemědělství, lesního a vodního
hospodářství, Praha. 367 pp.
- HALAŠA,
M. a KRÁL, J. – Editors (l975): Veterinární laboratorní vyšetřovací methody.
(Veterinary laboratory diagnostic methods). ÚSVÚ Praha a ÚŠVÚ
- Annual instructions for preventive
actions planning. State Veterinary
-
Statistical yearbooks. Ministry of Health, Prague, 1961-1998.
Statistical yearbooks. State
Veterinary
Publications:
- Collective
(1993) 1918-1993 75 let Vysokého
veterinárního učení v Brně (75 years of
veterinary university teaching in
-
DRAŽAN, J. et col. (1962) – Tuberkuloza hospodářských zvířat. (Tuberculosis of
domestic animals). Československá akademie zemědělských věd, Praha. 509 pp.
- HARNACH, R. (1993) – 75 let Biovety Ivanovice na
Hané (75 year of Bioveta Ivanovice na Hané). Veterinářství, 43, 10: 363-365
- HRABĚTA, P., MINKS, J. (1982) – Činnost
československé veterinární sloužby na mezinárodním úseku v r. 1981.
Veterinářství, 32, 5: 223-224
- HRUŠKA, K. (1996) – 40 let Výzkumného ústavu
veterinárního lékařství v Brně (40 years of Veterinary Research Institute in
- CHROUST, K., BÍLÝ, V., PAVEL, V. (1997) - Podkožní střečkovitost (hypodermóza) skotu a její tlumení. (Bovine
hypodermosis and its control). Veterinářství, 47 (12):514-515
- KABELÍK, V., BISCHOF, J., KOLÁŘ, J., HORYNA, B.
(1994) – Historie a výsledky úspěšného ozdravení skotu od leukozy v České
republice. (History of successful eradication of enzootic bovine leucosis in
- KOUBA, V. (1999). –
Historie eliminace bovinní tuberkulozy v České republice. (History of the
elimination of bovine tuberculosis in Czech Republic). Časopis lékařů českých,
138, č.15, 456-459
- KOUBA, V.
(1967) – Nakažlivá obrna prasat – epizootologická situace a zdolávací metody v
Československu. (Teschen disease – epizootiological situation
and eradication methods in
- KOUBA, V. (2003) – A method of accelerated eradication of bovine
brucellosis in
- KOUBA, V. (2006) - Foot and Mouth Disease Eradication in
Former
- KRÁL, J., BISCHOF, J,, HORYNA, B. (1995) – Historie
veterinární laboratorní diagnostiky v Českých zemích (History of veterinary
laboratory diagnostic in
- MATOUCH, O., VITÁSEK, J., SEMERÁD, Z., MALENA, M.
(2007) – Rabies-free status of the
- PLHAL, V., SMOLÁK, M. (1989) – Eradikace Aujeszkyho choroby v České
republice. (Eradication of Aujeszky’s disease in
- POLÁK, L. (1967). - Eradikace tuberkulózy skotu v Československu v letech 1959-1966
(Studie legislativních, metodických a organizačních opatření). (Eradication of bovine
tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia during 1959-1966 – Study of legal,
methodological and organizational measures). Habilitační
práce, Vysoká škola veterinární v Brně
Other source:
KOUBA, V. (1956-1978): Personal diary of National
Chief Epizootiologist.
32. Annexes
Tab. 3.1
Number of
domestic animals, Czech Republic, 1951-2000
============================================================
Year Cattle total
Cows Pigs
Sows
Sheep Horses
Chicken
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1951 |
3150000 |
1546000 |
3005000 |
329000 |
335000 |
379000 |
12115000 |
|
1955 |
2856000 |
1454000 |
3397000 |
315000 |
413000 |
337000 |
15375000 |
|
1960 |
3030000 |
1411000 |
3553000 |
347000 |
181000 |
200000 |
17388000 |
|
1965 |
3011000 |
1371000 |
3494000 |
275000 |
136000 |
104000 |
14851000 |
|
1970 |
2958000 |
1303000 |
3423000 |
278000 |
283000 |
66000 |
15608000 |
|
1975 |
3187822 |
1337000 |
4307000 |
325000 |
250000 |
35000 |
26302000 |
|
1980 |
3499000 |
1317000 |
5106000 |
368000 |
308000 |
24000 |
31472000 |
|
1985 |
3462000 |
1273000 |
4323000 |
294000 |
389000 |
28000 |
30887000 |
|
1990 |
3360000 |
1195000 |
4569000 |
313000 |
430000 |
25000 |
33278000 |
|
1995 |
1989000 |
751000 |
4016000 |
318000 |
134000 |
19000 |
27875000 |
|
2000 |
1582000 |
611000 |
3594000 |
293000 |
90000 |
26000 |
32043000 |
=================================================
Tab. 3.2
Production
of meat, milk and eggs, Czech Republic, 1952-2000
================================================
Year Meat
total Milk Eggs
in 1000 Mt in million lit. in million pieces
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1952 |
554 |
2547 |
1368 |
|
1955 |
546 |
2440 |
1347 |
|
1960 |
639 |
2588 |
1678 |
|
1965 |
794 |
2796 |
2221 |
|
1970 |
859 |
3212 |
2671 |
|
1975 |
1065 |
3734 |
3120 |
|
1980 |
1166 |
4035 |
3370 |
|
1985 |
1196 |
4713 |
3675 |
|
1990 |
1254 |
4802 |
3682 |
|
1995 |
1048 |
3031 |
3047 |
|
2000 |
792 |
2708 |
3064 |
================================================
Tab. 3.3
Numbers of slaughtered animals inspected by public veterinary service,
=============================================================
Year Cattle Calves Pigs Sheep+ Chickens
(- calves) goats
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1970 |
729360 |
364452 |
3203488 |
41036 |
42851000 |
|
1975 |
914930 |
252997 |
5148635 |
60920 |
61459433 |
|
1980 |
1015526 |
177466 |
5584405 |
70216 |
125646107 |
|
1985 |
1059587 |
182079 |
4819036 |
216054 |
120855261 |
|
1989 |
1069395 |
101335 |
5267724 |
236647 |
125921678 |
Tab. 5.13
Number of
prophylactic vaccinations against selected animal diseases
in cattle, pigs and poultry,
=====================================================
Disease Plan
Reality plan fulfilment %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cattle:
|
FMD |
3,793,575 |
3,974,92 |
104.7 |
|
Trichophytosis
|
2,133,747 |
2,514,774 |
117.9 |
|
Salmonellosis |
192,982 |
255,078 |
132.1 |
|
Anthrax |
- |
244 |
- |
|
IBR/IPV |
862,639 |
837,583 |
97.0 |
|
Rabies |
100,185 |
95,555 |
95.4 |
|
Inf. keratoconjunctivitis |
985,695 |
1,178,836 |
119.5 |
|
Q-fever |
- |
1,953 |
- |
|
Coli-enteritis |
319,299 |
286,864 |
89.8 |
|
Pneumo-helminthosis |
7,000 |
7,466 |
106.6 |
Pigs:
|
FMD |
579,060 |
622,264 |
107.4 |
|
Hog cholera |
2,850 |
2,161 |
126.2 |
|
Hog cholera+erysipelas |
6,141,745 |
7,440,352 |
121.1 |
|
Erysipelas – adsorb.vac. |
859,865 |
913,190 |
108.2 |
|
Erysipelas – avir. vacc. |
30,770 |
61,759 |
200.7 |
|
Viral gastroenteritis |
- |
1,234 |
- |
|
Aujeszky’s disease |
1,005 |
995 |
99.0 |
|
Atrophic rhinitis |
376,540 |
484,820 |
128.7 |
|
Pleuropneumonia |
346,600 |
243,658 |
70.2 |
|
Parvovirosis |
48,350 |
105,202 |
217.5 |
|
Coli-enteritis |
451,350 |
762,978 |
169.0 |
Poultry:
|
|
63,286,590 |
68,127,143 |
107.6 |
|
|
560,300 |
620,623 |
110.7 |
|
Diphtheria |
47,600 |
47,996 |
100.8 |
|
Mycoplasmosis |
6,950,000 |
5,092,385 |
73.2 |
|
Marek’s disease |
11,423,800 |
10,792,951 |
94.4 |
|
Inf. Bronchitis |
27,826,600 |
26,861,840 |
96.5 |
|
Avian encephalomyelitis |
1,476,000 |
1,758,178 |
119.1 |
|
Inf. Bursitis |
27,863,900 |
27,317,617 |
98.0 |
|
Inf. Hepatitis |
180,900 |
281,252 |
155.4 |
|
Derzsy’s disease |
111,400 |
108,370 |
97.2 |
======================================================
Tab. 5.14
Number of
antiparasitic applications against selected animal parasitoses
in cattle, pigs and poultry,
=========================================================
Disease
Plan Reality Plan fulfilment %
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Fasciolosis
in cattle |
70,600 |
72,581 |
102.8 |
|
Pneumo-helminthosis
in cattle |
10,390 |
40,034 |
385.3 |
|
Poultry
amidostomosis |
120,800 |
225,365 |
186.5 |
|
Poultry
cestodosis |
2,500 |
11,865 |
474.6 |
|
Fasciolosis
in sheep |
78,880 |
127,197 |
161.2 |
|
Pneumo-helminthosis
in sheep |
193,530 |
236,638 |
122.2 |
=======================================================
Tab. 8.1
Number of surveillance investigations of selected
diseases of cattle,
===========================================================
Disease Diag. method Number of tests
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Bovine tuberculosis |
tuberculin test – simple |
3,437,117 |
|
|
tuberculin test – simultaneous |
118,300 |
|
Bovine brucellosis |
Serological investigations |
139,065 |
|
Mastitis |
simple field test
|
2,817,451 |
|
|
clinical investigations |
2,966,810 |
|
|
bacteriological investigations |
2,131,846 |
|
|
biotechnology controls |
29,893 |
|
|
milk can test |
187,391 |
|
Leucosis |
Serological investigations |
1,748,874 |
|
IBR/IPV |
Serological investigations |
231,913 |
|
Q-fever |
Serological investigations |
5,023 |
|
Leptospirosis |
Serological investigations |
3,329 |
|
Campylobacteriosis |
bacteriological investigations |
3,410 |
|
Trichomonosis |
laboratory investigations |
3,233 |
|
Fascioliasis |
coprological investigations |
31,285 |
|
Pulmonary helminthosis |
coprological investigations |
21,657 |
|
Coccidiosis |
coprological investigations |
11,494 |
==========================================================
Tab. 8.2
Number of surveillance investigations of selected
diseases of pigs,
=====================================================
Disease Diag.
method Number of tests
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Tuberculosis |
laboratory investigations |
2,261 |
|
|
avian tuberculin tests |
767,157 |
|
Brucellosis |
serological investigation |
332,094 |
|
|
allergic tests
|
54,878 |
|
Aujeszky’s disease |
serological investigations |
523,366 |
|
Leptospirosis |
serological investigations |
9,293 |
|
Atrophic rhinitis
|
Rtg tests |
159,384 |
|
|
abattoir tests
|
6,487 |
|
Pleuropneumonia |
laboratory investigations |
63,525 |
|
Parvovirosis |
laboratory investigations |
5,222 |
|
Endoparasitoses
|
coprological investigations |
24,510 |
=====================================================
Tab 8.3
Number of surveillance investigations of selected
diseases of poultry,
======================================================
Disease Diag.
method Number
of tests
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Pullorum disease |
serological investigations |
506,163 |
|
Other salmonelloses |
serological investigations |
14,600 |
|
|
bacteriological investigations |
32,215 |
|
|
serological investigations |
18,801 |
|
Mycoplasmosis |
serological investigations |
91,878 |
|
Tuberculosis |
tuberculin tests |
198,579 |
======================================================
Tab. 8.4
Number of surveillance investigations of selected
diseases of wildlife,
======================================================
Disease Diag.
method Number
of tests
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
laboratory investigations |
207 |
|
Pullorum disease |
serological investigations |
15,590 |
|
Avian salmonelloses
|
laboratory investigations |
4,337 |
|
Tularaemia |
serological investigations |
28,528 |
|
Rabies |
laboratory investigations |
4,577 |
|
Trichinellosis |
trichinoscopical investigations |
12,087 |
|
Parasitoses |
coprological investigations |
26,025 |
=======================================================
Tab. 8.5
Number of different types of laboratory investigations
in State Veterinary Institutes,
========================================================
Type of investigations Indicator units Number
%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Pathological
– anatomical |
Samples |
159,224 |
2.89 |
|
Pathological – histological |
Samples |
30,719 |
0.56 |
|
Bacteriological |
Samples |
1,389,484 |
25.27 |
|
Mycological |
Samples |
71,410 |
1.30 |
|
Virological |
Samples |
827,663 |
15.05 |
|
Serological |
Samples |
2,172,813 |
39.51 |
|
Parasitological |
Samples |
209,130 |
3.86 |
|
Animal nutrition |
Samples |
37,944 |
0.69 |
|
Haematological |
Samples |
27,936 |
0.51 |
|
Toxicological |
Samples |
181,055 |
3.29 |
|
Radiological |
Samples |
24,484 |
0.45 |
|
Zoohygienic |
Shed |
519 |
0.01 |
|
Reproduction |
Samples |
36,020 |
0.65 |
|
Food hygiene |
Samples |
288,584 |
5.25 |
|
Metabolic tests |
Shed |
1,335 |
0.02 |
|
Biotechnological |
Milking equipment |
90 |
0.002 |
|
Milk basin test |
Samples |
12,705 |
0.23 |
|
Urological |
Samples |
10,721 |
0.19 |
|
Others |
Samples |
17,499 |
0.32 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
5,499,335
|
100.00 |
=========================================================
Tab. 10.1
Financial
help to agriculture cooperatives supporting programme of bovine
tuberculosis
and brucellosis eradication in
========================================================
Year Sum in Kčs
(Czechoslovak crowns)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1960 74,900,000
1961 120,900,000
1962 108,900,000
1963 124,200,000
1964 130,600,000
1965 98,900,000
1966 100,000,000
1967 193,000,000
1968 101,000,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1,052,400,000
========================================================
Notes:
10 Czechoslovak crowns = about 1 dollar
Private sector was supported from
other fund of the government
State ranches included the cost in
their normal budget
Tab. 11.1
Number of government veterinary
service staff in the
==========================================================
Staff localization Number %
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Central Veterinary Service Directorate |
172* |
1.91 |
|
District public veterinary service |
5,107 |
56.84 |
|
State Veterinary Diagnostic Institutes |
1,060 |
11.76 |
|
Institute for Postgraduate Veterinary Education |
68 |
0.75 |
|
Institute for State Control of Biologics and Drugs |
70 |
0.78 |
|
Capital-City Veterinary Service |
211 |
2.34 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
6,688 |
74.18 |
|
|
|
|
|
Central Institute of Veterinary Sanitation |
1,860 |
20.43 |
|
Factories producing veterinary biologics |
468 |
5.19 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subtotal |
2,328 |
25.82 |
|
|
|
|
|
Grand Total |
9,016 |
100.00 |
==========================================================
*Including provincial inspectorates.
Tab. 11.2
Number of government veterinary service staff in the districts,
================================================================
Type of work Number
%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
District veterinary service directorate / inspection |
884 |
17.32 |
|
Veterinary practice in establishments |
802 |
15.70 |
|
Field practice veterinary centers |
2,069 |
40.51 |
|
Veterinary first-aid facility (clinic, ambulance) |
255 |
4.99 |
|
District veterinary diagnostic laboratory |
169 |
3.31 |
|
Veterinary hygienic inspection (abattoirs, etc.) |
878 |
17.19 |
|
Others |
50 |
0.98 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
5,107 |
100.00 |
=============================================================
Tab. 11.3
Government veterinary service human resources,
==============================================
Year Total Veterinarians Animal Health Others
Assistants
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1966 |
6005 |
1802 |
1401 |
2802 |
|
1967 |
6105 |
1841 |
1415 |
2849 |
|
1968 |
6201 |
1890 |
1432 |
2879 |
|
1969 |
6310 |
1954 |
1526 |
2830 |
|
1970 |
6451 |
2008 |
1517 |
2929 |
|
1971 |
6998 |
2002 |
1412 |
3584 |
|
1972 |
7137 |
2038 |
1445 |
3654 |
|
1973 |
7439 |
2071 |
1489 |
3879 |
|
1974 |
7766 |
2128 |
1515 |
4123 |
|
1975 |
7874 |
2165 |
1556 |
4153 |
===============================================
Tab. 11.4
Number of veterinarians and technical veterinary personnel, Czech
Republic, 1993-2000
=================================================================================
|
Year |
Govern- ment vet. |
Private vet. |
Laboratory +educ. vet. |
Other Vet. |
Total veterinarians |
Animal health technicians |
Food hygiene technicians |
Total Technical Personnel |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1993 |
1033 |
2069 |
256 |
105 |
3463 |
260 |
506 |
768 |
|
1994 |
1035 |
1850 |
265 |
102 |
3256 |
220 |
446 |
666 |
|
1995 |
948 |
1840 |
245 |
105 |
3138 |
329 |
|
329 |
|
1996 |
1030 |
1855 |
195 |
50 |
3130 |
205 |
420 |
625 |
|
1997 |
996 |
1870 |
190 |
50 |
3106 |
195 |
425 |
620 |
|
1998 |
980 |
1850 |
185 |
55 |
3070 |
175 |
420 |
595 |
|
1999 |
1074 |
1865 |
241 |
800 |
3980 |
350 |
531 |
881 |
|
2000 |
930 |
2187 |
252 |
980 |
4341 |
351 |
621 |
972 |
==================================================================================
Source: FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 1993-1995 and
OIE World Animal
Health yearbooks 1996-2000
Tab. 12.13
Forms of the Postgraduate Education of State Veterinary Service
professional staff
in the
===========================================================================
Form Assigned for Duration Remarks
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Entrance Training |
New graduates of the |
52 weeks |
Before taking up a post in State Veterinary Service |
|
Cyclic (refresher) Courses |
All veterinarians |
4 weeks in 5-8 years periods |
Assured by the |
|
Courses for Vet. Officer-specialists, e.g.
epizootiologists |
District and provincial inspectors |
Two weeks every year (at the beginning) |
Preparation for the new year period tasks |
|
Selected Subjects Courses |
Veterinary specialists concerned in the subject |
1-2 weeks irregularly |
Usually before starting a new veterinary activity
programme |
|
Short-term Instruction Courses |
Selected veterinarians |
1-5 days |
According to the operative requirements |
|
I. Attestation Courses |
All veterinarians |
8 weeks (4x2 weeks) |
In the period of first 5 years after graduation |
|
II. Second Attestation Courses |
Selected veterinarians for specialist posts |
6 weeks (3x2 weeks) during 3 years |
Ending by defense of attestation theses and state
examination; prerequisite for specialization |
|
Fellowships |
Perspective veterinarians selected for special posts |
10 weeks |
For narrow specialist’s preparation |
|
Individual Study Programme |
Perspective veterinarians selected for leading posts |
1-3 years |
Reserves for future replacement of the retired
senior officers |
|
Preparation Courses for Developing Countries |
Veterinary specialists selected to help in
developing countries |
Several weeks or months |
Preparation in tropical and subtropical veterinary
medicine and languages |
===========================================================================
All courses were for the participants free of charge, i.e. travel, accommodation and catering were covered by the budget of the
Institute for Veterinary Postgraduate Training while normal salary of the
participants was maintained.
Tab. 14.1
Plan of bovine tuberculosis eradication of in the
of prevalence in absolute values, percentages of
initial number and reality
as the result of new and extinct cases, 1959-1968
==========================================================================
Year A n
n u a l o b j e c t i v e s at the year end R e a l i t y
-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
linear form % sinusoid form % New Extinct
Result %
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1959 |
628,276 |
100.00 |
629,276 |
100.00 |
357,903 |
226,633 |
629,276 |
|
100.00 |
|
1960 |
558,467 |
88.89 |
609,331 |
96.98 |
191,842 |
189,280 |
630,838 |
|
100.25 |
|
1961 |
488,659 |
77.78 |
554,781 |
88.30 |
117,275 |
182,454 |
565,659 |
|
89.89 |
|
1962 |
418,850 |
66.67 |
471,207 |
75.00 |
71,476 |
180,566 |
456,560 |
|
72.55 |
|
1963 |
349,042 |
55.56 |
368,687 |
58.68 |
57,073 |
163,885 |
349,757 |
|
55.58 |
|
1964 |
279,233 |
44.44 |
259,588 |
41.32 |
52,832 |
153,305 |
249,284 |
|
39.61 |
|
1965 |
209,425 |
33.33 |
157,069 |
25.00 |
43,215 |
134,232 |
158,267 |
|
25.15 |
|
1966 |
139,616 |
22.22 |
73,494 |
11.70 |
21,285 |
99,543 |
80,009 |
|
12.71 |
|
1967 |
69,808 |
11.11 |
18,945 |
3.02 |
14,603 |
75,135 |
19,477 |
|
3.09 |
|
1968 |
0 |
0.00 |
0 |
0.00 |
5,243 |
24,720 |
0 |
|
0.00 |
==========================================================================
Tab. 14.2
Plan of bovine tuberculosis eradication of in the
of tuberculin negative cattle in absolute values and
percentages of initial number,
1959-1968
===========================================================
Year A
n n u a l o b j e c t i v e s at the end the year
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
linear form %
sinusoid form %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1959 |
260,063 |
8.58 |
260,063 |
8.58 |
|
1960 |
567,833 |
18.74 |
343,587 |
11.34 |
|
1961 |
875,604 |
28.90 |
584,084 |
19.28 |
|
1962 |
1,183,375 |
39.06 |
952,547 |
31.44 |
|
1963 |
1,491,146 |
49.21 |
1,404,534 |
46.35 |
|
1964 |
1,798,916 |
59.37 |
1,885,529 |
62.23 |
|
1965 |
2,106,687 |
69.53 |
2,337,516 |
77.15 |
|
1966 |
2,414,458 |
79,69 |
2,705,979 |
89.31 |
|
1967 |
2,722,229 |
89.84 |
2,946,476 |
97.24 |
|
1968 |
3,030,000 |
100.00 |
3,030,000 |
100.00 |
===========================================================
Tab. 18.1
Number of cattle tuberculin tests and their ratios to total number
of the population and percentages of the investigated, Czech Republic,
1954-1970
==============================================================
Year Tuberculin tests Ratio to total Investigated Percentage
population of total
population
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1954 |
682,809 |
0.24 |
|
|
|
1955 |
792,879 |
0.28
|
|
|
|
1956 |
1,580,507 |
0.55 |
|
|
|
1957 |
2,143,651 |
0.75 |
1,508,570 |
53.00 |
|
1958 |
2,255,578 |
0.78 |
2,095,830 |
72.01 |
|
1959 |
3,512,398 |
1.18 |
2,629,705 |
88.05 |
|
1960 |
3,695,000 |
1.22 |
2,769,776 |
91.10 |
|
1961 |
4,244,789 |
1.36 |
2,956,412 |
94.39 |
|
1962 |
4,553,510 |
1.47 |
2,950,998 |
94.60 |
|
1963 |
4,985,552
|
1.60 |
2,948,861 |
94.90 |
|
1964 |
5,548,905
|
1.81 |
2,959,833 |
96.56 |
|
1965 |
5,884,803
|
1.95 |
2,931,821 |
97.35 |
|
1966 |
5,944,433 |
1.96 |
2,937,009 |
96.81 |
|
1967 |
6,109,595 |
2.01 |
2,946,194 |
97.01 |
|
1968 |
5,825,501 |
1.98 |
2,855,558 |
96.93 |
|
1969 |
5,274,399
|
1.79 |
|
|
|
1970 |
5,941,897 |
2.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1954-70 |
68,976,206 |
1.36 |
|
|
|
1959-68 |
50,304,486 |
1.65 |
|
|
==============================================================
Tab. 19
Occurrence
time serie of selected diseases (number of diseased animals:
new cases or at the end of the year), Czech
Republic, 1952-1990
==============================================================================
|
Year |
FMD ČSSR |
Bovine tubercu- losis +) |
Bovine brucel- losis +) |
Hog Cholera |
Klobouk (Teschen) disease |
Aujeszky disease |
Viral gastro- enteritis in
pigs |
Newcastle disease (villages/ animals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1952 |
316,997 |
? |
? |
2,996 |
114,281 |
0 |
0 |
?/53158 |
|
1953 |
41,037 |
5679** |
? |
141 |
120,622 |
0 |
0 |
?/71629 |
|
1954 |
2,571 |
8394** |
19,500* |
27 outbr. |
59,894 |
10 |
0 |
?/69371 |
|
1955 |
2,653 |
8381** |
22,000* |
1,559 |
61,206 |
0 |
0 |
?/57077 |
|
1956 |
374 |
33137** |
26,186 |
3,896 |
52,396 |
0 |
0 |
?/34596 |
|
1957 |
2,752 |
? |
24,000* |
7,272 |
32,519 |
0 |
0 |
?/51872 |
|
1958 |
259 |
497,006 |
22,000* |
6,447 |
16,603 |
0 |
0 |
?/67209 |
|
1959 |
2,511 |
628,276 |
20,481 |
6,594 |
4,889 |
0 |
0 |
?/35655 |
|
1960 |
1,791 |
630,838 |
33,211 |
10,043 |
2,751 |
? |
0 |
?/48019 |
|
1961 |
2,072 |
565,659 |
36,656 |
21,211 |
1,347 |
31 |
0 |
205/8405 |
|
1962 |
1,047 |
456,569 |
25,288 |
0 |
131 |
26 |
0 |
319/? |
|
1963 |
1,878 |
349,757 |
7,998 |
14 |
28 |
39 |
0 |
287/? |
|
1964 |
3,664 |
249,284 |
0 |
13 |
21 |
60 |
0 |
103/? |
|
1965 |
38 |
158,267 |
0 |
7 |
60 |
52 |
0 |
56/? |
|
1966 |
4 |
80,009 |
0 |
5 |
76 |
31 |
0 |
9/? |
|
1967 |
0 |
19,477 |
0 |
362 |
60 |
2,319 |
0 |
3/? |
|
1968 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
118 |
13 |
3,639 |
? |
3/? |
|
1969 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
62 |
21 |
1,667 |
25,001 |
3/? |
|
1970 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1,239 |
8 |
1,942 |
3,772 |
8/? |
|
1971 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
133 |
9 |
5,491 |
28,034 |
3/? |
|
1972 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
640 |
0 |
9,761 |
36,708 |
3/? |
|
1973 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
8,805 |
80,063 |
15/? |
|
1974 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2,568 |
0 |
6,795 |
19,682 |
7/? |
|
1975 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3,149 |
0 |
4,234 |
16,657 |
0 |
|
1976 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4,052 |
13,813 |
0 |
|
1977 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
385 |
4,859 |
0 |
|
1978 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
255 |
0 |
1,479 |
4,648 |
1/? |
|
1979 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
13,715 |
242 |
0 |
|
1980 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5,946 |
843 |
120/? |
|
1981 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6,276 |
315 |
1/? |
|
1982 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4,732 |
0 |
0 |
|
1983 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
251 |
0 |
0 |
|
1984 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
881 |
0 |
0 |
|
1985 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
266 |
0 |
0 |
|
1986 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1987 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1988 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1989 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1990 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
=============================================================================
+)
Chronic disease - prevalence at the end of the year
*) Estimates
**) Incomplete data
Tab. 24.1
New
reported cases of zoonoses in human population in the Czech Republic during second
half of the 20th century,
Ministry
of Health
=========================================================================================
|
Year |
Anthrax |
Brucel- losis |
Tula- Remia |
Orni- thosis |
Lepto- spirosis |
Toxo- plasmosis |
Q-fever |
Trich- phytosis |
Tae- niasis |
Echino- coccosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1954 |
6 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1955 |
0 |
39 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1956 |
0 |
75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1957 |
0 |
38 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1958 |
2 |
45 |
|
2 |
17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1959 |
0 |
32 |
|
75 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1960 |
0
|
67 |
|
199 |
0 |
|
|
125 |
|
|
|
1961 |
0 |
71 |
|
51 |
0 |
|
|
513 |
|
|
|
1962 |
0 |
74 |
1468 |
73 |
46 |
|
|
742 |
|
|
|
1963 |
1 |
49 |
0 |
84 |
44 |
|
|
1095 |
|
|
|
1964 |
6 |
37 |
354 |
33 |
52 |
|
|
1065 |
|
|
|
1965 |
1 |
2 |
119 |
64 |
67 |
13 |
|
1316 |
|
|
|
1966 |
3 |
10 |
75 |
62 |
353 |
29 |
|
1135 |
|
|
|
1967 |
2 |
3 |
1021 |
195 |
281 |
129 |
|
945 |
|
|
|
1968 |
0 |
2 |
231 |
45 |
104 |
86 |
|
768 |
|
|
|
1969 |
0 |
0 |
279 |
28 |
68 |
92 |
|
673 |
|
|
|
1970 |
1 |
0 |
53 |
16 |
92 |
91 |
0 |
663 |
|
|
|
1971 |
4 |
0 |
62 |
39 |
226 |
121 |
0 |
614 |
205 |
|
|
1972 |
1 |
0 |
55 |
32 |
159 |
157 |
0 |
673 |
293 |
|
|
1973 |
0 |
*11 |
17 |
20 |
68 |
253 |
3 |
629 |
351 |
|
|
1974 |
1 |
*4 |
9 |
27 |
128 |
1535 |
1 |
653 |
376 |
|
|
1975 |
0 |
*1 |
24 |
16 |
109 |
460 |
0 |
676 |
221 |
|
|
1976 |
0 |
0 |
32 |
28 |
37 |
1071 |
0 |
761 |
405 |
|
|
1977 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
11 |
82 |
369 |
0 |
813 |
830 |
|
|
1978 |
0 |
0 |
172 |
13 |
161 |
1093 |
|
702 |
734 |
|
|
1979 |
0 |
*1 |
103 |
9 |
44 |
773 |
|
472 |
812 |
|
|
1980 |
0 |
0 |
35 |
12 |
66 |
783 |
|
695
|
769 |
|
|
1981 |
0 |
*1 |
140 |
11 |
201 |
704 |
|
354 |
737 |
|
|
1982 |
0 |
0 |
93 |
14 |
38 |
728 |
|
330 |
741 |
|
|
1983 |
0 |
*1 |
36 |
4 |
99 |
959 |
|
222 |
641 |
|
|
1984 |
1 |
*4 |
40 |
10 |
75 |
826 |
|
213 |
519 |
|
|
1985 |
0 |
*1 |
23 |
3 |
74 |
875 |
|
110 |
413 |
|
|
1986 |
0 |
*1 |
57 |
5 |
64 |
721 |
|
169 |
385 |
|
|
1987 |
0 |
*1 |
22 |
8 |
142 |
567 |
|
298 |
117 |
|
|
1988 |
0 |
*2 |
28 |
5 |
113 |
633 |
|
425 |
315 |
|
|
1989 |
0 |
*1 |
34 |
38 |
102 |
595 |
|
408
|
123 |
|
|
1990 |
0 |
*1 |
26 |
6 |
35 |
793 |
|
419 |
173 |
|
|
1991 |
0 |
*1 |
12 |
6 |
31 |
706 |
|
353 |
170 |
|
|
1992 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
12 |
40 |
810 |
|
396 |
119 |
|
|
1993 |
0 |
0 |
25 |
5 |
38 |
860 |
2 |
341 |
68 |
0 |
|
1994 |
0 |
0 |
40 |
16 |
29 |
2056 |
0 |
447 |
68 |
0 |
|
1995 |
0 |
*1 |
85 |
7 |
53 |
1514 |
0 |
855 |
49 |
0 |
|
1996 |
0 |
0 |
31 |
3 |
16 |
1217 |
0 |
692 |
32 |
0 |
|
1997 |
0 |
0 |
46 |
5 |
52 |
952 |
2 |
760 |
30 |
0 |
|
1998 |
0 |
0 |
222 |
6 |
108 |
777 |
0 |
834 |
39 |
2 |
|
1999 |
0 |
*1 |
225 |
4 |
24 |
857 |
1 |
1193
|
26 |
1 |
|
2000 |
0 |
0 |
103 |
5 |
11 |
670 |
7 |
1192 |
? |
? |
==========================================================================================
*)
Foreign origin.
Tab. 24.2
Number of zoonoses cases in humans reported as occupational
diseases, Ministry of Health, Czech Republic, 1961-1974
===============================================
Year Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1961 |
695 |
|
1962 |
1135 |
|
1963 |
1265 |
|
1964 |
1323 |
|
1965 |
1093 |
|
1966 |
828 |
|
1967 |
968 |
|
1968 |
720 |
|
1969 |
505 |
|
1970 |
385 |
|
1971 |
461 |
|
1972 |
518 |
|
1973 |
466 |
|
1974 |
497 |
===============================================
Tab.27.1
Production performance of cattle, pigs and poultry in the
============================================================================
Year Average
slaughter weight in kg Number
of weaned A n
n u a l a v e r a g e Daily
cattle
pigs calves
per piglets per milk
yield eggs milk yield
100 cows sow/year
per
cow in lit per
hen lit/cow
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1951 |
382.4 |
104.5 |
70.49 |
8.61 |
1721.4 |
114.6 4.82 |
|
1960 |
399.6 |
101.8 |
82.28 |
9.68 |
1832.4 |
109.0 5.02 |
|
1965 |
433.0 |
112.7 |
88.50 |
12.20 |
2040.0 |
137.9 5.59 |
|
1970 |
497.0 |
111.7 |
90.73 |
15.40 |
2538.9 |
184.2 6.79 |
|
1975 |
501.9 |
108.1 |
94.15 |
18.53 |
2847.0 |
224.4 7.80 |
|
1980 |
476.0 |
112.8 |
100.46 |
16.97 |
3122.0 |
235.2 8.55 |
|
1985 |
|
|
101.33 |
18.43 |
3702.0 |
278.2 10.14 |
|
1989 |
495.0 |
125.8 |
102.34 |
18.62 |
3982.2 |
278.1 10.91 |
|
1990 |
497.0 |
|
99.90 |
18.10 |
3949.3 |
252.9 10.82 |
============================================================================
Tab. 27.2
Production of meat, milk and eggs in the
==========================================================
Year Meat
production in 1,000 tons Milk
production Eggs production
beef veal pork
poultry in million litres in millions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1952 |
224 |
35 |
295 |
34 |
2547 |
1368 |
|
1960 |
249 |
25 |
365 |
38 |
2588 |
1678 |
|
1965 |
303 |
26 |
465 |
52 |
2796 |
2221 |
|
1970 |
356 |
39 |
464 |
101 |
3212 |
2671 |
|
1975 |
453 |
31 |
508 |
119 |
3392 |
3120 |
|
1980 |
485 |
13 |
668 |
169 |
4035 |
3370 |
|
1985 |
515 |
14 |
667 |
168 |
4713 |
3675 |
|
1989 |
519 |
6 |
763 |
194 |
4893 |
3643 |
|
1990 |
*515 |
|
740 |
210 |
4802 |
3682 |
|
2000 |
*208 |
|
584 |
292 |
2708 |
3064 |
==========================================================
* Including veal
Tab. 27.3
Annual consumption per capita of food of animal origin
in the
===================================================================
Year Meat
total Beef Veal
Pork Poultry
Milk Milk
+
Hen
eggs
in
kg in kg in
kg in kg in kg in
lit. prod. in kg
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
1952 |
47.1 |
16.3 |
3.1 |
22.2 |
2.6 |
179 |
246 |
185 |
|
1960 |
61.0 |
18.3 |
2.1 |
32.4 |
3.9 |
102 |
173 |
195 |
|
1965 |
66.2 |
18.5 |
2.0 |
38.6 |
4.8 |
103.4 |
184.7 |
252 |
|
1970 |
77.3 |
26.2 |
2.1 |
36.5 |
7.7 |
106 |
197.1 |
289 |
|
1975 |
86.6 |
28.7 |
1.3 |
42.3 |
9.6 |
108.7 |
213.8 |
297 |
|
1980 |
90.3 |
29.2 |
0.8 |
44.9 |
11.6 |
106 |
236.2 |
314 |
|
1985 |
89.3 |
29.5 |
0.8 |
43.9 |
10.6 |
103.1
|
252.2 |
337 |
|
1989 |
97.4 |
30.0 |
0.4 |
49.9 |
13.0 |
91 |
259.6 |
336 |
|
1990 |
96.5 |
28.0 |
0.4 |
50.0 |
13.0 |
91 |
256.2 |
340 |
|
1995 |
82.0 |
18.5 |
0.3 |
46.2 |
13.0 |
64.6 |
207.3 |
290 |
|
2000 |
79.4 |
12.3 |
0.2 |
40.9 |
22.3 |
57.8 |
214.1 |
275 |
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